胃食管返流对稳定期COPD病人症状的影响

目的探讨胃食管返流(GER)对稳定期COPD病人症状的影响. 方法对36例有症状的稳定期COPD病人和20例正常对照组进行24小时食管pH监测、症状相关性分析和抗返流治疗验证.结果 52.7%病人(19/36)Demeester总积分≥14.72.47.2%(17/36)病人咳嗽与返流有较高相关性(SAP≥75%),81%(13/16)病人返流症状与返流有较高相关性(SAP≥75%).抗返流治疗后,治疗组100%病人反胃嗳气、胸骨后烧灼感消失,66.7%(8/12)病人咳嗽消失,83.3%(10/12)病人咳嗽好转,与对照组比较有显著差异(p<0.05).结论①有症状的稳定期COPD病人GER发生率较高.②GER是导致稳定期COPD病人症状加重的重要因素之一.③抗返流治疗可显著减少稳定期COPD病人部分症状,从而提高病人的生活质量,但并不能改善其肺功能.     

膈肌生物反馈训练联合抑酸治疗胃食管反流相关性咳嗽患者疗效初步观察

 目的 观察膈肌生物反馈训练（DBT）联合质子泵抑制剂（PPI）治疗胃食管反流（GER）相关性咳嗽的效果。方法 11例GER相关性咳嗽患者，填写问卷后学习DBT方法，同时服用PPI（雷贝拉唑10mg，每日2次），每2周随访1次，第8周末完成健康相关生活质量调查表（SF-36），第12周末接受电话随访。结果 DBT联合PPI治疗后2周，反流症状总评分（TRSS）和咳嗽评分（SC）改善均＞50%；治疗8周，疗效稳定，生活质量中生理职能、活力、精神健康、社会功能、躯体疼痛及总体健康这6个维度的评分显著提高（P＜0.05）。第12周末随访，PPI减量后患者症状稳定。结论 DBT联合PPI治疗GER相关性咳嗽，能在短期内改善患者症状及生活质量，提出了新的治疗途径。     

胃腔食管化手术在返流性食管炎治疗中的应用

目的:探寻胃腔食管化手术防治返流性食管炎的疗效.方法:选择中下段食管癌、食管裂孔疝病人共40例,随机分为A、B两组,每组20例.在外科治疗原发病的基础上,A组采用胃腔食管化术式、B组采用传统手术方式行抗返流治疗.观察两组病人的临床疗效(包括问卷调查、内窥镜检查、食管粘膜病理学检查)并进行比较.结果:两组病人均顺利完成手术,无手术死亡,无吻合口瘘.随访0.5～3 a,A组有返流性食管炎临床症状1例(5%),胃镜检查证实有食管粘膜糜烂1例(5%);B组有返流性食管炎的临床症状7例(35%),胃镜检查有食管糜烂4例(22%),食管下段粘膜溃疡2例(11%),食管裂孔疝复发1例(5%);两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:胃腔食管化术式用于部分外科疾病所引起的返流性食管炎的预防和治疗,其效果好,操作简单,安全可靠.     

胃食道返流病相关性咳嗽(附5例临床报告)

慢性咳嗽是儿科常见病之一,一般是指咳嗽3周以上[1],无明显肺部疾病证据的咳嗽.常见于上呼吸道感染,鼻窦炎,哮喘,气管异物,肺结核,胃食道返流.研究表明,胃食道返流是鼻后滴注综合征和咳嗽变异性哮喘引起慢性咳嗽的常见病因,其中胃食管返流性咳嗽约占慢性咳嗽的10%～40%[2].笔者于2003年1月～2006年12月在门诊治疗并随防5例胃食道返流病相关性咳嗽患儿,报道如下.……     

