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1.
Background
The presence of intron 25S allows to divide the Candida albicans species into three subclasses (A, B, C). Intronless and intron harboring strains were reported to have different susceptibility to some drugs, for example to flucytosine and bleomycin.Objectives
In this paper we tested the activity of selected antineoplastic agents, bleomycin, mitomycin C, dactinomycin and fluorouracil as well as antifungal drug flucytosine against 49 C. albicans isolates. Twenty-four strains used in this work contained intron, whereas twenty-five were intronless.Methods
The minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by the standard microdilution method according to EUCAST.Results
All of the tested agents showed antifungal activity. Bleomycin was the strongest with an average minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] of 15.5 mg/L (range: 2–32), while the highest MIC was found for dactinomycin: 172.14 mg/L (range: 128–256). Intron harboring strains seem to be more susceptible to bleomycin and flucytosine; however, differences were not statistically significant. The only two strains with elevated MICs for flucytosine were intronless. In contrast, the MIC of 5-fluorouracil was more than two times lower in intron harbouring strains comparing to intronless strains (P-value = 0.0124). We found that the addition of folinate significantly increased the susceptibility of intronless strains to fluorouracil. MIC of fluorouracil decreased in this group from 58.24 (range: 16–256) to 16,78 mg/L (2–64) after the supplementation of folinate.Conclusion
The antifungal potential of tested substances, especially the simultaneous action of fluorouracil and folinate (combination used in oncology), is encouraging further research. 相似文献2.
Objective
Terpenoid phenols, especially 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol (carvacrol), are components of plant essential oils that exhibit potent antifungal activity against a wide range of pathogens, including Candida species. The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction activity of carvacrol in combination with voriconazole against Candida albicans (C. albicans), C. glabrata and C. krusei isolates.Materials and methods
The minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations (MICs and MFCs) of carvacrol and voriconazole were determined against various Candida species isolated from patients with candidiasis using the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A2 broth microdilution method. The nature of the interaction was studied from fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) for carvacrol plus voriconazole combination calculated from checkerboard microdilution assay.Results
Carvacrol presented an antifungal effect, with mean MICs of 66.87 μg/mL for C. albicans, 75 μg/mL for C. glabrata and 95 μg/mL for C. krusei isolates. The mean MICs of voriconazole against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei isolates were 0.087, 1.25 and 0.35 μg/mL, respectively. Carvacrol in combination with voriconazole exhibited the synergistic anti-Candida effects against all species of Candida tested. FICI values for carvacrol plus voriconazole combination ranged from 0.370 to 0.853 for C. albicans isolates, 0.412 to 0.625 for C. glabrata isolates, and 0.474 to 0.748 for C. krusei isolates. No antagonistic activity was seen in the strains tested.Conclusion
From these results we suggest that carvacrol has great potential as antifungal, and that voriconazole can be supplemented with carvacrol to inhibit clinical Candida isolates. 相似文献3.
Christian R. Mejia Mario J. Valladares-Garrido Carla Almanza-Mio Dayanne Benites-Gamboa 《Educación Médica》2019
Introduction
There are no reports on whether membership in a medical student scientific society (SOCEM) produces a real significant increase in scientific production.Objective
To determine if participating in a SOCEM is associated with extracurricular scientific production in Latin America.Methodology
A secondary data study was conducted, which used a data base of 11,500 students from 11 Latin American countries. It was determined whether they belonged to the SOCEM of their university. This was cross-referenced with the performing or projected to perform 5 scientific products (works, projects, clinical cases, letters to the Editor, and publication in scientific journals). Association statistics were obtained.Results
Out of the total number analysed, 13% (1,449) belonged to a SOCEM. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that membership in a SOCEM was associated with a higher production of research projects (RP 1.69, 95% CI 1.54-1.85, P < .001), research work (RP 1.42, 95% CI 1.29-1.57, P < .001), clinical cases (RP 1.20, 95% CI 1.05-1.38, P = .006), letters to the Editor (RP 2.12, 95% CI 1.66-2.73, P < .001), and scientific publications (RP 1.57, 95% CI 1.32-1.87, P < .001). In addition, it was also associated with a higher projection for the performance of a research study (PR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.09, P < .001) and to write a clinical case (RP 1.09, 95% CI 1.06-1.13, P < .001).Conclusions
Being in a SOCEM had a positive impact on scientific production, which could be used by some institutions that still have deficiencies in their research processes, because having motivated human resources is an important step to promote Science from the grassroots. 相似文献4.
