环状软骨上喉部分切除术后喉功能恢复的研究进展

环状软骨上喉部分切除术(supracricoid partial laryngectomies,SCPL)最先由两位奥地利的外科医生Majer和Rieder提出,同时也首次提出了“环状软骨-舌骨-会厌固定”的概念,并在法国发表.这一新术式的出现引起了不少法国学者的重视,其后20年间以Piquet和Chevalier[1]为代表的众多法国头颈外科医师逐渐将之完善,并将环状软骨上喉部分切除术推广至全法国.在20世纪80年代初,诸多的环状软骨上喉部分切除的术式按照其不同喉重建方式被归为两类:环状软骨舌骨会厌固定术( cricohyoidoepiglottopexy,CHEP)以及环状软骨舌骨同定术(cricohyoidopexy,CHP).     

不同术式喉部分切除术后患者发声功能观察

目的探讨不同术式喉部分切除术后喉癌患者发声功能。方法 60例喉癌患者根据术式分为环状软骨上喉部分切除-环舌骨吻合术(supracricoid partial laryngectomy-cricohyoidopexy,SCPL-CHP)组22例、喉声门上水平部分切除术组14例、喉垂直部分切除术组24例。采用Dr.Speech嗓音分析软件,对20例正常人(对照组)及三组喉癌患者分别于术后1年进行发声功能测试,对测得的基频(F0)、基频微扰(jitter)、振幅微扰(shim-mer)、标准化噪声能量(NNE)进行比较分析,同时行GRBAS嗓音主观评估,判断受试者嗓音质量。结果三组喉癌患者术后F0较正常对照组低,jitter、shimmer、NNE均较正常对照组高。Jitter、shimmer、NNE数值由低到高依次为喉声门上水平部分切除术组、喉垂直部分切除术组、SCPL?CHP组。GRBAS嗓音主观评估与嗓音声学分析指标除F0外均有相关性(P<0.01)。结论喉声门上水平部分切除术后患者的嗓音功能恢复最佳,而SCPL?CHP组相对较差。嗓音声学分析可作为评价喉癌术后发声质量的客观指标,GRBAS可作为分析患者术后社会交流能力障碍程度的主观指标,两者之间有一定相关性。     

扩大垂直半喉切除术和环状软骨舌骨会厌吻合术疗效观察和术后评估

目的 扩大垂直半喉切除和传统喉环状软骨上部分切除环舌骨会厌吻合术(cricochyoidoepiglottopexy,CHEP)的疗效和术后评估的比较.方法 回顾性分析1998-2005年扩大垂直半喉切除患者和传统喉环状软骨上部分切除环舌骨会厌吻合术式患者临床资料.扩大垂直半喉切除方法为:按类似扩大垂直半喉术式的方法切除健侧声带、室带及1/3至2/3左右的甲状软骨板,保留健侧环杓关节,切除患侧声带、室带、患侧活动受限或固定的杓状软骨及患侧2/3左右甲状软骨板,保留双侧甲状软骨板的后缘,直接将环状软骨上提和舌骨会厌固定吻合.扩大垂直半喉切除组(简称改良组):37例声门型喉癌,T2 16例,T3 21例.传统CHEP组:34例声门型喉癌,T2 12例,T321例,T4 1例.结果 Kaplan-Meier法统计生存率,改良组的3年累积生存率为91.7%,传统CHEP组为87.5%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).改良组的5年累积生存率为80.6%,传统CHEP组为81.3%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后拔管率改良组为100.0%(37/37),传统CHEP组为94.1%(32/34),两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后拔管平均时间((x-)±s)改良组为(14.0±2.3)d,传统CHEP组为(19.0±4.6)d,两组差异有统计学意义(t=5.80,P<0.001).术后8周评价误咽发生率,改良组为2.7%(1/37),传统CHEP组为23.5%(8/34),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后误咽呛咳评分通过Ridit分析,结果表明两组之间差异有统计学意义(U=7.341,P<0.001),改良组误咽呛咳的不适症状明显轻于传统CHEP组.结论 扩大垂直半喉切除在肿瘤根治上和传统CHEP术式无差别,而在喉功能保全上优于传统CHEP术式.     

