对权威的畏惧感、对他人否定评价的惧怕与非适应性完美主义

目的 考察个体对权威的畏惧感、对否定评价的惧怕与非适应性完美主义之间的关系。方法 利用246名大学生被试,采用访谈、理论分析和统计分析的方法编制“对权威的畏惧感问卷”并对其信效度进行检验。然后对104位大学生被试的完美主义、对否定评价的惧怕和对权威的畏惧感进行问卷测量,采用多元回归的方法以“惧怕否定评价”和“对权威的畏惧感”为预测变量对非适应性完美主义进行预期。结果 对权威的畏惧感与非适应性完美主义有中等程度的正相关。对权威的畏惧感和对否定评价的惧怕能解释非适应性完美主义的41.6％的变异。结论 非适应性完美主义在相当大的程度上可以用个体对他人评价以及权威评价的畏惧来解释。     

完美主义对抑郁的影响及人格的调节作用

目的：考察完美主义在控制个体的焦虑水平后对抑郁的影响，并且探索该过程可能存在的调节变量。方法：使用由Frost多维完美主义问卷（FMPS），Beck抑郁问卷（BDI），人格形容词检测表（PACL）和自评焦虑问卷（SAS）N成的结构问卷对北京和西安共8所大学的407名本科生进行测量。结果：分层回归表明“行为迟疑”和“错误在意”两个消极完美主义维度在控制焦虑水平后对抑郁有显著的预测作用；“合作性”人格在“条理组织”对抑郁的影响过程中有显著的调节作用。结论：完美主义各维度对抑郁有不同的影响，干预时应结合个体自身特点区别对待。     

高中生的完美主义、惧怕否定与人格障碍倾向的相关研究

目的 探讨中国高中生的完美主义、惧怕否定与人格障碍倾向之间的关系.方法 以117名一至三年级高中生为样本(男生60人,女生57人),采用Frost多维完美主义心理量表、中国人人格障碍诊断量表及惧怕否定量表和对权威的畏惧感量表进行实测.结果 完美主义、惧怕否定以及对权威的畏惧感都与人格障碍倾向显著相关,且完美主义与人格障碍倾向总分的相关高于惧怕否定或对权威的畏惧感与人格障碍倾向总分的关系.完美主义中的"条理性"维度与人格障碍倾向基本上不相关.结论 人格障碍倾向与完美主义、惧怕否定、对权威的畏惧感有关;但完美主义比惧怕否定或对权威的畏惧感能更有效地预测中学生的人格障碍倾向.     

消极完美主义者人格特征的质性研究

目的通过对消极完美主义者（类）和非消极完美主义者（类）人格特点的比较,探讨其在认知、情绪、动机层面的异同。方法采用质的研究方法,对4位消极和两位非消极完美主义者进行半结构化的个体访谈,对访谈记录进行文本定性分析,探讨两类人格的特点及组间差异。结果在认知层面：权威通常会让类感到压抑和压迫感,而类多持中性态度。类的自我评价中既包含消极评价也包含积极评价,而类以消极成分为主。受访者对人际环境均较为敏感,但类对他人评价高度敏感,类对人际环境有敏锐的洞悉力。情绪层面：类更容易产生焦虑情绪并采取消极应对方式,类则倾向于采取积极应对方式。动机层面：类追求平稳舒适的生活,类青睐变化多样的生活。结论消极和非消极完美主义者在认知、动机、情绪层面都表现出明显的差异,前者多表现为消极和回避体验,后者多表现为积极体验。     

中年基督教信仰者幸福感及其相关因素的研究

目的探讨基督教信仰对信仰者幸福感的影响。方法本研究使用幸福感指数量表,对某市具有代表性的14个基督教堂点进行调查,选取200名自愿接受测试的基督教信仰者为被试,回收有效问卷172份,并从中选取30名基督教信仰者进行半结构式心理访谈;同时选取240名同一城市具有相似生活背景的无宗教信仰的中年人为对照组进行研究,收回有效问卷199份。结果中年基督教信仰者幸福感普遍高于无宗教信仰的中年群体;不同性别、不同经济收入、不同文化程度、不同宗教活动参与情况的基督教信仰者其幸福感状况无明显差异;不同信仰时间的基督教信仰者的幸福感存在差异。结论基督教信仰是影响信仰者幸福感水平的重要因素。     

