哈尔滨地区成人个体化头影测量浮动正常值

目的:建立哈尔滨地区成人个体化头影测量颅颌关系浮动正常值,并探讨其临床应用价值及方法.方法:搜集哈尔滨地区正常牙合成人100名,男女各50名,年龄18～25岁.拍摄X线头颅定位侧位片,测量各样本上颌突度(SNA),下颌突度(SNB),颅底角(NSBa),上颌相对颅底倾角(SN-PP),下颌相对颅底倾角(SN-MP),并对各测量指标进行多元回归分析,建立个体化头影测量浮动正常值.结果:1)5项测量指标之间均存在显著相关性,其中SNB与其余4项相关强度最大;2)以SNB为自变量建立哈尔滨地区成人个体化头影测量颅颌关系浮动正常值.结论:本研究结果用于成人正畸治疗的辅助诊断及正颌外科术后的疗效评价.     

多元回归法建立山东地区8～12岁儿童及青少年的个体化头影测量颅颌关系浮动正常值

目的 采用多元回归方法建立我国山东地区8～12岁儿童及青少年的个体化头影测量颅颌关系浮动正常值,并探讨其临床应用方法.方法 选择山东地区未接受正畸治疗的正常(牙合)儿童和青少年156例.选择在判断矢状方向和垂直方向颅颌关系中最常用的5项X线头影测量指标(SNA,SN-PP,NSBa,SN-MP,SNB),对各测量指标进行多元回归统计分析,建立其个体化头影测量颅颌关系浮动正常值.结果 建立了山东地区8～12岁儿童及青少年的个体化头影测量颅颌关系浮动正常值.结论 本研究为8～12岁儿童及青少年的早期正畸-矫形治疗提供了一套个体化的头影测量诊断方法.     

多元回归方法建立山东地区恒牙初期青少年个体化头影测量颅颌关系浮动正常值的研究

目的 采用多元回归方法建立山东地区恒牙初期青少年个体化头影测量颅颌关系浮动正常值,并探讨其临床应用方法。方法 搜集山东地区未接受正畸治疗的恒牙初期正常牙合青少年120例,其中男69例,女51例, 12~16岁。选择在判断矢状方向和垂直方向颅颌关系中最常用的5项X线头影测量指标（SNA,SN-PP,NSBa,SN-MP,SNB）,并对各测量指标进行多元回归统计分析,建立其个体化头影测量颅颌关系浮动正常值。结果 ①5项测量指标之间均存在显著的相关性;②以SNB为自变量,分别建立与其余4项测量指标的直线回归方程;③分别以任意4项测量指标为自变量,剩余的1项测量指标为因变量进行多元回归统计分析,计算得出5项测量指标各自的预计标准误（SE）,其中SNA为1.95 ,SN-PP 2.79 ,NSBa 4.57,SN-MP 4.35 ,SNB 1.87;④在此基础上,最终建立起山东地区恒牙初期青少年的个体化头影测量颅颌关系浮动正常值。结论 本研究为恒牙初期青少年正畸患者提供了一套个体化的头影测量诊断方法,特别适用于临床中进行正畸治疗的青少年患者。     

哈尔滨地区120名正常(牙合)人群X线头影测量McNamara分析

目的 建立哈尔滨地区正(牙合)人群X线头影测量McNamara分析法的正常值.方法 选取哈尔滨地区恒牙列初期正常(牙合)儿童60名,恒牙列期正常(牙合)成人60名,拍摄X线头颅侧位定位片进行McNamara分析,并对测量值的男女差异进行统计学分析.结果 建立了哈尔滨地区正常(牙合)人群X线头影测量McNamara分析法的正常值.统计学分析表明,恒牙列初期男女的有效上颌长度和下颌突距存在性别差异;成人恒牙列期在有效上颌长度、有效下颌长度、上颌突距、下前面高4个项目上存在性别差异.结论 建立的哈尔滨地区正常(牙合)恒牙列人群McNamara分析法正常值将为正畸临床应用提供参考.     

