鳃裂囊肿的高频超声诊断与鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨鳃裂囊肿的超声诊断与鉴别诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析与总结56例经手术和病理证实的鳃裂囊肿的高频彩色多普勒超声表现.结果 第一鳃裂7例,第二鳃裂48例,第三鳃裂1例,7例可显示瘘口.囊肿均为椭圆形或类圆形,囊壁多清晰规则,囊内多布有稀疏、密集不等的点状回声,其后方具有声增强效应;彩色多普勒超声显示囊内无血流信号,囊壁显示血流信号者仅9例.超声诊断符合率90.11%(完全符合42例,基本符合9例).结论 高频彩色多普勒超声能较准确地诊断与鉴别鳃裂囊肿,具有重要的临床价值.     

鳃裂囊肿和瘘管彩色多普勒超声检查误诊原因探讨

目的总结鳃裂囊肿和瘘管的彩色多普勒超声声像图特征,以减少误诊。方法回顾性分析我院经手术病理检查证实为鳃裂囊肿和瘘管17例的彩色多普勒超声声像图表现,并与手术病理检查结果进行对比分析。结果本组17例,12例以外耳道下方或颈侧肿块就诊,5例体检发现腮腺和甲状腺内结节就诊。我院和外院术前彩色多普勒超声检查,7例确诊鳃裂囊肿或瘘管,10例误诊,误诊率58.8%,误诊为腮腺实性肿物及颈部淋巴结炎伴液化各3例,甲状腺结节2例,腮腺囊肿及甲状舌管囊肿各1例。17例均行手术治疗,术后病理检查证实为鳃裂囊肿11例,鳃裂瘘管6例。术前彩色多普勒超声检查结果与术后病理诊断结果符合率41.2%(7/17)。结论临床虽然可根据彩色多普勒超声声像图特点及临床表现对鳃裂囊肿和瘘管做出诊断,但由于受各种因素影响易误诊,应注意与其他颈部囊性占位性病变相鉴别。     

Ultrasound Evaluation of Dermal Sinuses/Fistulas in Pediatric Patients

A dermal sinus/fistula is a common condition; the relevant department should be consulted for appropriate treatment. It is important for radiologists to have adequate knowledge of these conditions to provide the correct diagnosis and recommend subsequent management. This review describes the following lesions: preauricular sinus, midline sinus of the upper lip, nasal dermoid sinus cyst, cheek fistula, first branchial cleft anomaly/sublingual branchial cleft anomaly, thyroglossal duct cyst/fistula, lateral cervical sinus/fistula, congenital dermal sinus/fistula of the anterior chest region, congenital skin sinus/fistula with a sternal cleft, and congenital prepubic sinus. On the basis of the skin orifice location and ultrasound images, radiologists can provide useful information to physicians.     

小儿颈部囊性病变的高频超声诊断与鉴别诊断

目的：探讨小儿颈部囊性病变的高频超声表现特征。方法：搜集42例经手术病理证实的颈部囊性病变，均行超声检查，回顾性分析其超声特点。结果：甲状舌管囊肿19例（45．24％），颈淋巴管瘤15例（35．71％），鳃裂囊肿8例（19．05％）。颈部囊性病变各有其好发部位，且病变具有一定的超声特征。甲状舌管囊肿多见于颈中线附近、舌骨上下；淋巴管瘤多见于颈侧部、锁骨上，范围较广；腮裂囊肿多见于中上侧颈部。甲状舌管囊肿及鳃裂囊肿呈单房性，淋巴管瘤多为多房性。结论：超声检查可清晰显示病变的大小、形态和延伸范围，多数能定性诊断，对颈部囊性病变具有重要的诊断和鉴别诊断价值。     

Third branchial cleft cyst as a cause of hoarseness: a case report

Third branchial cleft cyst is a rare congenital disease of the neck. It presents as a painless mass that develops rapidly in the neck following an infection. This is the first case report of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy caused by a third branchial cleft cyst. A 30-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of hoarseness as her only symptom; she had no pain, fever, dysphagia, dyspnoea, or palpable neck mass. Laryngoscopy revealed that her right vocal cord was paralyzed. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cystic mass in the right tracheoesophageal groove that was closely associated with the trachea. Intraoperatively, the cyst was found not to originate from the thyroid or trachea, but it was compressing the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. The hoarseness resolved the day after the cyst was removed.     