大学生完美主义心理与父母养育方式的关系

目的 本研究旨在探究大学生的完美主义心理与父母养育方式的关系。方法 对100名工科大学生的完美主义心理5个维度和父母养育方式11个因素进行了测试。结果 发现学生完美主义的适应性雏度，即“条理组织度”与父、母的“温暖理解”这个因素呈正相关，与父、母的“惩罚严厉”、“过保护”、“过干涉”、“拒绝否认”等因素呈负相关。而完美主义的4个非适应性雏度只与父母教养方式的个别因素有关。结论 说明不良的教养方式不利于个体在完美主义的适应性方面的发展，但并不必然强化完美主义的非适应性方面。     

初中生完美主义心理及其与应对方式的相关研究

目的探究初中生的完美主义心理状况以及完美主义与应对方式的关系。方法采用中文版佛罗斯特完美主义量表（CFMPS）和应对方式问卷对290名初中生进行测量。结果初中生具有中度完美主义倾向（3．19±0．46）,其完美主义总分与应时方式的大多数因子存在正相关。结论适应不良完美主义使个体更倾向于采取非成熟的应对方式,但完美主义中也存在积极的因素。     

对权威的畏惧感、消极完美主义与考试焦虑的关系模型

目的:建立关于"对权威的畏惧感"、"消极完美主义"与"考试焦虑"等三个变量的关系模型.方法:对330名大学一年级学生施测"对权威的畏惧感问卷"(FAQ)、"消极完美主义问卷"(ZNPQ)与"FRIEDBEN考试焦虑问卷"(FTA).结果:"对权威的畏惧感"与"消极完美主义"之间存在因果关系的可能性,后者作为中介变量凋节着前者与"考试焦虑"之间的关系(中介效应约为0.29),"害怕失败"是"消极完美主义"的核心维度(直接效应权重为0.27、0.59,间接效应权重为0.20、0.18、-0.16).结论:"考试焦虑"受"消极完美主义"与"对权威的艮惧感"影响,而"对权威的畏惧感"可能是更本质的影响因素.     

大学生完美主义、对权威的畏惧感与人格障碍倾向的相关研究

目的探究大学生的完美主义、对权威的畏惧感与人格障碍倾向的关系。考察消极完美主义能否成为诊断强迫型人格障碍的依据。方法采用訾非消极完美主义问卷(ZNPQ)、中国人人格障碍诊断量表(CPDI)及对权威的畏惧感问卷(FOA)测量108位在校大学生的消极完美主义、人格障碍倾向及对权威的畏惧感,并对这3个变量之间的关系做了统计分析。结果消极完美主义与DSM-IV-TR诊断标准中的C组人格障碍(强迫型、回避型、依赖型)有中等程度的正相关,与强迫型人格障碍倾向相关程度最高,与A组和B组人格障碍各类型相关较弱或无显著相关;对权威的畏惧感也与C组人格障碍有中等程度的正相关,与A、B组人格障碍的相关较弱或无显著相关。结论消极完美主义和对权威的畏惧感在一定程度上能预测大学生的人格障碍倾向,尤其是C组人格障碍倾向,值得在心理咨询、心理治疗和教育实践中予以重视。ZNPQ所定义的消极完美主义能够作为中国大学生强迫型人格障碍的诊断依据。     

空管员的完美主义与心理健康、应付方式的相关研究

目的：探讨空管员的完美主义与心理健康．应付方式的关系。方法：用Frost多维完美主义量表（MPS）和症状自评量表（SCL-90）．应付方式问卷（CQ）对51名空管员进行测量。结果：空管员的完美主义与心理健康在总体上呈负相关（r=0．338，P〈0．01），大多数维度之间在0．01显著性水平上呈负相关。空管员的完美总分、个人标准和父母期望与成熟型应付方式呈显著正相关（r取值在0．290—0．520之间，P〈0．01），关注错误、怀疑行为、父母批评和条理组织与不成熟型应付方式呈显著正相关（r取值在0．247—0．538之间，P〈0．01）。结论：空管员的完美主义对心理健康和应付方式存在一定程度的影响。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.