对放疗失败的声门癌患者行环状软骨上部分喉切除术

为了探讨经放射治疗失败的声门癌患者挽救性手术治疗方法,选择不适合行垂直部分喉切除术的患者23例(T1b12例,T211例)施行环状软骨上部分喉切除术(SCPL),其中18例行环—舌—会厌缝合成形术(CHEP),5例行环—舌缝合成形术(CHP)。术后平均带管时间28天(14~90天);术后留置鼻饲管时间     

环状软骨舌骨吻合术和喉水平垂直部分切除术治疗中晚期喉癌术后嗓音及吞咽功能评估

目的:比较喉环状软骨上喉部分切除-环舌骨吻合术(SCPL-CHP)和水平垂直部分(3/4)喉切除术在治疗中晚期喉癌的疗效和术后评估。方法:回顾分析42例中晚期喉癌的临床资料,其中22例患者进行环舌骨吻合术(SCPL-CHP组)、20例患者行喉水平垂直部分切除术并Ⅰ期喉发声功能重建术(3/4喉切除术组),术后均补充放疗。通过言语可懂度、GRBAS评价标准和电声门图等检查对远期疗效和喉功能恢复情况进行评估。结果:42例喉癌患者术后均拔除气管套管,拔管率100%。术后拔管时间:SCPL-CHP组为(44.0±4.6)d;3/4喉切除术组为(39.0±2.7)d,2组术后拔管时间差异有统计学意义(t=4.239 5,P<0.01)。术后8周评估2组吞咽功能及术后1年评估患者语言可懂度差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。GRBAS评估中的G等级评估,2组间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SCPL-CHP组术后声嘶度以重度为主,而3/4喉切除术组多表现为中度。电声门图分析2组术式的F0比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而SCPL-CHP组的jitter、shimmer、NNE较3/4喉切除术组均显著增高(P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier法统计生存率显示:SCPL-CHP组和3/4喉切除术组患者3年及5年累积生存率分别为95.5%和89.7%,85.1%和83.7%,2组3年、5年的生存率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:根据中晚期喉癌发生的部位和累及的范围采用合适的术式及治疗方案,既能完整地切除喉肿瘤、不复发,又能良好地保留喉功能,而CHP术式具有更广泛的手术适应证及较好的临床应用前景,值得推广。     

环状软骨上部分喉切除和环-舌骨-会厌固定术及环-舌骨固定术治疗声门和声门上癌

保守性手术治疗声门癌的主要目的:既要达到与全喉切除术同样的局部控制效果,又能保存喉功能.垂直部分喉切除术由于声门旁间隙切除有限,特别是对于浸润至声门旁间隙和前连合的肿瘤,使其疗效受影响,而放疗效果亦较差,水平喉切除和环-舌骨-会厌固定术(CHEP)和环-舌骨固定术(CHP)治疗声门、声门上癌则显示了较好的肿瘤学和功能性疗效.     

环状软骨上喉次全切除喉功能重建及疗效观察

目的探讨环状软骨上喉次全切除喉功能重建及疗效。方法回顾分析1998～2005年行环状软骨上喉次全切除并行喉功能重建18例,其中声门型癌12例,声门上型癌6例。采用环状软骨-舌骨-会厌固定术式（CHEP）11例;气管．环状软骨、舌骨会厌固定术式（TCHEP）1例;环状软骨-舌骨固定术式（CHP）6例。结果18例患者术后均拔管,拔管率100％。CHEP术式,拔管时间为14～18d,平均15d;TCHEP术式,拔管时间20d;CHP术式拔管时间18—25d,平均21d。全部病例术后恢复呼吸及发音功能,保留会厌（CHEP,TCHEP）术式,短期误咽发生率为41．6％;切除会厌的CHP术式误咽发生率为100％。按术后8周评价,保留会厌者均无误咽,而切除会厌者误咽发生率占33．3％。术后随访,3年生存率88．8％,5年生存率75％。结论根据喉癌发生的部位和累及的范围选择环状软骨上喉次全切除,采用不同术式和重建方法,既能良好地保留喉功能,又能完整地切除喉肿瘤,是值得推广的一种术式。     

喉环状软骨上部分切除术的临床应用

目的探讨喉环状软骨上部分切除术治疗喉癌的喉功能保留和治疗效果。方法对2003.6～2009.3行喉环状软骨上部分切除22例中晚期喉癌的临床资料进行详细分析,其中行环-舌骨-会厌固定术15例,环-舌骨固定术5例,气管-环-舌骨固定术2例。结果所有患者均在术后第10～21天(平均15天)拔除鼻饲管,恢复吞咽功能。术后的发音情况令人满意。术后20例患者拔除气管套管,拔管率90.9%;生存时间为3～72个月,中位数23个月,平均28.8个月;3年无瘤生存率94.74%,5年无瘤生存率81.20%。结论喉环状软骨上部分切除术是一种适合中晚期喉癌的手术方式,保留喉功能肯定。     

