互隔交链孢酚通过PKA-CREB信号通路激活NIH3T3细胞中DNA聚合酶β表达

目的： 探讨互隔交链孢酚（AOH）诱导小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞NIH3T3中DNA聚合酶β（DNA polβ）表达增高的分子信号通路。方法: ①15 μmol/L AOH作用NIH3T3细胞16 h,利用Western blotting 方法检测细胞中DNA polβ的表达,并利用磷酸化CREB抗体检测AOH作用后NIH3T3细胞中CREB信号分子是否被激活。②利用PKA-CREB信号通路特异性抑制剂H89预处理NIH3T3细胞1 h,再加入AOH作用,分别检测磷酸化CREB和DNA polβ表达的变化。结果: ①与溶剂对照组相比,AOH诱导NIH3T3细胞中DNA polβ表达明显增高,而且磷酸化CREB蛋白含量也明显增加,差异均显著。②用PKA特异性抑制剂H89预处理,可部分抑制NIH3T3细胞中CREB蛋白的磷酸化,并且降低了AOH引起的NIH3T3细胞中DNA polβ的表达增加。结论: PKA-CREB信号通路在AOH诱导的 NIH3T3细胞中DNA polβ表达起重要作用。     

互隔交链孢酚增加NIH3T3细胞中DNA聚合酶β表达

目的 研究互隔交链孢酚(AOH)对小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞NIH3T3中DNA聚合酶β(DNA PoLβ)表达的影响.方法 采用半定量RT-PCR、细胞免疫化学和Western blot方法检测细胞中DNA POLβ mRNA和蛋白的表达.结果 与对照组相比,AOH可以引起NIH3T3细胞中DNA POLβ基因的mRNA水平和蛋白水平表达增高(并呈一定的剂量效应关系)(P0.05).结论 AOH可以引起NIH3T3细胞中DNA POLβ基因表达增高,可能有助于细胞应对AOH引起的DNA损伤.     

互隔交链孢酚对NIH/3T3细胞中DNA聚合酶β的致突变作用*

背景：近年来研究发现食管癌细胞中存在DNA聚合酶β的突变。 目的：观察互隔交链孢酚对NIH/3T3细胞中DNA聚合酶β基因序列的影响,研究互隔交链孢酚致细胞变异的机制。 方法：用不同浓度(2,4,6,8 μmol/L)的互隔交链孢酚作用于NIH/3T3细胞,并设置对照组。用RT-PCR法从细胞总RNA中扩增出DNA聚合酶β基因cDNA序列,应用T-A克隆技术,克隆至pGEM-T载体后进行测序,分析其序列变化。 结果与结论：2 μmol/L互隔交链孢酚处理后的细胞内DNA聚合酶β基因序列无任何变化。而4 μmol/L组中DNA聚合酶β基因有1个位点发生突变,8 μmol/L组和16 μmol/L组中各有2个位点发生突变,此3组的突变存在相同的位点。结果证实,互隔交链孢酚可导致NIH/3T3细胞中的DNA聚合酶β发生点突变,互隔交链孢酚浓度越高,点突变的数量越多,且存在突变活跃位点。                               

NIH3T3细胞核内过表达的M-CSF对细胞运动的影响

目的构建M-CSF细胞核内定位表达载体pCMV/M-CSF,探讨核内M-CSF对NIH3T3细胞运动的影响。方法采用PCR的方法扩增人M-CSF活性片段,将其插入核内真核表达载体pCMV/myc/nuc,构建重组体pCMV/M-CSF,经脂质体介导转染NIH3T3细胞,G418筛选后,用免疫细胞化学及Western blot鉴定其在真核细胞中的表达及定位分布,用细胞划痕实验测定M-CSF进入细胞核后对细胞运动能力的影响。结果限制性双酶切及DNA测序分析结果显示插入pCMV/M-CSF的片段为1400bp左右,与预期M-CSF分子大小相当。Western blot结果显示转染pCMV/M-CSF的NIH3T3细胞能稳定表达M-CSF蛋白;免疫细胞化学结果显示表达的M-CSF定位于NIH3T3细胞核。细胞划痕实验显示转染pCMV/M-CSF的NIH3T3细胞有较强的运动能力。结论成功构建M-CSF核内定位表达载体pCMV/M-CSF,核内M-CSF可加强NIH3T3细胞运动。     

小鼠黏蛋白1(MUC1)基因的体外转录及其在NIH/3T3细胞中的表达

目的体外转录获得小鼠黏蛋白1(MUC1) mRNA并在NIH/3T3细胞中表达。方法通过反转录PCR从小鼠4T1细胞中扩增MUC1基因,然后插入真核表达载体pc DNA3. 1(+)中构建重组表达载体pc DNA3. 1(+)-MUC1。双酶切鉴定正确后,以该质粒为模板,下游引物中引入血凝素标签(HA TAG)序列,PCR扩增MUC1-HA TAG融合基因片段,然后克隆至表达载体pc DNA3. 1(+),重组载体经双酶切鉴定和DNA序列测定后作为模板,PCR扩增获得含T7启动子和MUC1-HA TAG融合基因片段的PCR产物作为体外转录模板,通过体外转录、加尾、纯化最终获得修饰的MUC1 mRNA。通过多种转染试剂将体外转录MUC1-HA TAG mRNA转入NIH/3T3细胞,Western blot法检测融合蛋白MUC1-HA TAG的表达。结果反转录PCR扩增的MUC1基因长度约为1900 bp,酶切鉴定和序列分析证实MUC1-HA TAG融合基因已成功插入pc DNA3. 1(+)质粒。插入序列与Gen Bank中小鼠的MUC1基因序列完全一致,HA TAG正确插入MUC1下游,读框正确。Western blot法分析证实体外转录修饰的MUC1-HA TAG mRNA能在NIH/3T3细胞中表达。结论体外转录修饰的小鼠MUC1-HA TAG mRNA能在哺乳动物NIH/3T3细胞中翻译表达。     

