阿立哌唑合并帕罗西汀治疗男性精神分裂症阴性症状的临床研究

目的对比阿立哌唑合并帕罗西汀与单用阿立哌唑治疗男性以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法将符合入组标准的60例男性精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑合并帕罗西汀组（研究组）和阿立哌唑纽（对照组）,观察8周。共完成研究60例,研究组30例,对照组30例,采用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PNASS）分别评定基线和治疗后组内组间总分、各分量表分的变化以及不良反应。结果治疗后第4、8周末,两组患者的PANSS总分及阴性症状分均较治疗前显著降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,治疗后第8周末,研究组PANSS总分及阴性症状分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。研究组总有效率为80％,对照组总有效率为47％,两组有效率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组不良反应均轻微。结论阿立哌唑合并帕罗西汀能明显改善精神分裂症患者的阴性症状,且副反应较少。     

阿立哌唑治疗利培酮所致男性精神分裂症患者泌乳素升高的疗效分析

目的 探讨阿立哌唑治疗利培酮所致男性精神分裂症患者泌乳素升高的疗效及安全性。 方法 60例患者使用利培酮治疗4周末随机分配为研究组（利培酮+阿立哌唑）和对照组（利培酮）各30例， 观察至8 周末。在基线、第4 周末、第8 周末监测两组患者的泌乳素（PRL）水平，并进行阳性与阴性症状 量表（PANSS）和UKU 不良反应量表评估。结果 使用利培酮治疗4 周末，两组患者PRL水平均显著升 高（P＜ 0.01）。第8 周末研究组PRL水平与自身相比显著降低（P＜ 0.01），且与对照组比较差异有统计学 意义（P＜ 0.01）；两组患者PANSS 评分均较前显著降低（P＜ 0.01），但两组间PANSS 评分差异无统计学意 义。两组均多见的不良反应有男性乳房发育、乏力、思睡、静坐不能、肌张力障碍、震颤，但上述不良反 应发生率组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 利培酮可导致男性精神分裂症患者PRL增加， 合并使用阿立哌唑可显著降低利培酮所致的男性精神分裂症患者PRL增高，但未增加不良反应发生率。     

阿立哌唑与奋乃静治疗女性精神分裂症对照性研究

目的比较阿立哌唑与奋乃静治疗女性精神分裂症疗效和安全性。方法将83例女性精神分裂症住院患者随机分为阿立哌唑组（研究组）41例和奋乃静组（对照组）42例。以阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）评定疗效,治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果治疗后第2、4、8周末两组PANSS总分及各因子分与治疗前比较均显著下降（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。治疗后第8周末研究组PANSS量表阴性症状分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。两组不良反应均较轻微,不良反应发生率在两组之间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论阿立哌唑治疗女性精神分裂症安全有效。     

阿立哌唑联用小剂量氯氮平治疗女性难治性精神分裂症对照研究

目的 探讨阿立哌唑联合小剂量氯氮平对女性难治性精神分裂症（TRS）的疗效和安全性。方法 将62例女性TRS患者随机分成研究组和对照组各31例,对照组采用阿立哌唑治疗,研究组采用阿立哌唑联用小剂量氯氮平治疗,观察26周。于治疗前及治疗后第8、12、26周末进行阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）评定;治疗后第1、2、6、12、26周末用治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果 治疗后第8、12、26周末两组PANSS总分均较治疗前下降（P〈0.01）,研究组PANSS总分低于对照组（P〈0.05）。两组间不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 阿立哌唑联合小剂量氯氮平治疗女性TRS更有效且安全。     

阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症血药浓度与临床疗效的相关性研究

目的探讨阿立哌唑在精神分裂症患者中的血药浓度与临床疗效的关系。方法采用高效液相色谱的方法测定52例精神分裂症患者体内阿立哌唑的血浆药物浓度,采用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）评定疗效。结果治疗后第1、2、3、4周末与治疗前比较PANSS量表总分及各因子分均显著降低（P〈0．05）。阿立哌唑在治疗后第3周末达到稳态血药浓度,治疗后第3周末有效率为71．2％。治疗后第1、2、3、4周末血药浓度与对应周的剂量呈正相关（P〈0．05）;治疗后第1、2、3、4周末血药浓度与对应周的PANSS量表评分无相关性（P〉0．05）;治疗后第3周末将阿立哌唑血药浓度分成低浓度组（≤76μg／L）、中浓度组（76～116μg／L）、高浓度组（〉116μg／L）3组,中、低浓度组PANSS评分大于高浓度组,但3组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症的血药浓度与其临床疗效之间无相关性。     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗门诊首发精神分裂症病人的对照研究

