PET-CT在脑胶质瘤放射治疗及随访中的应用和研究进展北大核心CSCD

脑胶质瘤是颅内最常见的原发性中枢神经系统肿瘤,术后放疗是其重要治疗手段。目前CT和MRI在脑胶质瘤放疗靶区设计中被广泛应用,但对于肿瘤范围、复发、放射性坏死、预后等方面的评估仍然存在一定不足。正电子发射断层显像(PET)-CT将PET的分子影像与CT的解剖结构影像融于一体,在脑胶质瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要价值。随着多模态影像技术在放疗中推广应用,PET-CT分子影像作为重要的补充,有助于脑胶质瘤靶区的勾画和精准放疗的开展,有益于脑胶质瘤患者的预后和随访。本文对PET-CT在脑胶质瘤诊断、治疗及随访中的应用和研究进展进行综述。     

PET-CT在脑胶质瘤放射治疗及随访中的应用和研究进展

脑胶质瘤是颅内最常见的原发性中枢神经系统肿瘤, 术后放疗是其重要治疗手段。目前CT和MRI在脑胶质瘤放疗靶区设计中被广泛应用, 但对于肿瘤范围、复发、放射性坏死、预后等方面的评估仍然存在一定不足。正电子发射断层显像(PET)-CT将PET的分子影像与CT的解剖结构影像融于一体, 在脑胶质瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要价值。随着多模态影像技术在放疗中推广应用, PET-CT分子影像作为重要的补充, 有助于脑胶质瘤靶区的勾画和精准放疗的开展, 有益于脑胶质瘤患者的预后和随访。本文对PET-CT在脑胶质瘤诊断、治疗及随访中的应用和研究进展进行综述。     

VEGF及其受体Flt和KDR水平变化与胶质瘤关系及临床意义

 目的 探讨胶质瘤患者血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）及其受体Flt-1和KDR水平变化，为评价胶质瘤治疗效果，判断预后寻找一种科学的生物学标志物。方法 收集治疗前后胶质瘤患者、脑转移癌患者和健康对照者血清，进行VEGF，Flt-1和KDR水平的检测，SPSS11.5统计软件包对数据进行t检验和相关分析。结果 （1）治疗前脑胶质瘤和脑转移瘤患者血清VEGF水平明显高于健康对照组； 脑胶质瘤患者组和脑转移瘤患者组血清Flt-1水平明显高于健康对照组；脑胶质瘤患者组血清KDR水平明显高于健康对照组； 治疗后缓解的胶质瘤患者组VEGF和Flt-1水平明显低于治疗前。差异均有统计学意义。（2） VEGF与Flt-1和KDR有显著的相关性。结论 胶质瘤患者血清中VEGF及其受体的检测，可作为胶质瘤辅助诊断、治疗效果监测和预后判断的重要生物学指标。     

颅脑（041879～041884）

冷冻联合5-FU对G422胶质瘤细胞凋亡的影响 垂体腺瘤的血管生成、c-myc表达与侵袭性的相关意义 ^99mTc-M1B1脑显像对脑胶质瘤恶性程度的诊断及对预后的预测 扩大改良翼点入路切除鞍区及中颅凹底肿瘤17例经验 光动力学疗法辅助显微技术治疗脑胶质瘤 放射治疗脑转移癌54例疗效分析     

氢质子磁共振波谱联合磁共振成像对脑胶质瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)联合磁共振成像(MRI)对脑胶质瘤的诊断价值。方法选取2015年10月至2016年10月间哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院收治的48例脑胶质瘤患者,其中低级别脑胶质瘤30例,高级别脑胶质瘤18例。均在行MRI基础上行1H-MRS检查,检测N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)和胆碱(Cho),分析患者肿瘤实质区与瘤周水肿区的低级别脑胶质瘤和高级别脑胶质瘤Cho/Cr和Cho/NAA的差异。结果 MRI扫描显示低级别脑胶质瘤和高级别脑胶质瘤的瘤周水肿区的水肿和肿瘤实质区的强化程度对比,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。1H-MRS扫描显示高级别脑胶质瘤的肿瘤实质区的Cho/Cr和Cho/NAA值与瘤周围水肿区的Cho/Cr值均高于低级别脑胶质瘤,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。而高级别脑胶质瘤和低级别脑胶质瘤瘤周水肿区的Cho/NAA值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在传统MRI扫描的基础上联合使用1H-MRS,可以提供定量的检测结果来评价肿瘤的恶性度,为脑胶质瘤做出准确的分级诊断。     

