凝溶胶蛋白与绝经后女性股骨颈及腰椎骨密度的相关性研究

目的探讨凝溶胶蛋白(GSN)在绝经后女性血浆中的水平并分析与股骨颈及腰椎骨密度(BMD)的相关性。方法选取我院2015年1月至2019年5月期间在我院正常体检人员。纳入绝经后女性110名。与此同时,在我院体检中心选择非绝经期女性110例。采用Hologic?QDR-4500 DXA骨密度仪测定股骨颈、腰椎(L_1-L_4)的BMD。BMD数据以g/cm~2和T评分表示。T评分-2.5定义为骨质疏松症,T评分在-1～-2.5间定义为骨量减少,T评分-1定义为骨密度正常(正常BMD组)。骨质疏松症或骨量减少定义为低BMD组,骨密度正常定义为正常BMD组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定GSN水平。结果绝经后女性年龄、SBP、DBP、TC、FBS高于绝经前女性(P0.05);而股骨颈-BMD、腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD、GSN低于绝经前女性(P0.05)。股骨颈-BMD组中,低BMD组的年龄、吸烟比例、TC、FBS、GSN高于正常BMD组(P0.05);而BMI、HDL低于正常BMD组(P0.05)。腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD组中,低BMD组的年龄、TC、FBS、GSN高于正常BMD组(P0.05);而BMI、HDL低于正常BMD组(P0.05)。股骨颈-BMD与年龄、吸烟、FBS、pGSN呈负相关(r=-0.435、-0.301、-0.243、-0.609),与HDL、BMI呈正相关(r=0.395、0.365)。腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD与年龄、p GSN呈负相关(r=-0.463、-0.433),与BMI呈正相关(r=0.398)。年龄、BMI、GSN是股骨颈-BMD独立影响因素;年龄、GSN是腰椎(L1-L4)-BMD独立影响因素。结论 GSN是股骨颈-BMD、腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD的独立影响因素。因此,GSN水平升高可能预测绝经后女性骨质疏松症的发生及进展。     

抗阻力量训练对青年和老年女性骨密度的影响

目的探讨相同负荷强度的抗阻力量训练对青年和老年女性骨密度的影响。方法身高、体重相匹配的青年组(n=36)和老年组(n=34)进行16w躯干、上下肢的抗阻力量训练。测试受试者腰椎(L_2~L_4)、股骨近端(股骨颈、Ward三角区、大转子)骨密度,拉力和下肢肌力。结果 (1)(3)干预后青年组股骨颈、Ward三角区和腰椎(L_2~L_4)BMD和拉力显著增大(P0.05),大转子BMD无显著变化;老年组股骨颈、Ward三角区和腰椎(L_2~L_4)BMD、拉力和下肢肌力显著增大(P0.05),大转子BMD无显著变化。(2)拉力与腰椎(L_2~L_4)、股骨颈、Ward三角区和大转子BMD呈显著正相关(r=0.642、0.686、0.600、0.781)、下肢肌力与腰椎(L_2~L_4)和Ward三角区BMD呈显著正相关(r=0.526,r=0.619)。结论 16 w力量训练改善了青年和老年女性腰椎和股骨近端的骨密度且无年龄差异,但对大转子骨密度改善不显著。     

维生素D、维生素B12和同型半胱氨酸水平与绝经后女性骨密度的相关性研究

目的探索绝经后非骨质疏松症和骨质疏松症女性患者高半胱氨酸、维生素D、维生素B_(12)和骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)之间的关系。方法选取2017年8～12月在我院就诊的138名女性作为研究对象,根据骨密度将绝经后女性分为骨质疏松组(n=58)和非骨质疏松组(n=80)。记录两组患者的体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、年龄、腰围等一般资料,检测腰椎L_(1～4)前后位、左侧股骨近端的BMD,测定血清同型半胱氨酸、维生素B_(12)、维生素D、碱性磷酸酶、钙、磷水平。分析两组患者不同指标的差异以及高半胱氨酸、维生素D、维生素B_(12)和BMD之间的相关性。结果两组患者的年龄、BMI、腰围、同型半胱氨酸、维生素D、维生素B_(12)、腰椎L_(1～4)和左股骨颈骨密度比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);Rho相关性和回归分析表明,同型半胱氨酸与维生素D和B_(12)在绝经后非骨质疏松症和同型半胱氨酸与维生素B_(12)在绝经后骨质疏松症女性中呈显著负相关。结论高水平同型半胱氨酸可以通过绝经后非骨质疏松症患者维生素D水平和绝经后骨质疏松症女性维生素B_(12)水平预测。     

