经胸超声心动图在继发孔型房间隔缺损介入治疗中的作用

目的研究经胸超声心动图(TTE)在继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)介入治疗的病例筛选及封堵器选择方面的应用价值。 方法回顾分析2002-03—2006-03于山东大学山东省立医院小儿心脏科行介入治疗的54例继发孔型ASD患儿，统计其术前TTE所测的ASD的形态、大 小、边缘情况等，对术前TTE测得的ASD最大径、X线测得的球囊腰径及TTE测得的球囊径分别与所用封堵器型号大小进行统计学分析比较，并进 行TTE测得的ASD最大径与封堵器型号大小的相关性分析，计算回归方程。 结果54例均成功封堵，手术时间20~145(57.64±24.89)min，曝光时间3.1~31.5(9.22±7.41)min，住院天数3~10(5.74±1.72)d。其中有15例患 儿存在ASD单一边缘不够标准，均封堵成功。术前TTE测得的ASD最大径［4~33mm,(16.31±7.34)mm］、术中X线测球囊腰径［6.7~28mm,(19.80± 7.24)mm］及TTE测球囊径［9.6~24.8mm,(19.92±6.38)mm］与封堵器大小［5~36mm,(18.85±7.89)mm］差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。且术前 TTE测得的ASD最大径与封堵器型号有良好的线性相关(r=0.945，P<0.05)，计算回归方程为：封堵器型号=1.015×(TTE测得的ASD最大径)+2.3mm 。 结论TTE的应用，使ASD介入治疗病例的筛选得到了保证。作为一种无创性影像学诊断方法，对ASD封堵器选择的评估有重要的应用价值。     

单心动周期实时三维超声心动图在胎儿房室间隔缺损诊断中的应用

目的:探讨单心动周期实时三维超声心动图(s RT-3DE)在胎儿房间隔缺损(ASD)及室间隔缺损(VSD)诊断中的临床应用价值。方法:将满足纳入条件的320例孕妇,分别进行胎儿心脏二维超声心动图(2DE)及s RT-3DE检查,对两种检查方法的胎儿图像进行采集、结果记录以及数据进行分析比较,并对产前诊断为ASD及VSD的41例孕妇产后进行追踪随访,对婴幼儿行2DE检查。结果:320例孕妇中,对单纯性ASD或有ASD的胎儿,s RT-3DE产前诊断16例(5.00%),高于2DE产前提示诊断6例(1.88%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对单纯性VSD或有VSD的胎儿,s RT-3DE产前诊断25例(7.81%),高于2DE产前诊断12例(3.75%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。随访到28例患儿,1例为假阳性,生后检查未见室间隔连续性中断。结论:s RT-3DE可较直观显示胎儿室间隔、房间隔及卵圆窝的成像,在产前诊断胎儿房室间隔缺损中具有一定优势。     

经胸超声心动图在先天性心脏病封堵术中的应用价值

目的：探讨超声心动图在常见先天性心脏病封堵术中的应用价值。方法：本组先天性心脏病152例中,ASD77例、PDA21例及VSD54例,经胸或/和经食道超声心动图检查符合条件而行经导管以封堵器封堵术治疗。结果：152例中,除3例患者因双孔或单ASD最大伸展径较大（〉34mm）而放弃封堵外,余149例患者在超声指导下封堵成功,均无残余分流,成功率为98.03%（149/152）。结论：采用封堵器封堵治疗常见先天性心脏病时,超声心动图对于术前病例选择、术中指导监测、封堵器型号的选择以及术后疗效评价等,均有较大的临床价值。     

经导管室间隔缺损封堵术后传导阻滞的处理及随访

目的随访经导管室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术后并发的传导阻滞，探讨其发生机制及预后。 方法2002 06—2005 07山东省立医院小儿心脏科经导管介入治疗89例VSD患儿，对临床资料、心电图、心脏超声、心血管造影资料及随访结果进行分析。 结果89例患儿应用Amplatzer膜部VSD封堵器67例，国产对称型VSD封堵器20例，Amplatzer导管封堵器1例，pfm弹簧圈1例。术后出现间歇性完全性房室传导阻滞2例次，其中1例应用临时起搏器治疗，分别于术后第10天、第20天恢复窦性心律；完全性左束支阻滞3例次，完全性右束支阻滞3例次，左前半分支阻滞2例次，不完全性右束支阻滞5例次，加速性交界性心律合并完全性左束支阻滞1例次。 结论传导阻滞是VSD介入治疗术后的常见并发症，经治疗预后良好，及时发现、及时处理是诊疗的关键，对心内传导系统远期的影响仍需进一步评价。     