2.20 胃食管反流病的呼吸系统的表现

目的为了探讨胃食管反流病(GERD)患者的呼吸系统症状与胃食管反流的关系.方法对18例以呼吸系统症状为主要表现的GERD患者进行了食管测压和24h食管pH值监测,并分析它们与症状的关系.另以92例无呼吸系统症状的GERD患者作为对照.结果 1.临床表现18例患者(100%)均有咳嗽,最常见的为夜间呛咳,其次为刺激性咳嗽;8例患者(44.4)伴有哮喘,并以夜间为主;6例患者(33.3%)伴有声音嘶哑 .平均病程2.8(1.5～6年),并都经过抗炎、止咳、解痉、平喘等长期治疗无效.所有患者无明显的反酸、嗳气、烧心、胸痛等消化系统症状.2.以呼吸系统症状为主要表现和无呼吸系统症状的GERD患者食管24h pH监测结果.由表1可见以呼吸系统症状为主要表现的GER D患者食管24h pH监测的各项指标均高于无呼吸系统症状者(P＜0.01,0.05).前者以卧位型为主,为10例(55.6%),其次为混合型6例(33.3%),立位型最少仅2例(11.1%),而后者以立位型为主37例(40.2%),其次为混合型29例(31.5%),卧位型为26例(28.3%).咳嗽和哮喘的症状指数(症状指数=pH＜4的症状数/总症状数×100%)分别为85.5±14.1(98. 3～55.4)和82.02±11.88(92.9～56.5).3.以呼吸系统症状为主要表现和无呼吸系统症状的GERD患者食管测压结果.由表2可见两组患者食管测压结果无显著性差异.结论 1.本组患者呼吸系统症状咳嗽与哮喘的症状指数均很高平均＞80%, 表明症状与酸反流密切相关.2.以呼吸系统症状为主要表现的GERD患者食管测压各项指标与无呼吸系统症状的GERD患者无显著差异,但食管24h pH监测各项反流指数均比无呼吸系统症状者严重,且反流类型以卧位型表1 两组患者食管24h pH监测结果比较和混合型为主,而患者食管症状却不明显,这可能与这类患者以夜间反流为主,加上食管粘膜对酸刺激的反应性降低,少量的酸反流不易引发食管的自发性清除,直到严重反流而引起呼吸系统症状.3.GERD患者可以呼吸系统症状为唯一临床表现,而无食管症状,因此临床上极易误诊,我们在临床治疗中要对这类患者给予高度重视.表2 两组患者食管测压结果比较     

2.35 胃食管反流病流行病学及临床研究

目的研究西安地区成人胃食管反流病(GERD)流行病学特征;探讨GER相关症状与GERD的关系.方法采用分层多级整群随机抽样问卷方法对西安市18～70岁城乡常住人口共2532人进行GER相关症状的流行病学调查,部分被调查者和54例有GER相关症状的门诊病人还接受了胃镜检查和24h食管pH监测.结果 1.西安地区成人GER主要症状(MS-GER)、GERD、异常胃食管反流(AGE R)和反流性食管炎(RE)的发生率分别为16.98%、3.87%、3.49%和2.4%; 2.MSGER的发生与性别无关(男女之比1∶1.03),但RE患者男性多见(男女之比2.4∶1).30岁以上者MSG ER发生率高于30岁以下者(P＜0.05); 3.与无症状者比较,有MSGER者FD和IBS样症状、呼吸道和口咽喉疾病和症状发生率明显升高(P＜0.01); 4.大量吸烟、大量饮酒、消化性溃疡、腹部手术是MSGER发生的高危因素(OR≥2.6),肥胖是中危因素(OR=2.16), 过饱食物、咖啡和甜食是低危因素(OR=1.12～1.16);某些食物(红薯、辛辣等)、体位、生气、劳累和紧张是MSGER常见诱因; 5.有反流症状者GERD、AGER和RE发生率显著高于无症状者(P＜0.01),且与症状严重程度有关(P＜0.05～0.01),但RE内镜下分级与症状严重程度无关(P＞0.05); 6. 52.94% AGER患者伴有RE,69.23%RE患者伴有 AGER;RE患者的反流参数显著高于AGER患者(P＜0.05～0.01).结论西安地区成人GERD常见,GERD和FD、IBS发病机制可能存在某种联系; GER与呼吸道、口咽喉某些疾病有因果关系;某些疾病、食物和生活习惯与GERD的发生有关 .多数RE患者伴有AGER,但除胃酸以外,其他因素(如胆盐)在RE的发生和发展中起着十分重要的作用.     