OSTA对2型糖尿病绝经妇女骨质疏松症筛查效果评价

目的评估亚洲人骨质疏松自我筛查工具(osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians,OSTA)对2型糖尿病绝经妇女骨质疏松症(Osteoporosis,OP)的筛查效果,为分级诊疗中各级医疗机构,特别是基层医疗单位使用OSTA指数预测2型糖尿病绝经妇女骨质疏松症提供临床证据。方法选取2015年1月至2016年6月在我院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病绝经妇女151名,采用双能X线吸收法(DXA)测量腰椎(L_(1-4))和股骨颈骨密度,计算OSTA指数,判断OSTA指数预测2型糖尿病绝经妇女骨质疏松症的价值。结果随年龄增长,受试者腰椎、股骨颈骨密度逐渐下降,OP检出率分别为28.5%、25.2%。OSTA各级风险中高风险指数在腰椎、股骨颈骨质疏松症检出率中最高,均为61%。OSTA中风险指数在腰椎和股骨颈OP检出率中较低,在骨量减少检出率中较高,分别是49.2%、50.8%。选取腰椎、股骨颈作为诊断的检测部位,OSTA指数预测OP的最佳截点分别是-2.9、-3.3时,对应的受试者工作特征曲线下面积最大(P=0.000)。结论 OSTA能较好的筛查出2型糖尿病绝经妇女骨质疏松症,可用于分级诊疗中基层医疗单位诊断骨质疏松症,建议OSTA最佳干预界值为-2.9。     

重组人甲状旁腺素1-34治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的临床研究

目的观察重组人甲状旁腺素1-34(recombinant human parathyroid hormone 1-34)应用于绝经后骨质疏松症(postmenopausal osteoporosis,PMOP)患者的临床疗效。方法筛选出68例绝经后骨质疏松症患者,所有患者入组后均口服元素钙500 mg/d和维生素D 200 U/d,连续服用26周后加用皮下注射重组人甲状旁腺素1-34(特立帕肽)20μg/d,再连续治疗26周,于应用特立帕肽治疗前及治疗后的13和26周测定腰椎(L_(1-4))和股骨近端骨密度(BMD),采静脉血测定血清骨钙素(OC)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)水平,应用疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS评分)评价患者的疼痛程度,并记录不良反应情况。结果 68位患者均完成全疗程治疗。应用特立帕肽治疗13周时,腰椎L_(1-4)、股骨颈、大粗隆和股骨干骨密度改善不明显(P0.05),血清骨钙素和碱性磷酸酶较治疗前升高(P0.05),疼痛缓解明显(P0.05);治疗26周时,腰椎L_(1-4)和股骨颈骨密度较治疗前明显增高(P0.05),而大粗隆和股骨干骨密度改善不明显(P0.05),血清骨钙素和碱性磷酸酶呈持续升高趋势(P0.05),疼痛明显减轻(P0.05)。治疗期间不良反应的情况均较轻微,没有给予特殊处理即自行缓解。结论连续26周使用重组人甲状旁腺素1-34能有效地促进患者骨形成,缓解骨质疏松症患者疼痛症状,提高患者腰椎、股骨骨密度。     