石家庄地区正常(牙合)成人X线头影测量McNamara分析

目的对石家庄地区正常[牙合]成人应用McNamara分析法进行X线头影测量分析，建立石家庄地区正常[牙合]成人McNamara分析法的正常值，为正畸和正颌外科临床诊断、矫治设计和疗效评估提供参考。方法选取石家庄地区正常袷成人74名，摄x线头颅侧位定位片进行McNamara分析，并与上海地区McNamara分析法的正常值进行比较。结果得出石家庄地区正常耠成人McNamara分析法的正常值范围及正常颅颌线距特征，并发现石家庄成年男性的有效上颌长度、有效下颌长度、前下面高、上切牙突距大于女性，石家庄成年男性的有效上颌长度、有效下颌长度、上切牙突距大于上海成年男性。结论McNamara分析法定量地反映颌骨间失状和垂直关系，线距测量具有充分的可比性。     

重庆地区少年头影测量浮动正常值

目的：建立适合于重庆地区少年的头影测量浮动正常值,探讨浮动正常值的建立及使用方法。方法：140名重庆地区正常少年,年龄13～15岁,男62人,女78人,拍摄X线头颅定位恻位片,选择12个测量项目,作相关回归分析建立重庆地区正常少年头影测量浮动正常值。结果：建立了重庆地区少年骨性及牙性头影测量浮动正常值。结论：为正畸及正颌外科提供了一种头影测量分析方法。     

100名正常成都汉族成人颅颌面结构的计算机x线头影测量研究

作者采用计算机化的x线头测量分析法,对100名成都地区正常(牙合)成人的颅颌面软硬组织结构进行了综合研究.得出了该地区成人x线头测量正常值及平均面部模板图,供正颌外科及成人正畸临床与科研参考。     

成人骨性Ⅰ类错双颌前突的正颌—正畸联合治疗

目的采用正畸—正颌手术联合治疗成人骨性Ⅰ类错(牙合)前突患者,以期取得面貌及咬合关系的改善。方法选择10例成人骨性Ⅰ类错(牙合)双颌前突患者,通过术前正畸—正颌手术—术后正畸的联合治疗,对治疗前后的头颅侧位片进行测量分析。结果建立良好的上下颌咬合关系,面型改善；SNA、SNB显著减小。结论成人Ⅰ类骨性错(牙合)畸形患者采用正颌—正畸联合治疗,能快速地、有效地获得满意的咬(牙合)功能及侧貌效果。     

山东地区汉族正常(牙合)少年儿童牙颌颅面特点的研究

目的:建立山东地区汉族少年儿童的X线头影测量正常值和标准差,分析其牙颌颅面形态特征,并建立面型模板。方法:选择156例山东籍8￣15岁正常牙合少年儿童,拍摄X线头颅侧位片,分为替牙期组和恒牙初期组。用WinCeph7.0进行图像处理和定点测量,选取38个硬组织标志点及118项硬组织项目,得出各项目的均值和标准差,进行男女之间、替牙期与恒牙初期之间两样本的t检验。结果:建立了山东地区汉族正常牙合少年儿童硬组织的X线头影测量的正常值和标准差,比较出性别差异,并建立了面型模板。结论:男性从替牙期到恒牙初期,前后面都有显著的生长,上颌向前下方生长明显,而下颌生长缓慢;女性从替牙期到恒牙初期,下颌生长明显,颏部前突。     

儿童和成人深覆牙合牙合颅颌形态的横断面研究

目的对儿童和成人深覆牙合患者的颅颌面形态进行横断面研究,分析其生长发育中颅颌形态变化的趋势,探讨成人深覆牙合患者的颅颌面形态特征。方法随机抽取Ⅲ度儿童深覆牙合患者159例（平均年龄12.47岁）,成人深覆牙合患者81例（平均年龄21.76岁）,个别正常对照组51例（平均年龄18.41岁）。采用Winceph 7.0软件对3组X线头影测量项目进行测量,采用SPSS 12.0软件进行统计学分析。结果儿童深覆牙合患者在上前面高、下前面高、上颌第一磨牙相对于上颌前部的位置、上颌骨长度、上下颌骨-平面距、上颌磨牙-腭平面距、下颌切牙-下颌平面距、上下齿槽座点平面-下颌平面角、下颌角、下颌切牙距、覆盖、下颌平面-前颅底平面角、下颌磨牙-下颌平面距、后面高、上颌切牙距、下颌体长度、下颌升支高度、平面-前颅底平面角、上颌中切牙-前颅底平面角与成人深覆牙合患者间差异有统计学意义。成人深覆牙合患者在下颌-前颅底平面角、上下颌骨-前颅底平面角、颌凸角、上下颌骨矢状向不调指数、上下颌骨垂直向不调指数、上下颌骨-平面距、上下齿槽座点平面-下颌平面角、下颌角、覆盖、下颌平面-前颅底平面角、上颌后部位置、下颌磨牙-下颌平面距、上颌中切牙-前颅底平面角、下颌体长度、下颌升支高度、后颅底长度、平面-前颅底平面角、后面高与正常个体间差异有统计学意义。结论深覆牙合患者随着年龄的增长,颅、颌、、面部仍表现有一定的生长潜力,但是患者颌骨矢状关系并无改善。成人深覆牙合患者颌面部特征表现为垂直向、矢状向关系显著不调。     