成人第二鳃裂囊肿的CT与MRI表现及鉴别诊断

目的:探讨成人第二鳃裂囊肿的CT与MRI表现,以提高对该病的认识及鉴别诊断。材料与方法:回顾性总结18例经手术病理证实的第二鳃裂囊肿,分析其CT和MRI表现并结合文献进行讨论。结果:全部病例均为第二鳃裂囊肿,其中BaileyⅠ型5例,Ⅱ型13例。鳃裂囊肿位于颈前三角区、胸锁乳突肌前内侧,圆形或椭圆形,壁薄、均质,胸锁乳突肌受压向后或后外移位,颌下腺向前移位,颈动脉鞘内大血管向内或内后移位,CT表现为密度均匀、边界清晰的囊性肿块。MRI表现为T1WI呈低至高信号,T2WI呈高信号,囊壁强化或不强化,合并感染时,边界模糊,囊壁及周围软组织强化,囊壁强化的厚度取决于感染的程度。结论:CT与MRI可以清楚显示鳃裂囊肿的解剖部位、大小、形态、范围、强化特点及其与周围结构的关系,结合临床特点能做出准确诊断及鉴别诊断。     

高频超声对鳃裂囊肿的诊断价值

目的探讨高频超声在诊断鳃裂囊肿中的应用价值。方法回顾分析12例经手术病理证实为鳃裂囊肿的高频超声声像图表现。结果本组患者中11例位于胸锁乳突肌上1/3的前缘,相当于舌骨平面、颈动脉鞘的外侧,1例位于耳前腮腺区。超声表现囊肿大部分外形尚规则,边界清晰或尚清且包膜回声较强,内部回声的多样性与内壁衬里上皮有关。结论高频超声可直接显示鳃裂囊肿的内部结构、大小、形态、回声及血供情况,可作为鳃裂囊肿的首选影像学检查方法。     

Recurrent parathyroid cystic disease

Cystic masses of the neck may represent thyroid, parathyroid, thyroglossal duct or branchial cleft cysts. Analysis of the cyst fluid may establish the etiology. Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone can be found in parathyroid cysts without concomitant hyperparathyroidism. A high concentration of cholesterol without the finding of thyroglobulin or parathyroid hormone in the fluid aspirated from a lateral neck mass suggests a branchial cleft cyst.     

颌面及颈根部软组织囊性肿块的超声诊断

目的 探讨颌面及颈根部软组织囊性肿块的超声诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析颌面及颈根部11例经手术及活检证实的软组织囊性肿块的声像图特征。结果 11例中甲状舌管囊肿3例，鳃裂囊肿4例，涎腺囊腺瘤2例，皮样囊肿2例。10例由超声正确诊断，1例鳃裂囊肿超声误诊为鳃裂癌。结论 超声能较准确诊断颌面及颈根部软组织囊性肿块。     

多排螺旋CT双期扫描对腮腺良性肿瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨腮腺良性肿瘤的CT表现,提高对腮腺肿瘤的诊断水平。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的85例腮腺良性肿瘤患者的多排螺旋CT双期增强扫描表现。结果10例腮腺基底细胞腺瘤患者中,2个病灶密度相对均匀,8个病灶密度不均匀。43例腮腺淋巴瘤患者中,43个病灶密度较均匀,18个病灶密度不均匀。31例腮腺多形性腺瘤患者中,16个病灶密度均匀,15个病灶密度欠均匀,CT增强扫描6例明显强化,余25例轻度强化。1例鳃裂囊肿表现为类圆形的低密度结节,CT值19 HU,边缘清楚光滑,密度均匀,增强检查囊内容物不强化,囊壁可轻度增强。增强扫描动脉期,CT值增加幅度由大到小依次为基底细胞腺瘤、腺淋巴瘤、多形性腺瘤、鳃裂囊肿。基底细胞腺瘤双期CT增强幅度大于其他种类疾病(P<0.05)。结论多排螺旋CT能对腮腺肿瘤进行有效定位,双期增强扫描对诊断及鉴别诊断良性肿瘤有一定的价值。     