喉癌功能保全性手术

喉癌外科治疗从过去强调根治为主,发展到当今主张在根治肿瘤的前提下,保留喉功能和微创手术,从而尽可能在提高生存率的前提下提高患者的生存质量。【喉癌功能保全性手术】目前国内外大量临床研究已经证实,只要合理的掌握手术适应证,喉部分切除术与喉全切除术治疗喉癌的术后复发率没有区别。1·喉声门型癌。对声门型喉癌,除了喉垂直部分切除术外,喉环状软骨上部分切除术(如环状软骨-舌骨-会厌固定术,SCPL-CHEP)、喉额侧部分切除术、喉扩大垂直部分切除术及喉垂直次全切除会厌修复术等是近年来发展并被逐渐广泛应用的术式。对喉声门型癌T2…     

信息动态

环状软骨上喉部分切除术源于欧洲并广泛开展应用,其理论基础是环杓单位为喉功能解剖单位.环状软骨上喉部分切除术包括环状软骨上喉部分切除-环舌骨会厌吻合术(SCPL-CHEP)、环状软骨上喉部分切除-环舌骨吻合术(SCPL-CHP)和环状软骨上喉部分切除-气管环舌骨会厌吻合术(SCPL-TCHEP)3种术式.本文就环杓单位作为喉功能解剖单位在环状软骨上喉部分切除术中的应用加以论述.     

A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure,as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection,Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to-4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 &#45 15 to 316 &#45 19 ppb ( n =13, p <0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 &#45 21 ppb; p <0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2 tot ) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 &#45 2° before to 21 &#45 3° after; p <0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 &#45 6 before and 265 &#45 9 ppb after; n =6, p <0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 &#45 22 to 241 &#45 17 ppb; n =10, p <0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.     

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing?

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing? Regular monitoring and audit of a service are integral to ensuring maintenance of efficiency and standards. This is particularly important where the quality of the service is operator dependent, as is the case in the clinical diagnosis of neck lumps and fine needle aspiration cytology. The one‐stop neck lump clinic has now been running in the department for more than 20 months. A previous article described the results of the first phase audit carried out at 6 months and had identified a waiting time to be seen that was longer than that recommended by the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Measures were implemented to reduce this waiting time and a second audit was carried out after another 10 months with the aims of assessing if modification of the means of referral reduces waiting time and if the outcomes of clinical performance in phase 1 could be maintained or improved. We discuss the results of phase 2 in the audit spiral.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

A simple objective evaluation and grading for facial paralysis outcomes

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 degrade type IV collagen, which is one of the major components of the basement membrane in normal tissue and expressed in the surroundings of the cancer nest in squamous cell carinoma. The degeneration of type IV collagen is an essential step in the metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. In this study, we examined MMP-2 and -9 levels of cancer tissue and serum obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and MMPs. We examined the production of MMP-2 and -9 in cancer tissue homogenates of 73 patients who had HNSCC and the serum MMP levels of 16 patients with HNSCC and 8 healthy volunteers. We also studied the localization of MMP-2 in the carcinoma using an immunohistochemical approach. The concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 in the tissue homogenates and serum were measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with monoclonal antibody to MMP-2. The concentration of MMP-2 in the tumor tissue homogenates was unrelated to tumor size, but that in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than in those without lymph node metastases. The concentration of MMP-9 was unrelated to lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The levels of both MMP-2 and -9 in serum were unrelated to lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry indicated that MMP-2 was mainly expressed in cancer cells. Because MMP-2 degrades type IV collagen, the level of MMP-2 in carcinomas may be a useful indicator of the degree of invasion and metastasis.     

A case of cortical deafness and anarthria

The nasal epithelium protects the underlying tissue from damage. Epithelial cell growth is controlled by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is possibly affected by toxic proteins, e.g. eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The aims of this study were to examine nasal fluid epithelial cell counts and their relations to EGF, eosinophils and ECP in 23 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Nasal fluid epithelial cell counts were lower in patients than in controls. EGF levels did not differ between patients and controls, and correlated with epithelial cell counts in controls but not in patients. Eosinophils and ECP were higher in patients than in controls, but did not correlate with epithelial cell counts. The role of growth factors, such as EGF, in regulating epithelial cells merits further study.     

Bilateral versus unilateral cochlear implantation in young children

Objectives

To compare the preverbal communication skills of two groups of young implanted children: those with unilateral implantation and those with bilateral implantation.

Material and methods

The study assessed 69 children: 42 unilaterally and 27 bilaterally implanted with age at implantation less than 3 years. The preverbal skills of these children were measured before and 1 year after implantation, using Tait Video Analysis that has been found able to predict later speech outcomes in young implanted children.