绝经前女性系统性红斑狼疮患者骨密度和骨代谢指标测定

目的 探讨绝经前女性系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者骨密度(BMD)和骨代谢指标的变化.方法 采用双能x线骨密度吸收仪(DEXA)测定178例绝经前女性SLE患者以及60例正常对照组的腰椎、股骨颈的骨密度以及T值,血钙、磷浓度,血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、血清骨钙素(BGP)、尿I型胶原交联氨基末端肽(NTX)水平,并将SLE组患者分为SLE初诊组与治疗组,分别对其数据进行统计分析.结果 SLE初诊组的腰椎BMD,股骨颈BMD及T值,血清AKP、尿NTX较正常对照组均无明显差异,而腰椎骨密度T值、血清BGP较正常对照组低(P＜O.05);SLE治疗组的腰椎BMD、T值和股骨颈1值,血清BGP低于正常对照组,但股骨颈BMD、血清AKP、尿NTX较正常对照组差异未达统计学意义;SLE治疗组的腰椎、股骨颈BMD与T值均显著低于SLE初诊组.SLE组的骨质疏松及骨量减少率分别为6.74%、16.85%.结论 绝经前SLE患者较同年龄正常女性易发生骨质疏松,血清BGP和腰椎骨密度可能较早反映骨质疏松的发生.     

血清催产素浓度与绝经后女性骨密度相关性研究

目的探讨催产素与绝经后妇女骨代谢指标以及腰椎和髋部骨密度之间相关性。方法检测185例骨密度正常和132例患骨质疏松症女性的血清催产素、瘦素、雌激素和骨代谢指标浓度。腰椎和股骨颈的BMD通过双能X线吸收法测量。结果患骨质疏松症女性的血清催产素浓度低于骨密度正常的女性(P0.05)。骨质疏松症组中血清催产素浓度与年龄、绝经年限、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)和血清PINP、BLAP和CTX浓度呈负相关;与瘦素和雌激素具有明显正相关性;在正常骨密度组中,血清催产素浓度和各种指标未发现明显的相关性。调整年龄和BMI后,腰椎和股骨颈骨密度仍然与绝经年限以及血清PINP、BLAP和CTX浓度呈负相关,与雌激素、瘦素和催产素浓度呈正相关。对年龄和BMI进行调整后,进行多元回归分析显示绝经年限、血清催产素、PINP和CTX是腰椎和股骨颈骨密度的显著预测因子。结论绝经后女性患者较高的血清催产素水平与较高的腰椎和股骨颈骨密度有关。     

核心稳定性训练和快走训练对绝经女性骨代谢的影响

目的 对比核心稳定性训练(CST)和传统锻炼方式对绝经女性骨代谢和骨形态的影响及CST对骨质疏松症的防治作用。方法 经过问卷调查和体格筛选，选择36名55岁以上绝经女性，随机分为CST组、快走训练组和对照组，每组12人。对比各组实验前后腰椎L2-4椎体、左侧股骨近端骨密度血清骨钙素,血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶以及尿吡啶啉。结果,①经过24 周实验后，腰椎L2-4骨密度变化:CST组、快走训练组骨密度增加，对照组降低,CST组增幅明显高于快走训练组（P <0. 05);左侧股骨近端BMD变化：CST组、快走训练组BMD增加,组间对比无显著性差异(P >0. 05),对照组BMD变化不明显。②血清骨钙素变化:CST组血清骨钙素明显高于快走训练组和对照组(P <0.05),快走组略低于对照组但无显著性差异(P >0. 05); CST组尿吡啶啉排泄水平略低于其余两组，但差异无显著性意义（P >0. 05);三组血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶水平比较无显著性差异(P >0. 05)。结论核心稳定性训练能显著增加绝经女性骨密度，对预防骨质疏松发生具有积极意义。     

