思连康联合头孢克肟治疗小儿细菌性肠炎临床观察

目的 探讨思连康联合头孢克肟对小儿细菌性肠炎的临床效果.方法 选取我院细菌性肠炎患儿104例,随机均分为对照组和观察组各52例,对照组给予头孢克肟干混悬剂,观察组在对照组基础上给予思连康治疗,观察2组治疗后血清超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）和临床疗效.结果 治疗后观察组血清hs-CRP低于对照组,总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 思连康联合头孢克肟对于小儿细菌性肠炎疗效显著,能有效下调患儿血清中hs-CRP水平,抑制由hs-CRP引起的炎性级联反应.     

头孢克肟治疗婴幼儿呼吸道感染疗效观察

目的 观察头孢克肟对婴幼儿呼吸道感染的治疗效果.方法 选择急性呼吸道感染患儿162例,随机分为观察组与对照组,观察组采用头孢克肟分散片,对照组采用头孢克洛干混悬剂,比较两种用药的治疗效果和用药安全性.结果 观察组有效率(87.65％)明显高于对照组(65.43％)(P＜0.05),观察组患儿发热、咳嗽、肺部罗音症状消失时间短于对照组(均P＜0.05).两组间不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 采用头孢克肟分散片治疗婴幼儿急性呼吸道感染服药剂量小,持续时间长,治疗效果好,不良反应少,能获得患儿较好的依从性,值得临床推广.     

头孢克洛与头孢克肟治疗小儿急性细菌性肠炎药学分析

目的:分析头孢克洛与头孢克肟治疗小儿急性细菌性肠炎的疗效与药学效果。方法:选取某院儿科于2016年3月～2017年3月收治的62例急性细菌性肠炎患儿作为研究对象,随机分为对照组与观察组,每组31例,观察组患者给予头孢克肟治疗,对照组患儿给予头孢克洛治疗,观察记录两组患儿治疗效果、血清TNF-α、PCT、IL-8水平改善情况。结果:观察组患儿的治疗有效率高于对照组,P0.05;两组患儿经治疗后血清TNF-α、PCT、IL-8水平均得到有效改善,P0.05,组间差异存在统计学意义。结论:相比于头孢克洛治疗,头孢克肟对小儿急性细菌性肠炎患儿疗效更佳,值得临床推广普及。     

头孢克洛和头孢克肟治疗小儿急性细菌性肠炎疗效观察

目的临床观察头孢克洛和头孢克肟治疗小儿急性细菌性肠炎疗效。方法采用随机、对照方法,将2006年5月~2008年3月共97例细菌性肠炎患儿分为口服头孢克洛干糖浆(每日25m g/kg,分三次口服)对照组及口服头孢克肟干糖浆(每日6~7m g/kg,分二次口服)观察组。总疗程5~7d后,观察治疗有效率。结果头孢克肟干糖浆的有效率为89.80%,高于头孢克洛干糖浆(62.5%),(P<0.01)。结论头孢克肟治疗细菌性肠炎疗效优于头孢克洛。头孢克肟口味香甜,治疗小儿急性细菌性肠炎症状缓解迅速,且无不良反应,是一种简单且经济的方法。     

头孢克肟颗粒联合阿莫西林克拉维酸钾干混悬剂治疗小儿下呼吸道感染的疗效与安全性探讨

目的：分析头孢克肟颗粒联合阿莫西林克拉维酸钾干混悬剂治疗小儿下呼吸道感染的疗效及安全性。方法：选取我院2021年1月—2022年12月收治的下呼吸道感染患儿60例,以随机数字表法分组,观察组(n=30)采用联合治疗,对照组(n=30)采用单药治疗,观察两组临床治疗效果,症状体征改善时间,炎症指标改善情况,免疫功能指标改善情况,不良反应发生情况。结果：治疗后,观察组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患儿各项症状、体征改善时间均低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组中患儿的血清ICAM-1、血清VCAM-1以及C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平均低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组患儿免疫功能各项指标水平均高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗期间,两组患儿不良反应发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论：头孢克肟颗粒联合阿莫西林克拉维酸钾干混悬剂治疗下呼吸道感染患儿的疗效较好,安全性尚可。     

