海绵窦手术入路解剖学

选择恰当的手术入路，避免血管神经的损伤，是海绵窦手术成功的重要因素。外侧入路操作方便，暴露较好，经Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ＇ｓ三角或眼神经与动眼神经之间可较好地暴露海绵窦外侧间隙和颈内动脉海绵窦段的分支，但海绵窦外侧壁的组成、神经的排列关系都很复杂，在形态学上还有不少争议。上方入路可较好地显露垂体的外侧面、前后海绵间窦和岩上、岩下窦的开口以及基底静脉丛。下方入路，特别是沿颅中窝底的硬膜外入路便于在颈内动脉岩内段阻断海绵窦的动脉血流。内侧入路便于显示海绵窦的内侧间隙，但操作不便     

颈内动脉海绵窦段分支及分布的显微解剖

目的 :为海绵窦的直接手术提供显微解剖学基础。方法 :采用 48侧成人新鲜海绵窦标本 ,颈内动脉灌注苯乙烯 (ABS) ,然后在手术显微镜下解剖观察。结果 :脑膜垂体干出现率为 10 0 % ,脑膜垂体干可分为两型 ,典型的脑膜垂体干出现率为 5 8.3 % ,非典型的脑膜垂体干又分为单干型和非单干型 ,前者出现率为 3 1.3 % ,后者为 10 .4%。海绵窦下动脉出现率为 95 .8% ,垂体被囊动脉为 3 1.3 %。另外眼动脉的出现率为 10 .4%。两侧颈内动脉海绵窦段分支之间的吻合 ,提供了重要的侧支循环血液供应。结论 :本文对颈内动脉海绵窦段分支的显微解剖结果 ,对临床显微外科、血管介入、影像学有指导意义。     

经颅海绵窦手术的显微外科解剖及临床应用

目的：研究额颞眶-颧弓入路中,海绵窦的不同切开方法对其显微结构的显露,为海绵窦病变的直接手术提供安全手术入路。方法：10例成人头颅标本,采用经额颞眶-颧弓开颅,在显微镜下对海绵窦的侧方硬膜外,侧方硬膜下,及上方入路进行解剖学观察。并对16例海绵窦病变手术治疗的临床资料进行分析。结果：外侧硬膜外入路可用于显露三叉神经第2、3支,三叉神经节,海绵窦内颈内动脉后垂直段,外展神经及岩骨颈内动脉水平段;侧方硬膜下入路可用于显露海绵窦外侧前下,后上静脉间隙,以及所有走行在海绵窦内的颅神经和海绵窦内颈内动脉水平段;上方入路可用于显露海绵窦内侧、外侧及后上间隙,海绵窦内ICA水平段、前膝、前垂直段及床突段的内侧面,以及垂体的外侧面。结论：依据海绵窦内病变的位置不同,在额颞眶--颧弓入路中采用不同的手术方法切开海绵窦,既可安全地显露病变,又可保护重要的神经和血管。     

动眼神经海绵窦段的应用解剖学研究

目的：为鞍区手术避免损伤动眼神经及其血供提供解剖基础。方法：观测10个尸颅的动眼神经海绵窦段的毗邻结构及血供。结果：动眼神经海绵窦段下方与展神经，内侧与颈动脉水平段、垂体、垂体柄、外下方与滑车神经、眼神经，外上方与颞中毗邻。动眼神经海绵窦段30%即接受脑膜垂体干又接受海绵窦下动脉血供，30%单独接受脑膜垂体干血供，40%单独接受海绵窦下动脉血供。结论：动眼神经海绵窦段毗邻结构复杂，滋养血管细小；在鞍区手术时，应特别注意首府和保护动眼神经及其滋养血管。     

垂体腺瘤对颈内动脉影响的MRI观测

目的：旨在探索颈内动脉与垂体腺瘤的关系。方法：通过对３０例垂体腺瘤患者ＭＲＩ的观测,测量颈内动脉在海绵窦段的间距。结果：间距２０．１ｍｍ,而且随垂体腺瘤左右径的增大,颈内动脉间距随之增大,肿瘤对颈内动脉向外侧推移、包裹、粘连可能性亦增加。结论：结果表明临床经鼻—蝶窦垂体腺瘤手术时,向两侧海绵窦方向探查和刮除腺瘤距中线平均不应超过１ｃｍ。     