绝经后妇女骨密度和血清骨转换指标与骨桥蛋白水平的相关性研究

目的探讨绝经后妇女循环骨桥蛋白(OPN)水平与骨转换和骨密度(BMD)之间的关系。方法 2015年7月至2017年8月,共有287名绝经后妇女纳入本研究。分析血清OPN水平,核因子κB(NF-κB)配体受体激活剂(RANKL)和骨转换标志物。采用双能X线吸收仪测定BMD。结果根据世界卫生组织(WHO)标准,102名受试者(35.5%)被诊断为骨质疏松症,125名(43.6%)骨质减少,60名(20.9%)正常骨密度。骨质疏松组的OPN水平显著高于骨量减少组和正常组(均为P0.001)。OPN诊断绝经后骨质疏松症的临界值为10.2 ng/mL,敏感性为90.1%,特异性为56.8%,曲线下面积为0.949。血清OPN和骨质疏松症组中甲状旁腺激素(PTH),腰椎BMD和股骨颈骨密度呈负相关,与I型前胶原氨基端前肽(PINP),I型的羧基端交联端肽胶原(CTX)和RANKL呈正相关。在多元回归分析中,腰椎骨密度,PTH和RANKL可以作为血清OPN水平的预测指标。结论 OPN血清水平与BMD呈负相关,与中国绝经后妇女骨转换水平呈正相关。     

绝经后女性血清硒水平与骨质疏松骨密度和骨代谢指标相关性研究

目的探索血清硒水平与绝经后妇女骨代谢指标以及腰椎和髋部骨密度之间相关性。方法检测156例正常骨密度和162例骨质疏松症的血清硒、25-羟基维生素D、PTH、骨钙素、PINP、CTX和NTX/Cr等指标水平。腰椎和股骨颈的BMD通过双能X线吸收法测量。探索了血清硒水平与骨密度的关系。结果骨质疏松症女性的血清硒水平低于正常骨密度的女性(P0.05)。在骨质疏松症妇女中,血清硒水平与年龄、绝经年限、BMI、PTH、骨钙素、PINP、CTX和NTX/Cr水平呈负相关,与25-羟基维生素D水平呈正相关。在正常骨密度组,血清硒水平与这些参数均未发现明显的相关性。调整年龄和BMI后,腰椎和股骨颈骨密度与血清硒及25-羟基维生素D水平呈显著正相关,与绝经年限、PTH、骨钙素、PINP、CTX和NTX/Cr呈负相关。对年龄和BMI进行调整后,进行多元回归分析以确定BMD的预测因子,血清硒和PINP、CTX是腰椎和股骨颈骨密度的显著预测因子。结论绝经后女性患者血清硒水平降低与腰椎和股骨颈骨密度降低密切有关。     

Leisure-time physical activity and rate of bone loss among peri- and postmenopausal women: a longitudinal study.

We examined the association between continuous leisure-time physical activity and the change in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in a population-based random sample of 1873 peri- and postmenopausal women. Leisure-time physical activities were registered with self-administered questionnaires in 1989 and 1994, and with an assisted questionnaire in 1995-1997. BMD and BMC were measured from lumbar vertebrae L2-4 and left femoral neck using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 1989-1991 and 1994-1997. During the average 5.6 year follow-up, annual loss of lumbar BMC was 124 mg (311 vs. 435 mg, p = 0.036) and annual loss of lumbar BMD was 1.22 mg/cm(2) (4.15 vs. 5.37 mg/cm(2), p = 0.21) smaller among women with regular (at least 1 h each week) weight-bearing leisure-time exercise compared with sedentary women. The advantage was even larger in women with walking or jogging as their only regular weight-bearing leisure-time exercise; that is, their annual loss of lumbar BMC was 180 mg (272 vs. 452 mg, p = 0.022), and annual loss of lumbar BMD was 2.78 mg/cm(2) (2.96 vs. 5.74 mg/cm(2), p = 0.029) smaller than in sedentary women. Continuous leisure-time physical activity did not have any association with loss of BMC or BMD in the femoral neck Physical activity during 12 months before the last bone densitometry was not associated with loss of BMC or BMD at any site. Our results suggest that regular weight-bearing exercise diminishes lumbar bone loss, but might be ineffective in the prevention of femoral osteoporosis among peri- and early postmenopausal women.     