Cephalometric norms for the Chinese: a compilation of existing data

The intention of this paper is to compile Chinese cephalometric norms for a more objective orthodontic diagnosis of Chinese patients so that their orthodontic treatment may be better planned. Studies on cephalometric norms of Chinese and subjects of Chinese descent were reviewed. Some important studies were available only in the Chinese journals and they were especially procured and translated for this purpose. A normal range of anteroposterior apical base differences, concomitant nterincisal inclinations and locations, were derived from different Chinese groups and were tabulated. The differences between Chinese and Caucasian norms are discussed. A distinctive craniofacial and dental pattern of the people of Chinese origin was found and is reflected in the cephalometric measurements. Compared with Caucasian norms, Chinese norms have skeletal, dental and soft-tissue variations. The Chinese have a shorter cranial base and a larger ANB. The Chinese dentition demonstrates greater bimaxillary-alveolar protrusion, with a decreased interincisal angle. The Chinese soft-tissue profile shows a less prominent nose, with a less obtuse nasolabial angle, and more protrusive lips.     

中国年轻成人正常牙合X线头影测量研究

目的：建立21世纪初期中国年轻成人正常牙合软硬组织X线头影测量正常值标准。方法：选取72名正常牙合学生（21．76±2．46岁,男37名,女35名）作为研究样本,在头颅定位仪的严格定位下,摄取其正中咬合位时的X线头颅侧位片,使用头影测量软件Dental Studio NX对每个样本的侧位片进行定点、描图、测量分析和统计学处理。结果：男女性软硬组织X线头影测量值的角度类测量项目均无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。硬组织测量项目中,男性前面部高和后面部高均大于女性（P＜0．01）,而软组织测量项目中,男性UL－SnPog＇、UL－Ep以及颏唇沟深度均比女性大（P＜0．05）。结论：临床上分析代表牙颌面各部分结构间相互关系的角度时可以使用男女合并均值作为参考,而在分析线距时,则应区分男女性别,分别选择相应的参考值。该中国年轻成人正常牙合软硬组织X线头影测量正常值标准可用于指导临床。     

Posteroanterior cephalometric norms in Turkish adults.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to establish cephalometric norms from posteroanterior cephalograms for Turkish adults, identify possible gender differences in these norms, compare Turkish norms with the norms of other groups, and identify possible correlations between all investigated transverse linear measurements. MATERIAL: The subjects included 46 Turkish men (mean age, 26.06 +/- 2.10 years) and 54 Turkish women (mean age, 24.10 +/- 3.04 years). Each subject had ideal occlusion and a well-balanced face. Nineteen linear measurements were determined on each radiograph. For each variable, the arithmetic mean, the standard deviation, and the minimum and maximum values were calculated. For statistical evaluation, an independent-samples t test was performed. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was calculated to indicate the relationship between all investigated linear dimensions. RESULTS: Posteroanterior transverse linear norms for Turkish adults were generally similar to Ricketts' clinical norms. Of the 19 craniofacial transverse measurements, 15 showed significant sexual dimorphism. All investigated measures were higher in Turkish men than in women, with the exception of the distance from the intersection of the processus zygomaticus and the processus alveolaris maxillae on the right side and the frontal facial plane. Statistically significant correlations were determined in most measurements. CONCLUSIONS: These Turkish posteroanterior cephalometric norms can be used in the treatment of Turkish patients.     