三种反义c-myc逆转录病毒表达载体的纯化、病毒包装、滴度测定及整合检测

为了增强逆转录病毒构建体对靶细胞的转染能力 ,本实验使用 Wizard TMDNA纯化系统对构建成功的三种反义 c- myc逆转录病毒表达载体进行了纯化 ,并经脂质体介导包装 PA317细胞 ,使用 NIH 3T3细胞测定了 PA317抗性细胞克隆的病毒滴度 ,用 neo基因 PCR扩增检测外源基因的整合情况。结果显示纯化后的DNA达到了真核细胞转染的要求 ,但其包装滴度的高低还受靶细胞生长状态、 PA317抽样量的高度影响 ,而neo基因 PCR检测是一种敏感、经济和可靠的基因整合检测法     

互隔交链孢霉提取物诱发V_(79)细胞突变和NIH/3T3细胞转化作用的研究

本文报告首次用从食管癌高发区林县粮食中分离的互隔交链孢霉提取物261-B_2-3诱发体外培养的V_(79)细胞6-巯基鸟嘌呤耐受(TG~r)突变和NIH/3T3细胞形态转化获得成功。在实验组每毫升培养基中加入互隔交链孢霉提取物4、8、16和33微克可诱发V_(79)细胞突变,这一作用在有、无肝微粒体酶制作物激活的情况下,均获阳性。当互隔交链孢霉提物物浓度为每毫升培养基32、64和128微克时,可诱发NIH/3T3细胞产生相当高的克隆转化率,分别为35.47%、36.60%和43.14%。与对照组比有非常显著差异(p<0.01)。结果表明,该霉菌提取物中含有直接诱变物,并有可能含有致癌物。林县粮食中互隔交链孢霉的较重污染可能在该地区食管癌的发生中起一定作用。     

真核表达载体pLNCX/anti-CD20scFv/IgGFc/CD80/CD28/ζ的构建及其在NIH 3T3细胞株中的表达

目的: 构建pLNCX/anti-CD20scFv/IgGFc/CD80/CD28/ζ的重组真核表达载体，并在NIH 3T3细胞株中表达。方法: 采用DNA重组技术把pBULLET上的CD28-ζcDNA插入到已含anti-CD20 scFv/IgGFc/CD80的真核表达载体pLNCX质粒上，转染NIH 3T3细胞株，经G418筛选细胞，用RT-PCR、流式细胞术检测目的基因表达情况。结果: 经菌落PCR、酶切及一次测序鉴定均证实pLNCX/anti-CD20scFv/IgGFc/CD80/CD28/ζ的成功构建；经RT-PCR法，能够从转染的NIH 3T3细胞中扩增出1条与目的基因大小一致的DNA片段，流式细胞术检测显示该目的基因能够在NIH 3T3细胞中表达目的蛋白。结论: 重组表达载体pLNCX/anti-CD20scFv/IgGFc/CD80/CD28/ζ的构建，并在NIH 3T3细胞株中的成功表达，为该重组质粒转染原代T淋巴细胞从而制备CD20靶向性嵌合锚定T细胞奠定了基础。     

食管癌高发区人胚胎发育过程中食管上皮组织P16、PCNA蛋白的表达及其与形态学变化关系

目的初步探讨食管癌高发区人胎儿食管上皮组织抑癌基因p16和增殖细胞核抗原(proliferation cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)与人胚胎发育过程中食管上皮细胞增殖特性的关系。方法采用免疫组化ABC法检测3～10月份胎儿食管上皮组织中p16和PCNA的表达状况。结果在26例食管癌高发区人胎儿食管上皮组织中,p16蛋白总阳性率61.5%(16/26),p16蛋白阳性率在低月龄组中明显低于高月龄组(P<0.05),PCNA单位面积平均阳性细胞数为(450±156)/mm2,PCNA单位面积阳性细胞数在低月龄组中明显高于高月龄组(P<0.05)。结论食管癌高发区人胎儿食管上皮组织中p16基因的表达和PCNA单位面积阳性细胞数与胎龄密切相关,可以客观反映食管癌高发区人胎儿食管上皮的组织分化状态。     

转染试验检测双癌基因或多癌基因的激活

在一些系统中,癌基因的激活导致肿瘤的形成,而癌基因的激活是通过病毒转导,病毒促进子的插入和染色体易位三者之一来完成的。激活的癌基因可用DNA转染NIH3T3成纤维细胞后是否有集落形成来检测。在这种类型的实验中,最早是用鸟类白血病病毒(ALV)来诱导鸡B细胞淋巴瘤,其中的C-myc由逆转录病毒促进子的插入而激活。使人感到惊奇的是,具转化功能的DNA序列不是C-myc,而是一未知的癌基因。这种癌基因被称为ChBlym-1或简称Blym。用六种Burkitt淋巴瘤的DNA来转染NIH3T3细胞时发现有相同的癌基因,而另一人类     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.