GERD患者的24hpH监测与食管测压的相关性

目的　研究GERD患者酸返流与食管运动的相关性。方法　选取有返酸、烧心、胸痛等典型胃食管返流症状的患者 72例 (男 4 0例 ,女 32例 ) ,均进行消化道内镜检查 ,并行 2 4hpH监测和食管测压。方差齐时用t检验 ;方差不齐时采用Mann WhitneyU检验。结果　 4 3例 (6 0 % )的患者内镜下诊断为食管炎 ,其LES静息压力降低者 (2 5 4 3)较无食管炎组(16 18)明显增多。 2 4hpH监测中食管炎组较无食管炎组各项指标均增高 (P <0 0 5 )。食管炎患者中根据pH <4的总时间 % <4 5 ,DeMeester计分 <14 7为标准 ,将食管炎患者分为pH + pH - ,食管…     

正常人餐后不同体位对胃食管反流的影响

目的　胃食管反流 (GER)在右侧卧位比左侧卧位增加。食管酸暴露与贲门的酸度有关。但体位对贲门口酸度的影响尚无研究。我们的目的是研究右侧卧位增加食管酸暴露的基本机制。方法　在不同日的情况下 ,10名健康者进食高脂肪餐后取左侧和右侧位同时检测 4h的食管和食管下段括约肌(L ES)张力 ,食管、胃贲门和胃体的 PH值。结果　右侧卧位同左侧卧位的记录相比 ,食管的酸暴露延长 (7.0 %与 2 .0 % ,P<0 .0 3) ;反流的几率更高 (3.8与0 .9/h,P <0 .0 3) ;短暂性 L ES松弛 (TL ESRS)更频繁 (6 .5与 3.2 /h,P <0 .0 3) ;与反流相关的 TL …     

中药四逆散加味治疗胃食管反流性咳嗽的疗效

目的:探讨四逆散加味治疗胃食管反流性咳嗽(gastroesophageal reflux cough,GERC)的临床疗效.方法:选取2014年1月至2015年12月海南省中医院收治的68例GERC患者作为研究对象,并随机分为对照组和研究组各34例.对照组给予奥美拉唑肠溶片和吗丁啉片常规西医治疗,而研究组则给予四逆散加味治疗.于治疗前后分别对两组患者进行咳嗽症状评分,评价两组的临床疗效,并观察两组不良反应的发生情况.于治疗前后分别检测两组痰上清液中IL-8和P物质(SP)的水平.采用莱塞斯特咳嗽生命质量问卷(Leicester Cough Questionnaire,LCQ)分别对两组患者治疗前后的生活质量进行评估.结果:研究组患者的咳嗽症状积分为1.08±0.69,显著低于对照组的2.38±0.86,而研究组患者的LCQ评分为18.98±3.24,显著高于对照组的15.42±2.73,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组治疗的总有效率为94.12%,显著高于对照组的76.43%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组治疗后的痰上清液中IL-8和SP水平分别为(24.58±8.79)pg/mL和(4.89±1.64)pg/mL,显著低于对照组的(36.19±12.53)pg/mL和(9.78±3.42)pg/mL,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:四逆散加味治疗胃食管反流性咳嗽,可有效改善患者的咳嗽症状,提高患者的生活质量,同时可降低患者痰上清液中IL-8和SP的水平,疗效确切,值得应用于临床.     

2.10GERD患者的24h pH监测与食管测压的相关性

目的研究GERD患者酸返流与食管运动的相关性. 方法选取有返酸、烧心、胸痛等典型胃食管返流症状的患者72例(男40例,女32例),均进行消化道内镜检查,并行24h pH监测和食管测压.方差齐时用t检验;方差不齐时采用Mann-Whitney U检验.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.