颈部囊性病变的CT检查

分析颈部不同囊性病变的CT表现，进一步提高对颈部各种囊性病变的认识。方法：回顾性分析经手术、病理证实的颈部囊性病变42例，其中鳃裂囊肿19例，淋巴结囊性变8例，淋巴管瘤3例，甲状舌管囊肿2例，神经鞘瘤4例，甲状腺乳头状腺癌6例。全部病例均行层厚、层距为5-10mm的CT平扫；36例作增强扫描。结果：颈部囊性病变形态基本规则、光整，19例鳃裂囊肿大部分位于上颈部．且绝大部分与颈动脉鞘相毗邻：8例囊变淋巴结均与颈动脉鞘相邻；2例甲状舌管囊肿在颈前区与甲状软骨关系密切；4例囊变的神经鞘瘤多数位于椎前间隙的肌肉间隙内；6例甲状腺乳头状腺癌均为下颈部甲状腺区恶性囊性占位。伴感染的鳃裂囊肿、转移性淋巴结，甲状舌管囊肿、甲状腺乳头状腺癌可有囊壁强化改变，甲状腺乳头状腺癌更有较为特征性的囊内乳头样结节改变。囊性病灶增大后会对周围结构产生占位效应，部分恶性及伴有感染的良性病灶与周围组织界限不清。结论：颈部不同囊性病变所处的解剖位置有一定的分布特点，CT表现亦有除囊性外的各自特点，综合分析可提高颈部囊性病变诊断及鉴别诊断的准确性。     

First branchial cleft anomaly, a case for misdiagnosis

First branchial cleft anomaly is a rare condition that is often misdiagnosed and falsely mistreated before complete and definitive surgical treatment. Its origin is uncertain and the presence of ectodermal and sometimes also mesodermal elements has led some authors to the conclusion that it represents buried nests of cells forming the first branchial cleft and the underlying mesoderm. First branchial cleft anomaly can be presented as a cystic lesion, fistula or sinus extending towards the membranous external ear canal. The sinus tract runs through the parotid gland in close association with the facial nerve. There is no imaging method capable of identifying a first branchial cleft anomaly with certainty. The danger of facial nerve injury during surgery and the failure to identify the sinus tract running to the external ear canal are the main reasons for incomplete excision. The facial nerve must be identified and preserved and the lesion completely excised. Facial nerve injury is more common in attempts to remove recurrent branchial cleft lesions.     

超声诊断儿童鳃裂畸形

目的 探讨儿童鳃裂畸形的超声诊断价值.方法 回顾15例鳃裂畸形患儿的声像图表现,并与手术、病理结果对照分析.结果 6例为鳃裂囊肿,超声表现为囊性团块,内回声均匀;6例为鳃裂囊肿并瘘管形成,超声表现为囊性团块,并有条状低回声与体表或咽内相通;3例为鳃裂窦道形成.全部鳃裂畸形患儿中13例病灶位于颈前,1例位于锁骨下缘前胸壁,1例位于耳前腮腺区.超声诊断与手术病理符合率为86.70%.结论 超声诊断鳃裂畸形较准确、可靠,可明确其位置及毗邻关系,对临床手术有重要意义.     

双侧先天性第一鳃裂瘘一例报告

目的总结双侧先天性第一鳃裂瘘的诊治经验,提高手术切除第一鳃裂瘘的安全性和治愈率。方法回顾性分析双侧先天性第一鳃裂瘘1例的临床诊治资料。结果本例间隔半年均以耳部疼痛流脓并耳垂后肿痛就诊,专科检查结合耳后B超确诊为第一鳃裂瘘,子切除术。本例双侧先天性第一鳃裂瘘均一次手术治愈。右侧随访18个月、左侧随访12个月,双侧均无复发。结论第一鳃裂瘘临床比较少见,症状、体征不典型,病理检查是确诊的重要依据,手术彻底切除病变组织是治愈本病的唯一方法。     

超声诊断鳃裂畸形

目的 探讨高频彩色多普勒超声诊断鳃裂囊肿及鳃裂瘘的价值。 方法 回顾13例鳃裂畸形患者的声像图表现,结合手术所见及病理结果进行对照分析。 结果 3例为鳃裂囊肿,超声表现为囊性团块伴或不伴长短不一的瘘管残迹;4例为鳃裂囊肿并瘘管,超声表现为囊性团块伴细管状通道;4例为鳃裂囊肿并感染,超声表现为囊性团块,内回声细密,壁厚,边不清;2例为鳃裂瘘。13例患者中,10例病灶位于颈前区,2例位于锁骨下前胸壁,1例位于右下颌后角后。超声诊断与术中所见符合率为84.62%(11/13),与病理结果符合率92.31%(12/13)。 结论 高频彩色多普勒超诊断鳃裂畸形准确、可靠,可作为首选影像学检查方法。     

