论音乐心理学在精神病医院中的地位

目的音乐心理学和精神病学在精神卫生服务中创造性的结合，通过对综合的行为分析的理论和治疗的应用研究设计进行论证。方法音乐心理学是周用桓辫院模式的理论基础。“说书”是莱疗、教育、工疗和娱疗的新四结合治疗的灵魂。结果音乐心理行为治疗促进了病房秩序，方便了医疗工作的开展并有益于精神康复。从而提高了患者的自信心，强化了正常行为。结论是公认的行之有效的行为康复治疗的方法之一。可帮助慢性精神分裂症患者接受正常社会生活和唤醒他们潜在的正常精神功能。     

新四结合治疗慢性精神分裂症病例的对照研究

目的探讨音乐心理学、音乐杜会毕和精神病学在精神卫生服务中创造性地结合，通过对综合分析的理论和治疗应用的研究设计进行论证。方法音乐心理学和音乐社会学是周用桓办院模式的理论基础．“说书”是药疗、教育、工疗、娱疗新四结合治疗的灵魂的学说，在药物维持治疗的同时，对40例慢性精神分裂症患者辅以新四结合治疗（治疗组），24用为一疗程；釆用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）和阴性症状量表（SANS）与治疗前后分别进行评定．并与单纯药物维持治疗的40例慢性精神分裂症患者（对照组）进行对照．结果经新四结合治疗后．治疗组A有极显着的疗效（P〈0．01），对照组B也有相对的疗效（P〈0．05）。结论辅以新四结合治疗对于慢性精神分裂症患者精神症状的缓解、社会功能的恢复治疗均较单纯药维持治疗更有积极的意义（治疗组的活动对整个病房的患者包括对照组起到了正向功能的引导作用）。     

音乐治疗机理与临床应用研究进展

音乐治疗是在心理治疗的理论和方法的基础上,利用音乐特有的生理、心理效应,专门设计的音乐行为.音乐治疗是一门综合了音乐、医学及心理学的交叉学科,以其安全有效、无副作用等特点,在情绪与行为干预、特殊病症的治疗中发挥了独特的优势.国内外对音乐治疗的探索已经历了多年历程,音乐治疗在医学、心理学等领域得到了广泛的应用与发展.本文对音乐治疗机理以及临床应用研究进展进行综述.     

心理行为干预对精神分裂症患者护理应用研究

目的：观察临床心理行为干预对精神分裂患者的康复作用。方法选取2013年1月~9月我院收治的精神分裂患者84例,随机分为两组院研究组和对照组各42例,对照组患者接受精神科常规护理,研究组患者给予心理行为护理干预,比较两组患者治疗后的简明精神量表(BPRS)、阴性症状量表(SANS)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)的得分情况,并将结果进行统计学分析。结果研究组患者行心理行为干预后,BPRS、SANS、SDSS评分明显优于对照组,具有统计学意义(<0.05)。结论心理行为干预能够有效改善精神分裂症患者的精神症状,促进其积极参加人际交往和社会生活,日常生活活动能力得以强化,值得在临床护理中推广。     

肿瘤科癌症患者的心理护理

心理护理是指在护理过程中，通过行为或相互关系的影响，从而改变病人的心理状态和行为，促使病人康复的方法。疾病改变了一个人的心理状态和生活模式，肿瘤病人心理改变表现方式不同，心理护理的方法也随之不同。因此，应根据病人的心理表现提出相应的心理护理。本文就肿瘤科住院癌症患者60例的心理调查分析及心理护理报告如下。     

肾移植后的康复运动治疗

背景：肾移植是目前治疗终末期肾脏疾病最有效的方法,肾移植后期康复运动治疗对于改善患者的精神状态,提高患者生活质量具有重要意义。 目的：分析肾移植后康复运动治疗的方法及意义,促进肾移植患者精神及心理的恢复,从而改善患者的生活质量。 方法：给予肾移植后康复期患者运动治疗,制定合理的治疗方案,分析康复运动对肾移植后患者躯体健康及心理健康的治疗效果,明确康复运动治疗对机体各方面的作用影响。 结果与结论：给予肾移植后康复期患者康复运动治疗,可以减少患者焦虑、抑郁等精神症状,促进患者生理和心理健康的恢复,有利于患者对社会功能的适应,并且同时还可以辅助调节体质量、血压、血脂、血糖等变化,辅助预防心脑血管疾病的发生,明显改善其生活质量。     

急性心肌梗死患者的心理状态及护理措施

心理护理主要是通过护理人员的语言、行为、表情、姿势、态度及气质等诸多方面来改善和影响患者的情绪，解除其顾虑和烦恼，从而增强战胜疾病的信心和意志，减轻或消除引起患者痛苦的各种不良情绪和行为，以及由此产生的种种驱体症状，使患者能在最佳心理状态下接受治疗和护理，达到早期康复的目的。疾病治疗的成败与护理工作质量有密切的关系，要提高医疗护理质量，除了给患者做好基础护理外，还必须注意患者的心理状态，了解并掌握患者的心理需求，消除各种不良的心理因素，以取得患者的积极配合。     

康复期精神分裂症患者心理治疗疗效观察

精神分裂症的康复治疗是一个长期的过程。在临床采用药物治疗维持疗效的基础上,帮助患者调整心理状态,特别是尽可能地发现和挖掘他们尚未受损的那部分心理功能是心理治疗的基础。通过一些心理治疗技术的应用,支持和鼓励患者主动参与康复训练,恢复或重建健康心态和行为模式,可提高精神康复的效果。本文报告除常规用药外,采用正规支持代币制治疗实践的结果和分析。资料与方法对象　分别从三个女病房中随机选择女性精神分裂症患者各50例,均符合CCMD-2-R诊断标准。患者的病程平均为9.0±7.6年,年龄为18-50岁之间,职业不限,受教育程度要求初中…     

浅谈病人的心理护理

心理护理是研究病人心理的活动规律，促进患者身心健康与治疗护理以利于病人尽快康复的一门交叉学科。心理护理是把心理学的基本理论和技术运用到临床护理．依据病人的心理活动规律实施心理护理．根据不同的病人、痛种、患病的状态进行护理，以增强患者对医护人员的信任感，帮助患者度过思想难关，使病人从患病后的各种奇异心理中解脱出来．给病人提供优雅的环境，尽可能使病人的身心处于最佳状态井接受治疗．提高治疗效果，促进病人康复。根据多年的临床实践总结出患者常见的心理活动如下。     

134例老年冠心病患者心理护理体会

目的了解心理护理对冠心病患者健康行为的促进作用。方法床边收集患者健康资料，评估患者的身心状况，根据存在的健康问题，针对性地制定心理护理措施。结果通过对老年冠心病患者实施针对性的。理护理，有效改善了心理状况，养成了有益的健康行为，促进了患者身心康复。结论对老年冠心病患者有针对性地实施心理护理，可有效地提高护理效果。     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

PEComas: the past,the present and the future

The perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC) is a cell type constantly present in a group of tumors called PEComas. PEC expresses myogenic and melanocytic markers, such as HMB45 and actin. Recently, recurrent chromosomal alterations have been demonstrated in PEC. At present, PEComa is a widely accepted entity. In the past 10 years, the use of this term has allowed to report and describe numerous cases permitting to start highlighting the biology of this group of lesions. PEComas are related to the genetic alterations of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), an autosomal dominant genetic disease due to losses of TSC1 (9q34) or TSC2 (16p13.3) genes which seem to have a role in the regulation of the Rheb/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. There are some open questions about PEComas regarding its histogenesis, the definition of epithelioid angiomyolipoma and the identification of the histological criteria of malignancy. An innovative therapeutic trial using rapamycin is under way for tumors occurring in TSC such as renal angiomyolipoma and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Its success could provide the rationale for the use of the same drug in other lesions composed of PECs, especially in the malignant ones.     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.