目的以利培酮为对照,研究阿立哌唑口腔崩解片治疗门诊首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法将70例符合CCMD-3精神分裂症诊断标准的病人随机分为阿立哌唑组（36例）和利培酮组（34例）,分别进行8周治疗。采用CGI-SI、PANSS评定疗效,TESS、实验室检查评定不良反应。结果治疗第2周末,阿立哌唑组与利培酮组PANSS及CGI-SI评分与治疗前比较有显著性下降（P〈0．05）,治疗第4周末起PANSS评分均有极显著改善（P〈0．01）。治疗有效率分别为88．89％和91．18％,两组间比较无差异（P〉0．05）。两组不良反应总评分无显著性差异,但锥体外系、体重增加和内分泌方面不良反应利培酮组明显高于阿立哌唑组,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论阿立哌唑治疗门诊首发精神分裂症病人疗效肯定,安全性高,值得临床推广。     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

目的比较阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症患者的疗效、不良反应及生活质量的影响。方法将68例精神分裂症患者,随机分为阿立哌唑组（研究组）和利培酮组（对照组）,每组34例,分别给予阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗8周,采用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）评定疗效,治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定不良反应,以生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI-74）评定生活质量。结果两组治疗后第4、8周末PANSS量表总分及各因子分与治疗前比较均显著降低（P〈0．01）。两组不良反应均较轻微,研究组不良反应发生率61．8％,对照组不良反应发生率70．6％,两组不良反应总发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。研究组不良反应主要为失眠,且多于对照组（P〈0．05）,对照组在口干、静坐不能、肌强直、体质量增加、泌乳、月经异常、血糖升高不良反应方面多于研究组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。治疗后第8周末与治疗前比较两组GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康、心理健康及社会功能均显著升高（P〈0．01）。结论阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症疗效相当,不良反应小,均可提高患者生活质量。     

奥氮平与阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症糖脂代谢影响的对照研究

目的 研究阿立哌唑、奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者血糖及血脂代谢的影响.方法 随机将61例首发精神分裂症患者分为奥氮平组和阿立哌唑组,比较治疗前及治疗后第6周末两组患者身高、体质量、血糖（FBG）、胰岛素（INS）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）变化.结果 治疗后第6周末奥氮平组FBG、INS、IRI、LDL、TG、TC、体质量及BMI均较治疗前明显升高（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,治疗后第6周末奥氮平组上述指标较阿立哌唑组高（P＜0.05）.结论 与奥氮平相比,阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症患者FBG及血脂代谢影响较轻.     

阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症体重及血糖的影响

目的探讨阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症患者体重、血糖水平的影响。方法对100例首发精神分裂症患者随机给予阿立哌唑或氯氮平治疗,于治疗前及治疗8周、16周、24周末分别测一次体重和空腹血糖。结果阿立哌唑组治疗前后体重、血糖无明显变化;氯氮平组两者均有显著性增加;两组间治疗后体重、血糖差异均有显著性。结论阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症体重、血糖影响小,有利于改善患者的生活质量。     

氯氮平联合低剂量阿立哌唑对难治性精神分裂症患者体质量及糖脂代谢影响的随机、单盲、前瞻性研究

目的探讨氯氮平联合低剂量阿立哌唑对难治性精神分裂症患者体质量及糖脂代谢的影响。方法于上海市杨浦区精神卫生中心选取符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症诊断标准和难治性精神分裂症诊断标准的住院患者62例,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各31例。两组均给予氯氮平治疗,研究组在此基础上联合10mg阿立哌唑治疗,两组均治疗12周。于基线期和治疗第4、8、12周末采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者的精神症状,并对患者体质量、体质量指数、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇进行测定。结果治疗第8、12周末,两组PANSS总评分与基线期比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01),但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗第12周末,研究组体质量、体质量指数、空腹血糖、总胆固醇与基线期比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),餐后2h血糖、甘油三脂与基线期比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组总胆固醇与基线期比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),体质量、体质量指数、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、甘油三脂与基线期比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗第12周末,两组体质量和体质量指数、空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖、甘油三脂比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论氯氮平联合低剂量阿立哌唑与单用氯氮平治疗均能改善难治性精神分裂症患者的精神症状,但联合治疗对患者体质量及糖脂代谢的影响相对较小。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -