非瓣膜性持续心房颤动患者抗血栓治疗临床调查

对我院从1997年1月至2002年12月住院的535例非瓣膜性持续心房颤动(简称房颤)患者病历资料进行逐项调查,分析房颤病因、抗血栓治疗及并发血栓栓塞性疾病情况。结果:病因以高血压最常见(38.5%),其次为冠心病(34.6%)。使用华法令52例(9.7%),维持INR在2.0~3.0范围,无1例出现血栓栓塞性疾病及严重出血。使用阿斯匹林331例(61.9%),用量为平均75mg/d出现血栓栓塞性疾病76例(占23%)。未使用任何抗血栓治疗者152例(28.4%),出现血栓栓塞性疾病36例(23.7%)。结论:华法令能明显减少房颤相关血栓栓塞性疾病的发生,小剂量阿斯匹林则无此作用。     

Reduced Peak Atrial Systolic Mitral Annular Velocity Predicts the Development of Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

We investigated whether the echocardiographic parameters of the left atrium (LA) can predict the development of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Among 14,062 patients ( > 20 years old) who underwent an echocardiographic examination were evaluated, 2,606 patients who underwent follow-up ECG with an interval of > 6 months were investigated. Newly developed AF was noted in 42 (1.6%) patients with follow-up duration of 31.8 ± 8.9 months. Cox regression analysis revealed that a higher left atrial volume index (hazard ratio [HR ]= 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.09, P < 0.001), relative wall thickness (RWT) of ≥ 0.407 (HR = 2.74, 95% CI 1.39–5.41, P = 0.004), a reduced peak atrial systolic mitral annular velocity (HR = 0.845, 95% CI 0.72–0.99, P = 0.037), and an advanced age (HR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.07, P = 0.009) were independently related to the development of nonvalvular AF. Therefore, reduced A ' , which is parameter of LA contractile function, might be an important predictor for the development of nonvalvular AF.     

1 041例非瓣膜性心房颤动患者左心房内径的分析

目的:了解非瓣膜性心房颤动(房颤)患者左心房内径与房颤类型、房颤病程、左心房血栓及血栓栓塞危险因素等方面的关系. 方法:选择2001-01至2008-01在我院住院的非瓣膜性房颤患者共1 041例,入选条件:①心电图或24小时动态心电图证实的房颤发作;②超声心动图证实的非瓣膜性心脏病.分组情况:按左心房有无血栓分为无左心房血栓组(,n=950)与有左心房血栓组(n=91). 结果:1 041例患者中,男性666例,女性375例,平均年龄为(64.26 ±12.43)岁.左心房增大的有658例(63.2%).左心房内径随着病程出现阵发性、持续性、永久性房颤而增加,左心室射血分数随着病程出现阵发性、持续性、永久性房颤而降低,持续性房颤和永久性房颤与阵发性房颤比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).左心房内径的大小随着房颤病程延长而增加.有左心房血栓组的房颤病程、左心房内径大于无左心房血栓组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且具有房颤血栓栓塞危险因素的发生率有随着左心房内径增大而增加的趋势. 结论:房颤是左心房扩大的原因之一,房颤持续时间越长,左心房扩大越明显.左心房扩大在其血栓形成中起着重要作用.     

非瓣膜性心房颤动合并重度三尖瓣反流的危险因素分析

目的:探讨非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)合并重度三尖瓣反流(TR)患者的临床特征及危险因素.方法:连续入选2016年1月至2019年12月就诊于我院的290例合并TR的NVAF患者,87例NVAF合并重度TR患者为重度TR组,男性35例,平均年龄(73.5±9.0)岁;203例NVAF合并轻-中度TR患者作为对照组,男性...     

C‐Reactive Protein,Left Atrial Volume,and Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Study in High‐Risk Elderly

Background: The data regarding the interrelationships of high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (CRP), left atrial (LA) volume, and atrial fibrillation (AF) are sparse. Additionally, while LA volume has been shown to be useful for prediction of AF in low‐to‐moderate risk populations, its predictive value in clinically high‐risk populations is unknown. Methods: SAFHIRE (Study of Atrial Fibrillation in High Risk Elderly) is an ongoing prospective study of the pathophysiology of first AF in persons aged ≥65 years with ≥2 other AF risk factors [systemic hypertension, proven coronary artery disease, heart failure (HF), diabetes]. Participants are followed annually, and undergo an interview, physical examination, blood work, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram assessment. Results: Of 800 participants, mean age of 74 ± 6 years, 34 developed first AF over 1.7± 0.9 years. A history of systemic hypertension and proven coronary artery disease was present in 97% and 78%, respectively. CRP was unrelated to LA volume on univariable or multivariable analyses (P > 0.10), and not predictive of first AF on univariable or multivariable models (all P > 0.10). Indexed LA volume was an independent predictor of first AF (unadjusted P< 0.0001; age and sex adjusted P = 0.0006; adjusted for multiple factors, HR 1.3/5 ml per m², 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.48, P = 0.001). Conclusion: In this elderly population at high clinical risk for the development of first AF, CRP was unrelated to LA volume and nonpredictive of first AF, while indexed LA volume was incremental to clinical risk factors for the prediction of first AF. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 2010;27:394‐399)     

Update on the Association of Inflammation and Atrial Fibrillation

Update on the Association of Inflammation and Atrial Fibrillation . Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of AF remains incompletely understood and management remains a difficult task. Over the past decade there has been accumulating evidence implicating inflammation in the pathogenesis of AF. Inflammation appears to play a significant role in the initiation and perpetuation of AF as well as the prothrombotic state associated with AF. Inflammatory biomarkers (C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6) have been shown to be associated with the future development, recurrence and burden of AF, and the likelihood of successful cardioversion. Therapies directed at attenuating the inflammatory burden appear promising. Animal and clinical studies have evaluated statins, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin‐II receptor blockers, and corticosteroids for the treatment or prevention of AF. The purpose of this review is to provide current evidence on the relationship between inflammation and AF and potential therapies available to modulate the inflammatory state in AF. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 1064‐1070, September 2010)     

超声心动图技术评价心房颤动患者左房功能的应用

左房功能对于维持左室功能有重要意义,超声心动图技术是评价心房颤动患者左房功能最常用的方法,现就近年来常用的关于评价左房功能的各种超声指标进行总结。     

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者导管消融术后抗凝策略的研究进展

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者导管消融术后的卒中预防策略尚存争议,现有指南大多推荐根据CHA2DS2-VASc评分制定抗凝策略,建议CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2分的卒中高风险患者术后长期抗凝.但目前临床实践中,抗凝出血风险和患者依从性等问题仍待解决,对心房颤动患者术后卒中来源的剖析、卒中风险的全面评估以及个体化卒中预防策略的...     

Evaluation of Atrial Refractoriness and Atrial Fibrillation Inducibility Immediately after Internal Cardioversion in Patients with Chronic Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Summary. Objective: To prospectively evaluate right atrial refractoriness and sustained atrial fibrillation (AF) inducibility at programmed electrical stimulation in two groups of patient: a series of patients with chronic persistent AF, studied immediately after successful low energy internal atrial cardioversion, and a group of control patients without history of supraventricular arrhythmias.Patients: Nineteen patients with chronic persistent AF (mean AF duration 11 ± 10 months, range 2–61 months) submitted to successful internal low energy atrial cardioversion in fully conscious state and 11 control patients without history of supraventricular arrhythmias.Methods: An electrophysiological evaluation was performed to measure atrial refractoriness and AF inducibility, by delivering single atrial extrastimuli in high right atrium, at decremental coupling, during spontaneous sinus rhythm and after 8 beats at 600, 500, 400 and 330 ms cycle length. If sustained AF was induced the protocol was terminated.Results: During programmed atrial stimulation sustained AF was induced in 8 out 19 (42%) of the AF patients but in none of the control group. Atrial effective refractory period was significantly shorter in AF patients compared to controls both at basic cycle length, at 600 ms, 500 ms and 400 ms cycle length, meanwhile no statistically significant differences were found at 330 ms cycle length. An altered relationship between atrial effective refractory period and cycle length was found in AF patients compared to controls: the slope of linear correlation slope was significantly lower in AF group than in controls (0.04 ± 0.07 vs 0.17 ± 0.10, p < 0.002).Conclusions: Marked abnormalities of atrial refractoriness and of its heart rate relationship are observed after internal cardioversion of chronic persistent AF in humans and these abnormalities are associated with an high vulnerability to AF. These observations may explain the high risk of AF recurrences in the early phases following successful cardioversion. In this scenario antiarrhythmic drug therapy seems to be mandatory for reducing arrhythmia relapses.     