Gregorio Martínez-Ozuna Jesús Santos-Guzmán Noé Enrique Pérez Anguiano Georgina Herrera Martínez Karla Patricia Pacheco Alvarado 《Educación Médica》2019
Objective
To develop a method for the evaluation of clinical sites through the perspective of medical residents.Material and method
A set of 20 variables were selected and grouped into the following categories: (i) teaching staff; (ii) hospital organisation; (iii) educational program, and (iv) overall opinion.Results
A gradient scale of the suitability of the clinical site was designed, and validated, with 55% of the clinical sites being at an acceptable level and 45% being unacceptable below.Conclusion
This tool permitted the quality of the clinical sites used by the medical residents to be measured using a gradient scale. 相似文献5.
Objective
The Mini-CEX, which is an evaluation method of clinical skills, was used in a medical residency program for assessing its results over time and to determine its validity and reliability.Materials and methods
The evaluation system was standardised with three the Mini-CEX being applied over one year to first-year medical residents of internal medicine and sub-specialties in the Faculty of Medicine of Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Differences between the three evaluations were measured using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The degree of reliability was measured using the Cronbach alpha test, and construct validity with factor analysis. Twenty teachers were trained. Each one of fourteen residents was evaluated three times.Results
The observations lasted 46.5 ± 26.1 minutes and feedback 20.1 ± 11.1 minutes. The factor analysis found one dimension. The overall Cronbach alpha score was 0.92. A significant improvement was observed in the residents in Physical Examination, from 6 (5.8-7.0) to 7.5 (6.8-8.0) p=. 028, clinical judgment, from 6 (6.0-7.2) to 8 (7.0-8.2) p=.021, and overall rating, from 7 (6, 0-7.6) to 8 (7-8) p=. 043. The satisfaction levels of residents and teachers with the method were 8/9 and 9/9, respectively.Conclusion
The test was well accepted by residents and teachers, and as it had a high level of reliability and construct validity, its use is recommended in medical residency programs. 相似文献6.
7.
Christian R. Mejia Mario J. Valladares-Garrido Sarah Quintana-Gomez Paula Heredia 《Educación Médica》2019
Introduction
Having a previous degree should be an advantage in the overall knowledge of the medical degree, but this has not been evaluated from the scientific point of view.Objective
To determine whether there is an association with a previous degree and the use of search engines in medical students of Latin America.Methodology
Cross-sectional analytical study was conducted, based on an analysis of secondary data from a study carried out in 40 medical schools in Latin America. The main variable was the previous degree, which was crossed with the knowledge of five databases and a search engine. Association statistics were performed.Results
Of the 11,574 students included, 7.6% (885) has a previous degree, of which 79.6% (606) were in the area of sciences. The best known scientific search resources were Google Scholar (69.1% and 73.6%, for those without and with a previous degree, respectively), followed by PubMed (59.9% versus 64.5%), SciELO (55.9% versus 66.1%). In the multivariate analysis, those who had a previous career made less frequent use of PubMed (RP: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.79-0.95), Scopus (RP: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.61-0.99), Uptodate (RP: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.54-0.97), and SciELO (RP: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.69-0.87), adjusted by three variables.Discussion
There is a lower frequency of use of information resources among those who have a previous degree. This could indicate that other degree courses also have a lower level of teaching in research subjects. These results need to corroborated and improved. 相似文献8.