头孢克洛与头孢克肟治疗小儿急性细菌性肠炎的效果比较

目的对比分析头孢克洛与头孢克肟治疗小儿急性细菌性肠炎的临床疗效。方法选择2011年7月~2013年12月收治的88例小儿急性细菌性肠炎为研究对象,随机分为对照组44例,观察组44例,对照组使用头孢克洛干糖浆治疗,观察组使用头孢克肟干糖浆治疗,分析对比两组患儿临床治疗效果。结果观察组治疗后总有效率为93.18%,对照组为75.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组治疗后不良反应发生率为13.64%,对照组为38.64%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论头孢克肟治疗小儿急性细菌性肠炎是一种疗效显著、安全性较高的治疗方式,能减少治疗后不良反应发生率,改善患者预后。     

头孢克肟联合蒙脱石散剂治疗小儿细菌性肠炎的临床疗效观察

目的：观察和分析头孢克肟联合蒙脱石散剂治疗小儿细菌性肠炎的临床效果及安全性。方法将200例小儿细菌性肠炎患儿随机分为观察组与对照组,观察组100例使用头孢克肟联合蒙脱石散剂进行治疗,对照组100例使用阿莫西林克拉维酸钾进行治疗,对两组的临床疗效进行观察分析。结果观察组总有效率96%,对照组总有效率81%,两组患儿的临床治疗总有效率有明显差异（P＜0.05）。结论头孢克肟联合蒙脱石散剂治疗小儿细菌性肠炎临床效果显著优于阿莫西林克拉维酸钾,且安全无副作用,值得临床推广使用。     

头孢克肟治疗小儿急性细菌性肠炎临床分析

目的:探讨头孢克肟治疗小儿急性细菌性肠炎的临床疗效。方法:将128例急性细菌性肠炎患儿作为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,各64例,对照组给予头孢克洛治疗,观察组采用头孢克肟治疗,对比分析两组治疗效果。结果:观察组治疗总有效率为93.75%,对照组治疗总有效率为70.31%,两组患儿临床治疗效果差异明显,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:头孢克肟对于小儿急性细菌性肠炎有着较好的临床治疗效果,药效稳定,具有很好的临床推广价值。     

捏脊摩腹联合藿香散敷脐治疗小儿细菌性肠炎50例临床观察

目的观察捏脊摩腹联合藿香散敷脐治疗小儿细菌性肠炎的临床疗效。方法选取2018年1—7月广州中医药大学深圳医院中医儿科收治的细菌性肠炎患儿100例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,各50例。对照组在对症处理、口服补液治疗的基础上予头孢克肟干混悬剂口服,治疗组在对照组治疗方法的基础上予捏脊、摩腹联合藿香散敷脐治疗,2组连续治疗3 d后,统计治疗前后的大便次数,C-反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)、降钙素原(PCT)水平,住院时间和临床疗效。结果治疗后,2组的大便次数与同组治疗前比较明显减少,且治疗组减少更显著,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组住院时间也明显短于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,2组的CRP、ESR、PCT水平均明显下降,与同组治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且治疗组ESR下降更显著(P0.05)。对照组总有效率为80.0%,治疗组为94.0%,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论捏脊摩腹联合藿香散敷脐治疗小儿细菌性肠炎疗效显著,不但缩短了病程及住院时间,而且使用方便,小儿易于接受,值得临床推广应用。     

头孢克肟与阿奇霉素治疗小儿肠炎的疗效分析

目的:分析头孢克肟与阿奇霉素治疗小儿肠炎的临床效果.方法:选择2014年5月-2015年5月儿科收治的肠炎患儿80例,随机分为对照组40例,给予头孢克肟治疗;观察组40例,给予头孢克肟联合阿奇霉素治疗.两组均以3d为1个疗程,共治疗2个疗程.治疗结束后比较两组疗效.结果:观察组治疗有效率为97.5％ (39/40),高于对照组的80％ (32/40),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组的住院时间为(4.1±1.1)d,对照组为(5.2±1.4)d,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组的腹痛和腹泻消失时间亦短于对照组(P＜0.05).观察组的不良反应发生率为10.0％ (4/40),低于对照组的30.0％ (12/40),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:阿奇霉素联合头孢克肟治疗肠炎患儿,不仅疗效显著,还能缩短病程,降低不良反应发生率,具有推广价值.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。