国产房间隔缺损封堵器乳猪模型实验观察

目的评价国产房间隔缺损封堵器的相容性和内皮化程度。 方法选用乳猪6头，应用房隔穿刺和Rashkind球囊房隔造口术，建立可控大小房间隔缺损(ASD)动物模型；在X线引导下，用测量球囊测定ASD最大伸展直径，并结合超声心动图选择适当大小的国产房间隔缺损封堵器进行猪的房间隔缺损堵塞；术后1个月、3个月和6个月分别将小猪处死(每次2只)，对标本进行肉眼、光镜和扫描电镜检查。 结果所有封堵装置表面均没有发现赘生物、血栓形成、支架发生断裂及被腐蚀；术后1个月，封堵装置表面被胶原纤维和散在内皮细胞所覆盖，大量炎症细胞浸润，封堵装置边缘有小灶性炎症细胞浸润；术后3个月，封堵装置表面几乎被内皮细胞所覆盖，炎症细胞较1个月时明显减少，封堵装置内见纤维化，封堵装置边缘心肌细胞浸入；术后6个月，封堵装置表面完全被心内膜和纤维组织所覆盖，伞尖表面光滑并有内皮细胞上爬，炎症反应明显消散，但仍有少量慢性炎症细胞存在，装置内有新生的血管、淋巴管长入。 结论国产房间隔缺损封堵器具有良好的生物相容性，置入动物体内3个月几乎完全内皮化，6个月已完全内皮化。     

动脉转位术后左心室功能和大动脉发育的中期随访观察

目的观察动脉转位术(ASO)治疗复杂先天性心脏病术后早中期超声心动图的随访结果，评价该手术后左心室的功能和大动脉的发育。 方法2000年10月至2004年3月，复旦大学儿科医院对实施ASO后4~37(19.6±11.1)个月的16例患儿进行超声心动图检查，其中室间隔完整的完全性大动脉转位(TGA/IVS)8例，完全性大动脉转位合并室间隔缺损(TGA/VSD)6例，右室双出口合并肺动脉瓣下室间隔缺损(Taussig-Bing畸形)2例。将获取的资料与正常参考值作比较。 结果左室短轴缩短率(LVSF)为(38.10±5.90)%，其中14例(87.5%)在正常范围，2例(12.5%)大于正常范围；左室射血分数(LVEF)为(69.16±7.01)%，均在正常范围。主动脉根部直径平均较正常值扩大(5.5±3.2)mm，其中14例(87.5%)大于正常值95%可信区间的上限；瓣环直径较正常值平均扩大(3.6±3.3)mm，其中10例(62.5%)大于正常值95%可信区间的上限。主肺动脉直径较正常值平均小(1.3±1.5)mm，其中9例(56.25%)在正常值95%可信区间内；瓣环直径较正常值平均小(1.1±1.7)mm，其中10例(62.5%)在正常值95%可信区间内。6例存有主动脉瓣轻度反流；肺动脉瓣上狭窄极轻度3例，轻度狭窄1例；2例存有肺动脉瓣轻度反流。 结论超声心动图随访结果证实目前在本中心开展ASO治疗TGA等复杂性先天性心脏病术后左心室功能良好，新主动脉根部和瓣环有所扩张，新肺动脉根部和瓣环发育良好。     

第二代动脉导管未闭封堵器封堵 特殊类型室间隔缺损2例报告

目的　总结分析应用第二代动脉导管未闭封堵器（ADO-Ⅱ）对特殊类型室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵的技巧。方法　研究对象为2011年8月至9月在上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心行介入治疗的患儿2例,因应用常规VSD封堵器封堵困难,遂选取ADO-Ⅱ进行治疗。常规建立动静脉轨迹后,采用主动脉内释放,然后行左室、升主动脉造影和心脏超声检查,如封堵器位置好,无残余分流、瓣膜反流则释放。结果　例1左室造影显示为膜周VSD,左室面7.6 mm,较大假性室隔瘤形成,右室分流口弥散,最大约2.3 mm,缺损上缘距主动脉为6.1 mm。导丝建轨后,7 F长鞘无法通过分流口,最后选用5F长鞘,“6 mm×4 mm”的ADO-Ⅱ封堵成功,术后心脏超声三尖瓣轻微分流。例2心室造影为肌部VSD,左室面6.3 mm,右室分流口为2 mm,上缘距主动脉16 mm。因VSD走行异常且分流口小,最终选冠脉导丝建轨成功,应用4 F长鞘,“4 mm×4 mm”ADO-Ⅱ封堵成功。2例患儿术后1d复查心脏超声和心电图,无异常,观察5 d后出院随访,并口服阿司匹林［3～5 mg/（kg·d）］。结论　对于一些形态较特殊的VSD,常规VSD封堵器无法成功封堵时,可选择ADO-Ⅱ进行封堵,手术操作简单、安全、可靠而并发症少。     