Effects of exercise on bone mineral density in calcium-replete postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy

Osteoporosis is a major public health concern. The combination of exercise, hormone replacement therapy, and calcium supplementation may have added benefits for improving bone mineral density compared to a single intervention. To test this notion, 320 healthy, non-smoking postmenopausal women, who did or did not use hormone replacement therapy (HRT), were randomized within groups to exercise or no exercise and followed for 12 months. All women received 800 mg calcium citrate supplements daily. Women who exercised performed supervised aerobic, weight-bearing and weight-lifting exercise, three times per week in community-based exercise facilities. Regional bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Women who used HRT, calcium, and exercised increased femoral neck, trochanteric and lumbar spine bone mineral density by approximately 1–2%. Trochanteric BMD was also significantly increased by ~1.0% in women who exercised and used calcium without HRT compared to a negligible change in women who used HRT and did not exercise. The results demonstrate that regional BMD can be improved with aerobic, weight-bearing activity combined with weight lifting at clinically relevant sites in postmenopausal women. The response was significant at more sites in women who used HRT, suggesting a greater benefit with hormone replacement and exercise compared to HRT alone.     

Systematic Review of Randomized Trials of the Effect of Exercise on Bone Mass in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women

Studies of the effect of exercise programs on bone mass appear inconsistent. Our objective was to systematically review and meta-analyze randomized trials of the effect of exercise on bone mass in pre- and postmenopausal women. A computerized MEDLINE search was conducted for the years 1966–1997. Thirty-five randomized trials were identified. Meta-analytic methods were used to statistically pool results of studies of the effect of impact (e.g., aerobics) and non-impact (e.g., weight training) exercise on the lumbar spine and femoral neck. The most studied bone site was the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women (15 studies), where both impact [1.6% bone loss prevented, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.0%–2.2%] and non-impact (1.0%, 95% CI: 0.4%–1.6%) exercise programs had a positive effect. Results for the lumbar spine in premenopausal women (eight studies) were similar: 1.5% (95% CI: 0.6%–2.4%) less bone loss (or net gain) after impact exercise and 1.2% (95% CI: 0.7%–1.7%) after non-impact exercise. Impact exercise programs appeared to have a positive effect at the femoral neck in postmenopausal women (five studies), 1.0% (95% CI: 0.4%–1.6%) bone loss prevented, and possibly in premenopausal women, 0.9% (95% CI: −0.2%–2.0%) bone loss prevented. There were too few trials to draw conclusions from meta-analyses of the effect of nonimpact exercise on the neck of femur. This systematic review of randomized trials shows that both impact and non-impact exercise have a positive effect at the lumbar spine in pre- and postmenopausal women. Impact exercise probably has a positive effect at the femoral neck. More studies are required to determine the optimal intensity and type of exercise. Received: 11 May 1999 / Accepted: 18 January 2000     

The relationship between bone mineral density and ultrasound in postmenopausal and osteoporotic women

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to use a novel method of data analysis to demonstrate that patients with osteoporosis have significantly lower ultrasound results in the heel after correcting for the effect of bone mineral density (BMD) measured in the spine or hip. Three groups of patients were studied: healthy early postmenopausal women, within 3 years of the menopause (n=104, 50%), healthy late postmenopausal women, more than 10 years from the menopause (n=75, 36%), and a group of women with osteoporosis as defined by WHO criteria (n=30, 14%). Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of sound (SOS) and Stiffness were measured using a Lunar Achilles heel machine, and BMD of the lumbar spine and left hip was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). SOS, BUA and Stiffness were regressed against lumbar spine BMD and femoral BMD for all three groups combined. The correlation coefficients were in the range 0.52–0.58, in agreement with previously published work. Using a calculated ratio R, analysis of variance demonstrated that the ratio was significantly higher in the osteoporotic group compared with the other two groups. This implied that heel ultrasound values are proportionately lower in the osteoporotic group compared with the other two groups for an equivalent value of lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD. We conclude that postmenopausal bone loss is not associated with different ultasound values once lumbar spine or femoral neck BMD is taken into account. Ultrasound does not give additional information about patterns of bone loss in postmenopausal patients but is important in those patients with osteoporosis and fractures.     