眶上裂区临床应用解剖研究进展

眶上裂区是眼眶与颅中窝沟通的重要通道,动眼神经、滑车神经、展神经、三叉神经第一支（ 眼神经）、 眼上静脉、眼下静脉等诸多重要神经、血管从中穿行,并且与视神经、颈内动脉、海绵窦等结构关系密切。眶上 裂区解剖对于颅底手术至关重要,手术时如损伤眶上裂区的神经、血管结构将导致严重的并发症。现就眶上裂区 的大体、显微及内镜临床应用解剖作简要综述。     

海绵窦的巨微解剖研究进展

海绵窦结构十分复杂 ,在形态学研究上存在不少争议。为了适应显微外科技术及介入疗法的开展 ,本文就海绵窦形态学概念的不同观点 ,膜性结构的分歧意见及它与Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ对脑神经的复杂位置关系 ,颈内动脉海绵窦段的分段、分支、分布情况以及静脉交通等进行综述。     

经额胼胝体下入路垂体瘤切除术的应用解剖

目的为经额胼胝体下入路垂体瘤切除术提供显微外科解剖学基础.方法采用显微解剖技术对17个甲醛固定,红色明胶动脉灌注的成年尸头标本蝶鞍区的有关神经和血管进行观察.结果(1)视交叉前间隙之间的面积为(28.4±6.2)mm2,视交叉前缘至鞍结节之间的距离为(4.1±0.8)mm.(2)前穿动脉主要来源于大脑前动脉交通前段和颈内动脉终末段,穿入前穿质前可分成多支或形成动脉丛.(3)两侧颈内动脉海绵窦段水平部之间的距离为(16.5±4.4)mm,在穿经海绵窦上壁处间距为(13.3±2.5)mm,在大脑前动脉发起处,间距为(17.9±1.6)mm.(4)前交通动脉在视交叉之上者占82.4%,之前者占14.3%,侧方者占5.9%.(5)动眼神经在后床突的前外侧(7.8±2.1)mm处穿海绵窦顶入海绵窦,入窦点在颈内动脉床突上段后方(5.0±2.0)mm,两侧入窦点之间的距离为(21.9±2.3)mm.结论经额胼胝体下入路垂体瘤切除术主要是通过视交叉前间隙,在颈内动脉之间的区域操作,手术中,既要保护颈内动脉、视神经、动眼神经等较大结构,又要尽量避免穿动脉、下丘脑支动脉等小动脉的损伤,以减少并发症的发生.     

海绵窦的巨微冠状断层解剖及其临床意义

目的:为海绵窦的影像诊断学和神经外科学提供解剖学资料。方法:采用火棉胶包埋技术制作海绵窦冠状薄层切片并进行观察和测量。结果:两侧海绵窦间距为(12.90±1.28)mm;海绵窦外侧壁为两层结构,外层是硬脑膜,内层是动眼神经、滑车神经和三叉神经分支的神经鞘膜;海绵窦内侧壁为薄层的结缔组织,与颈内动脉之间有纤维小梁连接;海绵窦的静脉间隙出现率表现各异。结论:冠状断面能清晰显示海绵窦的详细解剖,对该区域的神经外科手术和影像诊断具有重要意义。     

海绵窦相关三角的面积测算及其临床意义

目的 :为临床海绵窦直接手术提供解剖学依据。方法 :对 17例成人头部标本海绵窦的上壁和外侧壁的相关三角及有关结构进行了解剖学观察 ,对各三角的面积进行了测算。结果 :海绵窦上壁可分为内侧三角、颈内动脉三角、动眼神经三角三个区域 ,其面积分别为 :(3 2 .1± 7.9)mm2 ,(64 .5± 15 .4)mm2 ,(68.9± 17.2 )mm2 。海绵窦外侧壁可见上三角、外侧三角、前外侧三角、后外侧三角 ,其面积分别为 :(2 6.1± 6.7)mm2 ,(5 3 .2± 12 .8)mm2 ,(5 5 .5± 13 .1)mm2 ,(2 3 .9± 6.2 )mm。结论 :经海绵窦相关三角行窦内手术 ,应熟悉三角的构成 ,注意各三角大小的差别 ,避免损伤有关神经和血管等重要结构。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964