CT和MRI诊断颈动脉及其周围间隙孤立性病变

目的 探讨CT和MRI对颈动脉及其周围间隙孤立性病变的定位、定性诊断价值。 方法 收集65例经病理证实的颈动脉及其周围间隙孤立性病变患者,对38例行CT检查,其中29例行3D VR血管重建;对27例行MR检查,其中16例行三维对比增强MRA(3D CE-MRA)检查。分析病变的大小、形态、边界、密度、信号、内部结构、强化特征及其与颈动静脉的关系。 结果 神经鞘瘤、神经纤维瘤、颈动脉体瘤、颈内动脉瘤、淋巴结转移瘤、巨淋巴结增生症、腮裂囊肿及腮裂囊肿合并感染的CT或MRI表现具有一定特征性;血管瘤、淋巴瘤、淋巴结结核、结节病及支气管囊肿罕见,影像学表现缺乏特征性。神经鞘瘤和神经纤维瘤使颈动静脉向外或前外侧移位。淋巴结病变使颈动静脉向内或前内侧移位。颈动脉体瘤和颈内动脉瘤使颈动脉分叉角度增大,但颈内动脉瘤使受累血管呈瘤样增粗,CTA或MRA可直接定性诊断。 结论 CT和MRI分别结合3D VR血管成像和3D CE-MRA是定位诊断颈动脉及其周围间隙孤立性病变的有效手段,根据平扫和增强特征及其与颈动静脉的关系,可对大部分孤立性病变做出定性及鉴别诊断。     

Thyroglossal duct cysts: Two cases

Thyroglossal duct cyst is the most common congenital neck mass in children and young adults. The authors present two cases affecting two patients aged 7 and 9 years, respectively, who had a palpable painless swelling in the submental region. In both patients ultrasound (US) examination showed an anechoic or hypoechoic rounded mass with well-defined margins thus confirming clinical suspicion of thyroglossal duct cyst. One patient also had a second, deep-lying, nonpalpaple cyst which communicated with the superficial cyst. These cases are typical and confirm that US is essential in suspected thyroglossal duct cyst to confirm clinical diagnosis, detect lesions which are not clinically appreciable due to their small size or deep location, to assess communication between the lesions and to detect possible complications.     

MR imaging of salivary glands

In conclusion, if a parotid gland mass is bilateral, it is more likely to be Warthin's tumor, especially if it does not enhance. Less likely, it could be lymphoepithelial cyst or necrotic lymph node. A unilateral, non-enhancing mass with a high T2 signal is more likely to be a Warthin's tumor and less likely a necrotic lymph node or first branchial cleft cyst. If the mass is unilateral, shows postcontrast enhancement, has a high T2 signal, and does not invade surrounding tissue planes, it is more likely to be a pleomorphic adenoma. An intermediate to low T2 signal mass-with or without invasion of surrounding tissue planes--is more likely to be a malignant mass such as adenocystic or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Biopsy is superior and the gold standard for diagnosis and cannot be replaced by MR imaging, however.     

颈部囊性病变的CT诊断

目的：分析颈部囊性病变的CT特性。材料与方法：回顾性分析43例经手术证实的颈部囊性病变,其中（1）淋巴结病变14例;（2）脓肿3例;（3）涎腺病变7例;（4）甲状舌骨囊肿4例;（5）神经鞘瘤2例;（6）甲状腺病变3例;（7）鳃裂囊肿3例;（8）淋巴管瘤4例;（9）喉气囊肿2例;（10）表皮样囊肿1例。结果：特定的解剖部位及影像学表现对颈部囊性肿块的诊断及鉴别诊断有明确的价值;如鳃裂囊肿多起源于第二鳃裂位于下颌角下胸锁乳突肌中1/3的前缘或下方;甲舌囊肿主要位于颈前中线舌骨水平上下,皮样囊肿多位于口底正中等。结论：CT检查能准确评价病变的性质和位置,对诊断和术前制定方案有重要价值。     

超声对体表淋巴管瘤的诊断价值

目的研究二维及彩色多普勒超声对体表淋巴管瘤的诊断价值.方法回顾21例术后病理证实为体表淋巴管瘤超声声像图,分析体表淋巴管瘤声像图特点.结果淋巴管瘤超声声像图大致分三种:单纯型、分房型、混合型.单纯型无明显血流信号,分房型及混合型分隔上及壁上可见血流信号,尤其是当混有其他组织成分时.常与血管瘤、单纯囊肿、鳃裂囊肿、皮脂腺囊肿、皮样囊肿难于鉴别.结论超声对体表淋巴管瘤的诊断及辅助治疗有重要价值.