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Determines the Severity of Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function

Regression of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) is known to be related to a lower incidence of stroke in hypertensive patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NV-AF). However, its mechanism remains controversial. Recently, diastolic dysfunction (DD) was reported to be correlated with ischemic stroke in NV-AF. We hypothesized that hypertension (HTN) and resultant LVH might be associated with the severity of DD in NV-AF. Two hundred and ninety-four patients (204 males, age 66 ± 12 y) with NV-AF with preserved LV systolic function were included. Clinical and echocardiographic data were compared between patients with enlarged left atrial (LA) volume (n == 237) and patients with normal LA. Age (60 ± 12 vs. 67 ± 11 years), sex (male; 81 vs. 62%%), duration of NV-AF (4.1 ± 7.8 vs. 45.7 ± 49.0 months), brain natriuretic peptide (108.3 ± 129.3 vs. 236.1 ± 197.0 pg//mL), right ventricular systolic pressure (24.5 ± 5.5 vs. 33.1 ± 11.1 mmHg), mitral inflow velocity (E [77.4 ± 22.2 vs. 88.3 ± 22.0 cm//s]), LV mass index (LVMI [87.6 ± 22.2 vs. 105.1 ± 23.2 g//m²]), peak systolic mitral annular velocity (S' [7.2 ± 2.0 vs. 5.8 ± 1.8 cm//s]), and mitral inflow velocity to diastolic mitral annular velocity (E//E' [9.8 ± 3.4 vs. 12.1 ± 4.4]) were significantly different between the two groups, respectively (P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, LVMI was independently correlated with increased LA volume (OR: 1.037 [95%% CI: 1.011–1.063], P < 0.05), whereas HTN was not. LA enlargement, which reflects the severity and chronicity of DD, is independently associated with LVH in patients with NV-AF. Therefore, regression of LVH with anti-hypertensive treatment may lead to improvement of diastolic function and favorable clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients with NV-AF.     

Persistent Atrial Flutter in Patients Treated for Atrial Fibrillation with Amiodarone and Propafenone:

INTRODUCTION: Antiarrhythmic drugs have been reported to promote the conversion of atrial fibrillation to atrial flutter in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. However, information about the electrophysiologic mechanism and response to radiofrequency ablation of these drug-induced atrial flutters is limited. Furthermore, the determinants of the development of persistent atrial flutter in patients treated for atrial fibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs are still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among the 136 patients treated for atrial fibrillation with amiodarone (n = 96) or propafenone (n = 40), 15 (11%, mean age 65.5 +/- 12.3 years) were identified to have subsequent development of persistent atrial flutter based on surface ECG characteristics during antiarrhythmic drug treatment. The mean interval between the beginning of drug treatment and the onset of atrial flutter was 5.0 +/- 5.5 months. Intracardiac mapping and entrainment studies revealed that 11 patients had counterclockwise typical atrial flutter, and 4 had clockwise typical atrial flutter. All 15 patients underwent successful ablation with creation of complete bidirectional isthmus conduction block. After a mean follow-up of 12.3 +/- 4.2 months, 14 (93%) of 15 patients who underwent successful ablation and continued taking antiarrhythmic drugs have remained in sinus rhythm. Univariate analysis of clinical variables demonstrated that only atrial enlargement was significantly related to the occurrence of persistent atrial flutter. CONCLUSION: In patients with atrial fibrillation, persistent typical atrial flutter might occur during antiarrhythmic drug treatment, and atrial enlargement was a risk factor for the development of such an arrhythmia. Radiofrequency ablation and continuation of pharmacologic therapy offered a safe and effective means of achieving and maintaining sinus rhythm.     

左心耳结构复杂性与非瓣膜性心房颤动患者左心耳血栓形成的关系

目的:探讨左心耳结构复杂性与非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者左心耳血栓形成的关系。方法:连续入选拟行射频消融术治疗的NVAF患者295例,记录病史资料和化验指标,进行CHA2DS2-VASc评分。行经食道超声心动图和计算机断层扫描血管造影(CTA)检查了解左心耳有、无血栓形成,以此将患者分为血栓组(n=42)和无血栓组(n=253)。应用CT影像后处理系统对左心房CTA影像进行三维重建,获取每例患者的左心耳形态,将左心耳形态分为单纯型和复杂型两类。分析左心耳血栓形成与各项潜在危险因素的关系。结果:血栓组非阵发性心房颤动(76.2%vs 18.2%)、复杂型左心耳比例(66.7%vs 45.1%)显著高于无血栓组(P均<0.01)。此外,血栓组患者的年龄、心房颤动病程、左心房前后径、B型利钠肽、血尿酸、CHA2DS2-VASc评分均大于无血栓组(P均<0.05)。相对于无血栓组,血栓组患者的高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、慢性心力衰竭、脑卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作/血栓栓塞以及血管疾病的患病率更高(P均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,复杂型左心耳(OR=4.129,95%CI:1.413~12.069)、心房颤动病程(OR=1.021,95%CI:1.006~1.036)、非阵发性心房颤动(OR=13.910,95%CI:4.563~42.406)与CHA2DS2-VASc评分(OR=2.580,95%CI:1.115~5.966)均是左心耳血栓形成的独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论:复杂型左心耳为NVAF患者左心耳血栓形成的独立危险因素。