Effect of exercise training and detraining on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

We examined the effect of exercise training and detraining on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Thirty-five postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, aged 53–77 years, were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group (n = 20), a 2-year exercise training group (n = 8), and an 1-year exercise training plus 1-year detraining group (n = 7). Exercise training consisted of daily brisk walking and gymnastic training. Calcium lactate, 2.0 g, and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D₃, 1 μg were supplied daily to all subjects. No significant differences in initial lumbar BMD, measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were found among the three groups. The mean percent change in BMD compared with the baseline was significantly higher at 1 and 2 years in the exercise training group and at 1 year in the detraining group than in the control group, and did not differ significantly at 2 years between the detraining and control groups. These findings indicate that our exercise training program led to a significant increase in lumbar BMD in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis compared with the control, but that the BMD reverted toward a level that was not significantly different from the control with detraining. Continued exercise training is needed to maintain the bone mass gained through exercise training. Received: May 6, 2000 / Accepted: October 6, 2000     

Weight-training effects on bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women.

We tested the hypothesis that weight training would be an effective modality in maintaining or increasing bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and bone mineral content (BMC) at the distal wrist in early postmenopausal women. A total of 17 women completed a 9 month weight-training program, and 9 women served as a control group. Resistance training occurred three times per week using exercises designed to increase muscular strength. Mean change in lumbar BMD in the weight-trained group (1.6 +/- 1.2%, mean +/- SEM) was significantly different from the change in the control group (-3.6 +/- 1.5%, p less than 0.01) over the 9 month period. No significant weight-training effect was detected at the femoral neck or distal wrist site. We conclude that weight training may be a useful exercise modality for maintaining lumbar BMD in early postmenopausal women.     

Once-weekly teriparatide reduces serum sclerostin levels in postmenopausal women with osteoprosis

Once-weekly teriparatide treatment is widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis in Japan but the mechanisms causing the increase in bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine remain unknown. Methods: This prospective study examined the effects of once-weekly teriparatide treatment on the serum levels of sclerostin, osteocalcin, and bone formation markers as well as BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck in 32 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Results: The mean age of subjects was 76.3 ± 7.0 years old. Teriparatide significantly reduced serum sclerostin levels at 12 and 18 months in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, and significantly increased serum osteocalcin levels at 3,12 and 18 months and PINP levels at 1 and 3 months, respectively. Teriparatide treatment significantly increased BMD of the lumbar spine at 6, 12, and 18 months, but did not affect BMD of the femoral neck. Examination of the relationships between percent changes in bone metabolic indices and BMD of the lumbar spine during the teriparatide treatment showed serum sclerostin changes at 3 months were negatively correlated with BMD changes of the lumbar spine at 6, 12, and 18 months. Serum osteocalcin changes were not correlated with BMD changes in the lumbar spine at 12 months. Conclusions: The present study showed that once-weekly teriparatide treatment reduced serum sclerostin levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The effects of teriparatide on sclerostin may be associated with the response of the BMD of the lumbar spine.     

Differences in mineral homeostasis, volumetric bone mass and femoral neck axis length in black and white South African women