先天性心脏病介入治疗与传统外科手术治疗的临床比较

目的对房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)的介入治疗(Amplatzer封堵器)和外科手术治疗的临床疗效进行比较。 方法研究对象为2004 05—2005 05在北京安贞医院小儿心脏科住院患儿80例，符合单一左向右分流畸形ASD、VSD、PDA,根据治疗方法不同分为介入组(40例)和手术组(40例)；比较2组在疗效、费用、并发症、输血量及住院时间等方面的异同；通过放免法测定2组ASD及VSD治疗前后的心钠素(ANP)水平。 结果2组手术成功率均为100%；介入组均未输血,手术组均输血治疗；术后住院时间介入组少于手术组(P<0.01)；治疗费用介入组高于手术组(P<0.01)；ANP水平，外科手术及介入治疗后均较治疗前降低。 结论单一ASD、VSD、PDA的介入治疗与手术治疗临床效果相同；介入组不需输血,术后住院时间短,但治疗费用较昂贵。     

心血管系统疾病

901713 二维伪彩色多普勒超声心动图评价新生儿先天性心脏病(附55例报告)/林其珊…∥新生儿科杂志。-1990,5(3)。-97～99 男31例,女24例,单一缺损17例(30.9％),二个以上联合缺损及复杂畸形38例(61.1％),其中青紫型先心病24例。室间隔缺损(VSD)本组22处,单一VSD仅9例。     

小儿膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗并发心律失常22例分析

目的探讨经导管介入治疗小儿膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)发生心律失常的特点及其处理。 方法南京医科大学附属南京市儿童医院心血管科2002 09—2006 03经导管介入治疗VSD 108例，其中发生心律失常的患儿共计22例,动态观察22例患儿封堵术前心电图(ECG)以及封堵后发生心律失常ECG的变化及其处理。 结果22例中2例在术中反复出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(AVB)，被迫中断；8例患儿术后3d内出现加速性交界性或室性自主心律伴干扰性房室分离，经治疗后均转为窦性心律，其中2例患儿1个月后才恢复窦性心律；6例患儿术后3d内出现束支传导阻滞，经治疗后3例恢复正常，3例仍存在不同程度的束支传导阻滞；5例患儿术后3d内发生高度AVB，其中3例经使用激素、维生素C、果糖及静滴异丙肾上腺素和临时起搏器治疗后，均在1周内恢复窦性心律，另2例患儿经治疗后，1例于10d后转为窦性心律，1例于术后2年时仍有完全性右束支阻滞+左前分支阻滞；1例患儿术后1个月随访发现完全性右束支阻滞。 结论术后早期出现的心律失常多能恢复，而后期出现的传导阻滞多为器质性损伤。对已经出现传导阻滞的患儿关键是早期治疗，适当延长术后观察时间。     