Results

Before implantation there was no significant difference between the unilateral group and the bilateral group. There was still no difference at 12 months following implantation where vocal autonomy is concerned, but a strongly significant difference between the groups for vocal turn-taking and non-looking vocal turns, the bilateral group outperforming the unilateral group. Regarding gestural turn-taking and gestural autonomy, there was a strongly significant difference between the two groups at the 12 month interval, and also a difference before implantation for gestural autonomy, the unilateral group having the higher scores. Multiple regression of non-looking vocal turns revealed that 1 year following implantation, bilateral implantation contributed to 51% of the variance (p < 0.0001), after controlling for the influence of age at implantation and length of deafness which did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

Profoundly deaf bilaterally implanted children are significantly more likely to use vocalisation to communicate, and to use audition when interacting vocally with an adult, compared with unilaterally implanted children. These results are independent of age at implantation and length of deafness.     

Autoimmunity in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Possible Role of Anti-endothelial Cell Autoantibodies

In order to verify whether anti-endothelial cell autoantibodies (AECAs) can be used as serological markers of inner ear vasculitis in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL), 32 patients affected by idiopathic SSHL were investigated. All patients underwent a routine general physical examination and extensive audiovestibular, microbiological and immunological investigations. Fourteen normal subjects without a history of HL, autoimmune or metabolic disease served as controls. Detection of AECAs was performed using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. AECA-positive patients were treated with methylprednisone, while AECA-negative patients were treated with a combined regimen of steroids, plasma expander and aspirin. The average hearing recovery for 5 frequencies (0.25-4 kHz) was analyzed in each subject 1 month after treatment and every 3 months thereafter; median follow-up was 12 months (range 9-18 months). A total of 15/32 patients (46.8%; 11/19 females, 4/13 males) were AECA-positive and thus differed significantly from the normal population in whom only 2/14 tested cases were positive ( p =0.03). Severe hearing loss was associated with being AECA-positive in 8/11 cases. During follow-up, 25/32 patients improved their hearing and 17 of these patients were AECA-negative. The seven cases without hearing improvement were all AECA-positive. In patients with SSHL, immune-mediated vascular damage may have a pathogenetic role and AECAs may represent a serological marker of vasculitis even if they are not inner ear-specific and even if they represent an epi-phenomenon rather than the only cause of SSHL.     

Correction of the Glosso-Larynx and Resultant Positional Changes of the Hyoid Bone and Cranium

In ankyloglossia with deviation of the epiglottis and larynx (ADEL) the tongue is located forward and as a result the epiglottis is elevated and leans towards the mouth. The larynx is also raised and curves ventrally. Various symptoms have been observed as a result of this condition. Correction of the glosso-larynx (CGL) is the operation performed to treat ADEL. The CGL procedure and the results obtained with it are reported in this paper. In addition, we studied the following six parameters using head and neck X-rays before and after CGL (the changes in these parameters as a result of CGL are shown in parentheses): ( i ) the shortest vertical length between the hyoid bone and mandible (+10.3 mm); ( ii ) the vertical length between the hyoid bone and the tangent line of C2-4 (+4.6 mm); ( iii ) the shortest length between the hyoid bone and the chin (+2.9 mm); ( iv ) the angle between the hyoid bone and the tangent line of C2-4 (+3.3°); ( v ) the length of H-M, where H is the intersection of a tangent line of C2-4 and a vertical line from the hyoid bone and M is the intersection of a tangent line of C2-4 and the mandible (+7.4 mm); and ( vi ) the width of the narrowest part of the hypopharynx (+3.0 mm). The changes in all the measured parameters after CGL were significantly different ( p <0.05).     

Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx: Analysis of Treatment Results in 91 Patients

The outcome of 91 patients (69 males, 22 females; age range 16-82 years) with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated in our hospital between 1971 and 1999 was evaluated. Factors that appeared to influence prognosis were assessed using the Kaplan -Meier method. The cause-specific cumulative 5-year survival rate for the entire study population was 61.2%. The 1997 International Union Against Cancer classification was used for disease staging. The 5-year survival rates were as follows: 66.7% ( n ¾ 3) for Stage I; 100% ( n ¾ 2) for Stage IIA; 90.9% ( n ¾ 11) for Stage IIB; 78.8% ( n ¾ 25) for Stage III; 53.0% ( n ¾ 29) for Stage IVA; 37.5% ( n ¾ 16) for Stage IVB; and 20.0% ( n ¾ 5) for Stage IVC. The disease-free cumulative 3-year survival rates of the patients classified based on initial therapy were as follows: radiation alone, 50.0% ( n ¾ 28); combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy that included an undefined anti-cancer drug, 67.2% ( n ¾ 39); combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy that included carboplatin (CBDCA), 92.3% ( n ¾ 19). These results showed a statistically significant difference ( p ¾ 0.043; log-rank test). Stage IVC patients were excluded from the analysis. We conclude that combined therapy, including chemotherapy with CBDCA, is necessary for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In terms of radiation therapy, a field covering the bilateral cervical regions seemed to produce favorable results, even if cervical node metastasis was not confirmed by palpation at the first hospital visit.