In South Africa, appendicular and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) have been found to be similar in black and white women. However, femoral BMD has been found to be higher in black than in white women. Two different techniques were used to recalculate BMD to eliminate the possible confounding influence of ethnic differences in height on areal BMD measurements. Volumetric bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) values were calculated and bone mineral content (BMC) was corrected for body and bone size. This report analyses differences in BMD (corrected for height and weight), BMAD, BMC (corrected for body and bone size), femoral neck axis length (FNAL), mineral homeostasis and bone turnover (BT) in a group of 20 to 49-year-old premenopausal (105 whites and 74 blacks) and 45 to 64-year-old postmenopausal (50 whites and 65 blacks) female South African nurses. The corrected BMD and BMC findings were congruous, showing that both pre- and postmenopausal blacks and whites have similar distal radius and lumbar spine bone mass but that whites have lower femoral neck bone mass than blacks. In contrast, BMAD findings suggest that pre- and postmenopausal whites have lower bone mass at the lumbar spine and femoral neck than blacks but similar bone mass at the distal radius to blacks. There is a greater rate of decline in BMD in postmenopausal whites than in blacks. BMD at the femoral neck was 12.1% lower in premenopausal whites and 16.5% lower in postmenopausal whites than in blacks. There was a positive association between femoral neck BMD and weight in premenopausal blacks (R ²=0.5,p=0.0001) but not in whites. Blacks had shorter FNAL than whites in both the pre- and postmenopausal groups. Blacks had lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) and higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)₂D) levels than whites. There were no ethnic differences in biochemical markers of bone formation (serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) or bone resorption (urine hydroxyproline and pyridinoline), or in dietary calcium intake in either the pre- or postmenopausal groups. In the postmenopausal group, whites had higher ionized serum calcium (p=0.003), similar serum albumin, lower serum parathyroid hormone (p=0.003) and higher urinary calcium excretion (p=0.0001) than blacks. These results suggest that the higher peak femoral neck BMD in South African blacks than in whites might be determined by greater weight-bearing in blacks and that the significantly lower femoral neck BMD in postmenopausal whites than in blacks is determined by lower peak femoral neck BMD and a faster postmenopausal decline in BMD in whites. The higher incidence of femoral neck fractures in South African whites than in blacks is probably determined by the lower femoral neck BMD and longer FNAL in whites. The greater rate of decline in BMD in postmenopausal whites than in blacks is associated with an increase in urinary calcium excretion in whites. Measurement of biochemical markers of BT has not contributed to the understanding of ethnic differences in BMD and skeletal metabolism in our subjects.     

Not All Postmenopausal Women on Chronic Steroid and Estrogen Treatment are Osteoporotic: Predictors of Bone Mineral Density

Chronic steroid use results in osteoporosis, and postmenopausal women are believed to be at a high risk for steroid-induced bone loss. The purpose of this study was to determine predictors of bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women on both chronic steroid and hormone replacement therapy. Seventy-six postmenopausal women (≥3 years postmenopausal, ≥2 years of steroid treatment of ≥5 mg/day of prednisone, and ≥1 year of hormone replacement therapy) were recruited into this study. Measurements of BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were obtained in all subjects. Risk factors for osteoporosis were obtained by questionnaire. Discriminant analysis was performed to determine predictors of BMD. Osteoporosis, defined by a T score of <−2.5, was present in the lumbar spine or femoral neck in 34 of the 76 subjects. Based on these criteria, women with osteoporosis were significantly older, were more years postmenopausal, and had a lower body mass index (BMI) than women who did not have osteoporosis. Predictors of osteoporosis for both the femoral neck and spine included a low BMI (P < 0.05), more years postmenopausal (P < 0.01), and more years on steroids (P < 0.01). Low BMI was the only significant predictor of osteoporosis in the lumbar spine (P < 0.05), whereas for the femoral neck both years on steroids (P < 0.05) and BMI (P < 0.05) were significant predictors of low BMD. In summary, not all postmenopausal women on chronic steroid and hormone replacement therapy are osteoporotic but a low BMI, more years on steroids, and more years postmenopausal were significant predictors of osteoporosis in these subjects. Received: 8 November 1997 / Accepted: 21 May 1997     

Association between metabolic syndrome and bone mineral density in Korea: the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV), 2008

Little is known regarding the exact relationship between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, previous research on the relationships between components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and bone mineral density (BMD) has primarily focused on women and older men; there have been few studies in younger men. We performed a cross-sectional study to assess whether MetS is associated with BMD in the femoral neck or lumbar spine in Korean adults. We further attempted to identify the MetS component, which is the most important factor in BMD. We performed a multiple regression analysis to analyze data on 2,989 subjects from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined the association between MetS and individuals MetS components and BMD. After adjustment for age, height, weight, smoking status, alcohol consumption and exercise, waist circumference (WC) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) showed independent negative associations with femoral neck and spine BMD in men in all age groups. Triglyceride concentration was also negatively associated with femoral neck BMD in younger men (<45 years). In premenopausal women, WC, DBP, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were negatively associated with spine BMD. In postmenopausal women, WC was negatively associated with femoral neck BMD. These results suggest that WC in men in all age groups may be the most important factor in bone mineral density.