Changes in facial appearance after maxillomandibular advancement for severe obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome in Chinese patients: a subjective and objective evaluation

This study evaluates the outcome and change in facial appearance after maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) in Chinese adults with severe obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS). Twelve patients underwent MMA with adjunctive procedures for severe OSAHS. All underwent physical examination, Epworth Sleepiness Scale evaluation, cephalometry, polysomnography, and facial photographic assessment before and 6 months after MMA. The aesthetic plane (relationship of nose, lips, and chin) was used to judge soft tissue facial profile change after MMA. Postoperative cephalometric data were compared with normal occlusive standards and aesthetic norms. Pre- and postoperative aesthetic appearance was evaluated by 100 lay people using a 10-point visual analogue scale. The maxillomandibular complex (MMC) was advanced 5-10mm (mean 7.4mm). The success rate was 83%. All patients were satisfied with the functional and aesthetic results. Postoperative SNA, SNB, and posterior airway space increased and mandibular plane-to-hyoid distance decreased significantly in all patients. The lower lip was closer to EP than the preoperative and normal occlusive standard. In 11 of 12 patients, the lay aesthetic scores were significantly higher postoperatively. MMA is effective for Chinese adults with severe OSAHS. In most patients, facial appearance was more attractive after MMC advancement of 5-10mm.     

Cephalometric norms for saudi adults living in the western region of Saudi Arabia

European-American norms are still used in the orthodontic treatment of Saudi patients, despite the different ethnic backgrounds of Saudis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the cephalometric features of a Saudi population and to establish cephalometric norms for Saudis living in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Seventy lateral cephalometric radiographs of Saudis (32 females and 38 males; aged 18-28 years) with acceptable profiles and Class I dental relationships were traced and analyzed. The mean value, standard deviation, and range of 16 angular and linear variables were calculated. The resulting norms for Saudis were compared with European-American norms using an independent t-test. Male and female groups were also compared using the t-test. Saudis tend to have an increased ANB angle because of retrognathic mandibles and bimaxillary protrusion as compared with European-Americans. Males tend to have more prognathic mandibles than females as indicated by the statistically significant increase in facial angle (P < .05) and SNB angle (P < .05). Although the anterior lower face height was similar in males and females, males tend to have a steeper mandibular plane angle when related to the anterior cranial base than females (P < .05). Saudis have distinct cephalometric features, which should be used as a reference in treating Saudi orthodontic patients.     

Floating norms as a means to describe individual skeletal patterns

An adequate analysis of the skeletal pattern is essential since a considerable amount of dental compensation can mask the severity of a malocclusion. Disagreement prevails over the standards that should be used to judge the individual values. The paper describes a method of analyzing the skeletal pattern of a patient on an individualized basis. Rather than relating the individual cephalometric values to population means the method employs standards derived from the individual facial type (floating norms). The associations between the basic cephalometric variables can be derived from a box-like graphical representation that is based on the correlations between the different variables. It is thereby an improvement of the 'box' that has been used in the Bergen Technique.     

Submentovertex cephalometric norms in Turkish adults

INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were (1) to establish cephalometric norms from submentovertex (SMV) radiographs for young Anatolian Turkish adults and (2) to identify possible sex differences between men and women. METHODS: SMV cephalograms were taken of 50 nongrowing Turkish adults (25 men, mean age, 23.06 +/- 2.30 years; 25 women, mean age, 22.10 +/- 2.04 years). All had normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Five angular and 10 linear measurements were made on each radiograph. For each variable, arithmetic mean and standard deviation minimum and maximum values were calculated. Independent-sample t tests were performed for the sex comparisons. Cephalometric angular and linear norms for Turkish adults were determined by using the Lew-Tay SMV cephalometric analysis. SMV cephalometric standards for Turkish adults were also developed. RESULTS: Generally, our measurements were similar to the Lew-Tay SMV norms. Most Turkish SMV cephalometric measurements showed statistically significant sex differences. Comparison between Turkish men and women indicated larger measurements for men in all investigated linear measurements. CONCLUSIONS: SMV cephalometric norms are useful in the diagnosis of mandibular asymmetries and the treatment of dentofacial orthopedics in Turkish patients.