脑胶质瘤免疫微环境的研究进展

脑胶质瘤是最常见的中枢神经系统原发性肿瘤,由于存在血脑屏障及其独特的组织器官区域免疫特性,对脑组织免疫微环境与疾病发生发展的相关性研究显得尤为重要。本文将聚焦于生理与病理状态下脑局部免疫微环境的改变,通过对脑胶质瘤局部的各类免疫细胞、免疫分子的作用及机制的介绍,阐明脑胶质瘤局部免疫微环境的抑制效应促进了肿瘤的生长;通过对脑胶质瘤局部免疫微环境的调控和干预,期望改善或逆转上述负性作用,为脑胶质瘤的免疫及综合治疗提供依据。     

脑胶质瘤代谢酶改变对表观遗传状态的影响

代谢与表观遗传状态改变是肿瘤研究的两个热门领域,近年来有大量研究报道认为代谢状态的失调以及表观遗传状态的改变都与脑胶质瘤的发生与发展有着密切的联系。本文通过胶质瘤细胞中两种重要的代谢酶IDHl以及PKM2的改变为例,阐述其对脑胶质瘤细胞表观遗传状态的影响以及促进脑胶质瘤形成的分子机制。由代谢酶异常而导致表观遗传状态改变是研究脑胶质瘤发病的新机制,未来有望成为脑胶质瘤鉴定和治疗的新靶点。     

脑胶质瘤新型治疗方案研究进展

脑胶质瘤是最常见的原发性恶性脑肿瘤,具有较高的复发率和死亡率,单纯依赖手术切除难以根治,必须采用综合治疗方法。随着分子和免疫学研究的发展,以脑肿瘤电场治疗、靶向治疗和免疫治疗为代表的新型治疗方法逐渐增多,并且取得了一些新的进展,本综述旨在介绍近年来脑胶质瘤治疗领域的重要成果及对未来发展方向的展望。     

脑胶质瘤凋亡相关因子及其临床病理学意义

细胞凋亡又称细胞程序性死亡（pmgrammed cell death，PCD）。研究发现其在胶质瘤的发生发展中起着非常重要的作用，影响着脑胶质瘤的诊断、治疗和预后的判断。现将与胶质瘤有关的几类凋亡相关因子及其临床病理学意义综述如下。     

荧光定量PCR检测脑胶质瘤中miR-125b

背景与目的:从分子水平研究胶质瘤,为临床提供可能的诊断和治疗靶基因已十分必要。本实验拟建立检测荧光定量PCR的方法,了解脑胶质瘤中miR-125b的表达水平及其与肿瘤恶性程度的关系。方法:从18例不同恶性程度胶质瘤组织和6例正常脑组织标本提取总的microRNA,然后通过反转录的方法得到c-DNA,再用带荧光探针的miR-125b引物进行荧光定量PCR检测,测出其CT值,通过2-△△CT的相对定量的方法对荧光定量PCR检测的CT值进行标准化,从而比较miR-125b在正常脑组织和胶质瘤中的表达情况。结果:正常脑组织相对表达量为1.0732±0.1225,胶质瘤II、III、IV分别为0.7914±0.06 752、0.53 92±0.08180、0.2497±0.05065,并且之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:通过荧光定量PCR技术测定miR-125b在脑胶质瘤中表达下调,且与脑胶质瘤恶性程度成负相关,为研究miR-125b表达水平下调的机制、表达水平和肿瘤预后的关系,为利用miR-125b对胶质瘤的诊断和个性化治疗打下基础。     