圆锥动脉干畸形室间隔缺损的三维超声定量研究

目的 探讨三维超声心动图(3DE)在圆锥动脉干畸形(CTD)室间隔缺损(VSD)定量研究中的准确性及其临床意义。 方法 2000年5月至2003年11月在上海儿童医学中心住院且二维超声心动图(2DE)、经胸3DE、心血管造影及手术等定量测量结果完整的CTD患儿共63例，将3DE测量结果与2DE、造影及手术测值对比。 结果 方差分析、SNK均数间两两比较及相关分析显示，3DE VSD长径测值为1.69cm(从右室面)和1.63cm(从左室面)，虽较手术测值(1.84cm)低估，但低估程度小于2DE测值(1.27cm)及造影测值(1.12cm)；3DE与手术测值的相关性(r=0.74)明显高于2DE(r=0.39)及造影测值(r=0.25)。3DE VSD短径测值与造影测值相接近，两者比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。3DE VSD短径测值与2DE及造影测值的相关性(r=0.45，r=0.54)高于3DE VSD长径测值与2DE及造影测值的相关性(r=0.37，r=0.44)。3DE VSD面积测值与手术测值呈良好相关(r=0.57)。 结论 3DE可作为CTD VSD定量分析的又一无创手段，能提供较2DE更准确的定量诊断。 Abstract Objective To evaluate the accuracy and clinical value of transthoracic three dimensional echocardiographic (3DE) quantitative analysis in ventricular septal defect (VSD) of conotruncal defects (CTD).Methods From May 2000 to November 2003 in Shanghai Children Medical Center,there were 63 inpatients of CTD with all quantitative findings measured by 3DE,two dimensional echocardiography (2DE),angiocardiography and surgical findings.Their measurements of VSD sizes and areas with 3DE were compared with those with 2DE,angiocardiography and surgical findings.Results From the analysis of variance,Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test and correlation analysis,the measurements of VSD long diameter (mean 1.69cm in en face view of ventricular septa from right ventricle and 1.63 cm in en face view of ventricular septa from left ventricle) with 3DE was less than the measurements of VSD diameter (mean 1.84 cm) with surgical findings,but they were better correlated with those with surgical findings (r=0.74) than the measurements of VSD diameter (mean 1.27 cm) with 2DE (r=0.39) and those (mean 1.12 cm) with angiocardiography (r=0.25).However,the measurements of VSD short diameter with 3DE was close to those with angiocardiography,and there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between them.The measurements of VSD short diameter with 3DE were better correlated with those with 2DE and angiocardiography than the measurements of VSD long diameter with 3DE.Meanwhile,the measurements of VSD area with 3DE were well correlated with the measurements of VSD diameter with surgical findings (r=0.57).Conclusion 3DE can provide more accurate quantitative diagnosis in CTD VSD than 2DE. Key words Conotruncal defects;Three dimensional echocardiography;Two dimensional echocardiography;Ventricular septal defect     

Atrial and ventricular septal defects - epidemiology and spontaneous closure.

OBJECTIVE: To present data on the epidemiology and spontaneous closure for septal defects (secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) and/or ventricular septal defect (VSD)). METHODS: Data from the EUROCAT Registry of Congenital Malformations for Funen County, Denmark were analyzed. All infants born from 1986 to 1998, diagnosed with a secundum ASD and/or a VSD as the only cardiac malformation, were included. RESULTS: There were 78 infants with an ASD, 195 with a VSD, and 19 had both an ASD and a VSD. The overall prevalence of septal defects was 4.1 per 1000 livebirths. Among the VSDs 45% were perimembranous and 55% were muscular defects. Associated non-cardiac malformations, syndromes, or karyotype anomalies were present in 54 cases (19% of total) but with a significantly lower proportion among cases with muscular VSDs (7%, p < 0.05). Eighty-one percent of the cases had an isolated cardiac malformation. Five of 61 cases (8%) with isolated ASD were closed surgically before five years of age and 43 (70%) closed spontaneously within the first five years of life. Of the 65 cases with isolated perimembranous VSDs, 13 were closed surgically (20%) and 13 closed spontaneously (20%). Of the 99 cases with isolated muscular VSDs no defects were closed by surgery and 64 (65%) closed spontaneously. The rate of spontaneous closure for perimembranous and muscular VSDs were significantly different (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Secundum ASD has a high rate of spontaneous closure. Perimembranous and muscular VSDs seem to be two different diseases with different epidemiology and natural history.     

Characteristics of 11 neonates with atrial septal defects detected by heart murmurs

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate, using echocardiography, the relationship between heart murmurs found in the neonatal period and atrial septal defect (ASD). Heart murmurs were detected in 115 of 5124 term neonates within 1 month after birth. The babies were followed by echocardiographic examination with attention to the atrial septal area. Heart murmurs of 11 term neonates (9.6%) were associated with interatrial shunts consistent with ASD. The defect closed spontaneously in 7 out of the 11 neonates by 18 months of age. Two neonates showed evidence of right ventricular overload from early infancy. This study showed that nearly 1 neonate in 10 with a heart murmur up to 1 month after birth had an interatrial shunt associated with ASD. We concluded that the absence of a flap sign (valve-like openings of the defects) affects the development of the heart murmur of ASD found in the neonatal period.     

Transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring for transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) is generally performed under fluoroscopy alone. Recently, we have used transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) monitoring as an aid in performing this procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and complications associated with this use of TEE. METHODS: Transcatheter closure of ASD was accomplished under TEE guidance simultaneously with fluoroscopic imaging in 11 patients aged 3 to 33 years (weight, 15.4-62.9 kg). TEE was successfully performed in all patients after endotracheal general anesthesia. The ASDs were reexamined before catheterization. The appropriate placement of the occluder device was evaluated. RESULTS: Seven cases were uneventful with successful ASD occluder implantation, but one failed because of a large ASD (24.7 mm). In three cases, transcatheter closure was aborted after TEE examination, one with a large ASD (27.05 mm), one with an ASD that was too small, and one with multiple fenestrated ASDs. CONCLUSIONS: Routine TEE monitoring for transcatheter closure of ASDs is effective for evaluation of ASD before implantation of an occluder, to ensure the proper seating of the occluder after the defect occlusion is complete.     

Atrial and ventricular septal defects – epidemiology and spontaneous closure

Objective.?To present data on the epidemiology and spontaneous closure for septal defects (secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) and/or ventricular septal defect (VSD)).

Methods.?Data from the EUROCAT Registry of Congenital Malformations for Funen County, Denmark were analyzed. All infants born from 1986 to 1998, diagnosed with a secundum ASD and/or a VSD as the only cardiac malformation, were included.

Results.?There were 78 infants with an ASD, 195 with a VSD, and 19 had both an ASD and a VSD. The overall prevalence of septal defects was 4.1 per 1000 livebirths. Among the VSDs 45% were perimembranous and 55% were muscular defects. Associated non-cardiac malformations, syndromes, or karyotype anomalies were present in 54 cases (19% of total) but with a significantly lower proportion among cases with muscular VSDs (7%, p < 0.05). Eighty-one percent of the cases had an isolated cardiac malformation. Five of 61 cases (8%) with isolated ASD were closed surgically before five years of age and 43 (70%) closed spontaneously within the first five years of life. Of the 65 cases with isolated perimembranous VSDs, 13 were closed surgically (20%) and 13 closed spontaneously (20%). Of the 99 cases with isolated muscular VSDs no defects were closed by surgery and 64 (65%) closed spontaneously. The rate of spontaneous closure for perimembranous and muscular VSDs were significantly different (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions.?Secundum ASD has a high rate of spontaneous closure. Perimembranous and muscular VSDs seem to be two different diseases with different epidemiology and natural history.     

The value of spatiotemporal image correlation technique in the diagnosis of fetal ventricular septal defect

Objective

To investigate the value of spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) technique in the ventricular septal defect diagnosis.

Methods

A total of 1,163 fetuses were enrolled in this study, diagnosed by fetal echocardiography and analyzed by STIC technique. We obtained effective STIC volumes from the fetus according to the Goncalves?? report, and judged fetal cardiac structure from STIC volume information again with a double-blind method. Another echocardiography was obtained during neonatal or infant period as follow-up.

Results

(1) As much as 1,062 cases were diagnosed to have normal fetal heart by fetal echocardiography, 43 cases had congenital heart disease without VSD, and 58 cases had VSD [21 cases (36.2%) were simple VSD and 37 cases (63.8%)were VSD with other heart malformation]. (2) Three fetal VSD cases (0.26%) were missed and one normal case was diagnosed as VSD after two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. STIC technique corrected the diagnosis for two cases: one case of VSD after fetal 2D echocardiography was confirmed to be normal with STIC and neonatal heart examination; one case that was diagnosed as normal by fetal 2D echocardiography was confirmed to have VSD with STIC and neonatal heart examination.

Conclusions

The special value of STIC technique in the diagnosis of VSD had been confirmed by this study, and it had been proved as the best additional method to fetal echocardiography.     

唇腭裂患儿中先天性心脏病的发生率及其特点

目的探讨唇腭裂患儿中先天性心脏病(简称先心病)的发生率及其特点。 方法广州市儿童医院口腔科2004-01—2005-05共收治567例拟行唇腭裂修复术的患儿，将患儿分成单纯唇裂组、单纯腭裂组及唇裂合并腭裂组3组，对3组患儿均行彩色多普勒超声心动图检查，对检查结果进行统计学分析。 结果567例唇腭裂患儿中共检出先天性心脏病37例，总发生率为653%，主要的先心病为：房间隔缺损(ASD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)、室间隔缺损(VSD)；其中单纯唇裂组和单纯腭裂组患儿先心病发生率分别为508%、1056%，唇裂合并腭裂组患儿先心病发生率为521%。运用Pearson卡方检验进行统计学分析，3组患儿的先心病发生率差异无显著性。 结论先心病在唇腭裂患儿中发生率较高，彩色多普勒超声心动图检查能清楚准确地诊断各类型的先天性心脏病，可用于唇腭裂修复术前的常规检查。