IDH mutations occur frequently in Chinese glioma patients and predict longer survival but not response to concomitant chemoradiotherapy in anaplastic gliomas

Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 genes (IDH1 and IDH2) appear to occur frequently and selectively in gliomas. Our aim was to assess whether IDH mutations are common in Chinese glioma patients and whether the mutations predict good response to concomitant chemoradiotherapy. In this study IDH1 and IDH2 mutations were detected in a series of 203 gliomas. IDH1 mutations were present in 75 of the 203 cases (36.9%) while IDH2 mutations in 5 of the 203 cases (2.5%). No tumor was mutated in both IDH1 and IDH2. IDH1/2 mutations were associated with prolonged overall survival in the whole series of patients exclusive of pilocytic astrocytoma (P<0.001), WHO grade Ⅱ patients who received no adjuvant therapy after surgery (P=0.014) and WHO grade Ⅲ patients who received concomitant chemoradiotherapy (standard schedule) after surgery (P=0.033). Furthermore, there was no correlation between IDH1/2 mutations and reponse to concomitant chemoradiotherapy in anaplastic gliomas. Our results suggest that IDH1 mutations also occur freuqently in Chinese glioma patients but the frequency of IDH1 mutations is below the findings reported by North American and European groups. Furthermore, we confirm the prognostic significance of IDH1/2 mutations in gliomas, but the mutations cannot predict a favorable response to concomitant chemoradiotherapy in anaplastic gliomas.     

Molecular Investigation of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Gene (IDH) Mutations in Gliomas: First Report of IDH2 Mutations in Indian Patients

Recent genome wide sequencing has identified mutations in IDH1/IDH2 predominantly in grade II-III gliomasand secondary glioblastomas which are associated with favorable clinical outcome. These mutations have becomemolecular markers of significant diagnostic and prognostic relevance in the assessment of human gliomas. In thecurrent study we evaluated IDH1 (R132) and IDH2 (R172) in 32 gliomas of various grades and tumor subtypes.Sequencing analysis revealed R132H mutations in 18.7% tumors, while none of the cases showed IDH2 (R172)mutations. The frequency of IDH1 mutations was higher in females (21.4%) than males (11.1%), and it wassignificantly higher in younger patients. Histological analyses demonstrated presence of necrosis and microvascular proliferation in 69% and 75% respectively. Interestingly, IDH1 mutations were predominantly presentin non-necrotic tumors as well as in cases showing microvascular proliferation. Of the six IDH1 positive cases,three were glioblastomas (IV), and one each were anaplastic oligoastrocytoma (III), anaplastic oligodendrogliomaIII (n=1) and diffuse astrocytoma. In conclusion, IDH1 mutations are quite frequent in Indian glioma patientswhile IDH2 mutations are not observed. Since IDH mutations are associated with good prognosis, their use inroutine clinical practice will enable better risk stratification and management of glioma patients.     

Significance of IDH mutations varies with tumor histology, grade, and genetics in Japanese glioma patients

Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 are found frequently in malignant gliomas and are likely involved in early gliomagenesis. To understand the prevalence of these mutations and their relationship to other genetic alterations and impact on prognosis for Japanese glioma patients, we analyzed 250 glioma cases. Mutations of IDH1 and IDH2 were found in 73 (29%) and 2 (1%) cases, respectively. All detected mutations were heterozygous, and most mutations were an Arg132His (G395A) substitution. IDH mutations were frequent in oligodendroglial tumors (37/52, 71%) and diffuse astrocytomas (17/29, 59%), and were less frequent in anaplastic astrocytomas (8/29, 28%) and glioblastomas (13/125, 10%). The pilocytic astrocytomas and gangliogliomas did not have either mutation. Notably, 28 of 30 oligodendroglial tumors harboring the 1p/19q co-deletion also had an IDH mutation, and these alterations were significantly correlated (P < 0.001). The association between TP53 and IDH mutation was significant in diffuse astrocytomas (P = 0.0018). MGMT promoter methylation was significantly associated with IDH mutation in grade 2 (P < 0.001) and grade 3 (P = 0.02) gliomas. IDH mutation and 1p/19q co-deletion were independent favorable prognostic factors for patients with grade 3 gliomas. For patients with grade 3 gliomas and without 1p/19q co-deletion, IDH mutation was strongly associated with increased progression-free survival (P < 0.0001) and overall survival (P < 0.0001), but no such marked correlation was observed with grade 2 gliomas or glioblastomas. Therefore, IDH mutation would be most useful when assessing prognosis of patients with grade 3 glioma with intact 1p/19q; anaplastic astrocytomas account for most of these grade 3 gliomas.     

Editor's choice: Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in gliomas

Over the last decade, extraordinary progress has been made in elucidating the underlying genetic causes of gliomas. In 2008, our understanding of glioma genetics was revolutionized when mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) were identified in the vast majority of progressive gliomas and secondary glioblastomas (GBMs). IDH enzymes normally catalyze the decarboxylation of isocitrate to generate α-ketoglutarate (αKG), but recurrent mutations at Arg¹³² of IDH1 and Arg¹⁷² of IDH2 confer a neomorphic enzyme activity that catalyzes reduction of αKG into the putative oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutate (D2HG). D2HG inhibits αKG-dependent dioxygenases and is thought to create a cellular state permissive to malignant transformation by altering cellular epigenetics and blocking normal differentiation processes. Herein, we discuss the relevant literature on mechanistic studies of IDH1/2 mutations in gliomas, and we review the potential impact of IDH1/2 mutations on molecular classification and glioma therapy.     

New insights into glioma classification based on isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 gene status

In glioma, mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) genes have been receiving attention. IDH1/2 mutations are frequently found in grade II and III gliomas. These genetic alterations occur very early in gliomagenesis and strongly predict favorable outcome in patients with high-grade gliomas. Despite the evolution of studies on this topic, the underlying mechanism of the IDH1/2 mutations remains unknown. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of IDH1/2 and discuss molecular diagnostics based on IDH1/2 gene status.     

Frequent ATRX, CIC, and FUBP1 mutations refine the classification of malignant gliomas

Mutations in the critical chromatin modifier ATRX and mutations in CIC and FUBP1, which are potent regulators of cell growth, have been discovered in specific subtypes of gliomas, the most common type of primary malignant brain tumors. However, the frequency of these mutations in many subtypes of gliomas, and their association with clinical features of the patients, is poorly understood. Here we analyzed these loci in 363 brain tumors. ATRX is frequently mutated in grade II-III astrocytomas (71%), oligoastrocytomas (68%), and secondary glioblastomas (57%), and ATRX mutations are associated with IDH1 mutations and with an alternative lengthening of telomeres phenotype. CIC and FUBP1 mutations occurred frequently in oligodendrogliomas (46% and 24%, respectively) but rarely in astrocytomas or oligoastrocytomas ( more than 10%). This analysis allowed us to define two highly recurrent genetic signatures in gliomas: IDH1/ATRX (I-A) and IDH1/CIC/FUBP1 (I-CF). Patients with I-CF gliomas had a significantly longer median overall survival (96 months) than patients with I-A gliomas (51 months) and patients with gliomas that did not harbor either signature (13 months). The genetic signatures distinguished clinically distinct groups of oligoastrocytoma patients, which usually present a diagnostic challenge, and were associated with differences in clinical outcome even among individual tumor types. In addition to providing new clues about the genetic alterations underlying gliomas, the results have immediate clinical implications, providing a tripartite genetic signature that can serve as a useful adjunct to conventional glioma classification that may aid in prognosis, treatment selection, and therapeutic trial design.     

Immunohistochemical detection of IDH1 mutation, p53, and internexin as prognostic factors of glial tumors

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations, which are early and frequent genetic alterations in astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, oligoastrocytomas, and secondary glioblastomas, are specific to arginine 132 (R132). Recently, we established monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against IDH1 mutations: anti-IDH1-R132H and anti-IDH1-R132S. However, the importance of immunohistochemistry using the combination of those mAbs has not been elucidated. For this study, 164 cases of glioma were evaluated immunohistochemically for IDH1 mutations (R132H and R132S) using anti-IDH1 mAbs (HMab-1 and SMab-1). IDH1 mutation was detected, respectively, in 9.7%, 63.6%, 51.7%, and 77.8% of primary grade IV, secondary grade IV, grade III, and grade II gliomas. For each grade of glioma, prognostic factors for progression-free survival and overall survival were evaluated using clinical and pathological parameters in addition to IDH1 immunohistochemistry. IDH1 mutation, p53 overexpression, and internexin expression, as evaluated using immunohistochemistry with clinical parameters such as degree of surgical removal and preoperative Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), might be of greater prognostic significance than histological grading alone in grade III as well as IDH1 mutation in grade IV gliomas.     

Molecular pathogenesis of IDH mutations in gliomas

The isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) or 2 (IDH2) genes are mutated in 50-80% of astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas or oligoastrocytomas of grades II and III, and secondary glioblastomas; they are, however, seldom mutated in primary glioblastomas and never in other types of glioma. Gliomas with IDH1/2 mutations always harbor either TP53 mutations or total 1p/19q loss. This suggests these two types of tumor may arise from common progenitor cells that have IDH1/2 mutations, subsequently evolving into each tumor type with the acquisition of TP53 mutations or total 1p/19q loss. Survival is significantly longer for patients with IDH-mutated gliomas than for those with IDH-wild type tumors. This observation indicates that IDH status defines biologically different subgroups among gliomas. The molecular pathogenesis of IDH1/2 mutations in the development of gliomas is unclear. The mutated IDH1/2 enzyme generates D-2-hydroxyglutarate. Several theories have been proposed, including: increased angiogenesis because of accumulation of HIF-1α; a glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP) induced by inhibition of TET2; and increased vulnerability to oxidative stress because of depletion of antioxidants. Elucidating the pathogenesis of IDH mutations will aid better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of gliomagenesis and may lead to the development of novel molecular classification and therapy.     

Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Indonesian Patients with Gliomas with IDH Mutation: Insights into Its Significance in a Southeast Asian Population

Background: Gliomas remain one of the most common primary brain tumors. Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene are associated with a distinct set of clinicopathological profiles. However, the distribution and significance of these mutations have never been studied in the Indonesian population. This study aimed to elucidate the association between IDH mutations and clinicopathological as well as prognostic profiles of Indonesian patients with gliomas. Methods: In total, 106 patients with gliomas were recruited from a tertiary academic medical center in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and fresh tissue specimens were obtained and sectioned for hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical examinations. Genomic DNA was isolated and analyzed for the presence of IDH mutations using standard polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing methods. Clinicopathological data were collected from medical records. Results: Although no IDH2 mutation was identified, IDH1 mutations were found in 23 (21.7%) of the patients. Patients with IDH1 mutations tended to have a history of smoking and a shorter interval between onset of symptoms and initial surgical interventions. Frontal lobe involvement, oligodendroglial histology, lower Ki67 expression, WHO grades II and III gliomas, and methylated O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoters were significantly associated with the presence of IDH1 mutations. Compared with patients with IDH1-wild-type, patients with IDH1 mutation were observed to have a longer overall survival. Conclusions: IDH1 mutations are associated with certain clinicopathological and prognostic profiles in Indonesian patients with gliomas. This finding demonstrates the importance of identifying IDH mutations as part of the management of patients with glioma in Indonesia.