José M. Ramos M. Asunción Martínez-Mayoral Francisco Sánchez-Ferrer Javier Morales Tomás Sempere Isabel Belinchón Antonio F. Compañ 《Educación Médica》2019
Introduction
The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a method of evaluating clinical competence with evidence of validity, objectivity, and reliability. In this study an analysis is presented of the OSCE by sixth-year medical students.Material and methods
Cross-sectional study of the OSCE carried out in the School of Medicine of the Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche in June 2016.Results
The test involved 116 sixth-year students. The test consisted of 7 (35%) standardised patient stations, 5 (25%) reporting stations, 4 (20%) mannequin/procedure stations, and 4 (20%) structured oral exam-type stations. The median student score was 7.14 (interquartile range: 6.90-7.43). The median score for the students on the first day in the morning was 7.10. On the first day in the afternoon it was higher (7.14) and also higher (7.24) on the second day in the morning, but with no statistically significant differences. The station with the lowest score was the report station (6.41), and the station with the highest score was the mannequin/procedure station (7.88) (P < .001). In the standardised patient stations (score: 7.12), the results of the students were better in those where the patient was a doctor in training (7.52) than in those where the patient was an actor (6.82) (P < .001). The highest-ranking of competence was legal ethics and professionalism (8.56), followed by communication skills (7.79) (P < .001).Conclusions
The analysis of the OSCE has led to understanding the nature of the test and the opportunities of improvement that it offers for future tests 相似文献9.
Federico Ferrando-Castagnetto Enrique Macri Alejandro Silva Darío Padula Gastón Garcés 《Educación Médica》2019
Introduction
Although an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) format has been applied in Uruguay since 2004, and providing reliable performance measures, perceptions of it properties and level of student satisfaction have not been determined.Objective
To evaluate the face validity of OSCE format as a contribution to its local feasibility study.Material and methods
At the end of the introductory clinical course, the sub-cohort enrolled at the University Hospital responded to a 28-item questionnaire aimed at exploring perceptions about the properties of the OSCE about the potential factors ‘design’ and ‘apparent validity’. After analysing the reliability of the original questionnaire, the questionnaire was refined in an attempt to provide a shorter and more reliable tool.Results
The original questionnaire showed good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.70), with a dominance of ‘agreement/total agreement’ opinions on authenticity of the stimuli, dynamic, relevance, and equity of the test. Students perceived organisational obstacles during the test, expressing disagreement to include some stations only aimed at assessing communication skills, and requiring personalised feedback sessions. The refined version of the questionnaire provides consistent measures on student perceptions and is a useful tool that can be widely applied. A discussion is presented on the contributions of this experience to a comprehensive feasibility study of the new format during curriculum transition.Conclusions
The OSCE is well evaluated by students at the end of the propaedeutic course, supporting its validity. Educational potentials of the new format should be exploited, providing effective feedback to students, clinical teachers, and institutions. 相似文献10.
11.
Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiofilm activity of coumarin against Candida albicans.Methods
The efficacy of coumarin against biofilm formation and the mature biofilm of C. albicans was quantified by crystal violet (CV) staining and the 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay. The effect of coumarin on C. albicans adhesion was assessed on polystyrene plates and by using the cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) assay. The morphological transition of C. albicans was conducted in two types of hyphae-inducing media at 37 °C. The expression of hypha/biofilm-related genes was evaluated using qRT-PCR analysis. A rescue experiment involving addition of exogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was performed to investigate the involvement of cAMP in the yeast-to-hyphae transition. A C. albicans-infected Caenorhabditis elegans model was used to test the anti-virulence efficacy of coumarin.Results
Treatment with coumarin strongly affected the capacity of C. albicans to form biofilm and significantly impaired the preformed mature biofilm. The addition of coumarin notably inhibited C. albicans adhesion, CSH, and filamentation. The expression of some adhesion- and hypha-related genes, including HWP1, HYR1, ECE1, and ALS3, was remarkably down-regulated upon exposure to coumarin. Supplementation with cAMP partly rescued the coumarin-induced defects in hyphal development. Finally, coumarin prolonged survival in C. albicans-infected nematodes.Conclusion
Coumarin inhibited C. albicans biofilm, which was associated with attenuated adhesion and hyphal growth. 相似文献12.
D. Lebeaux E. Bergeron J. Berthet J. Djadi-Prat D. Mouniée P. Boiron O. Lortholary V. Rodriguez-Nava 《Clinical microbiology and infection》2019,21(4):489-495
Objectives
Nocardia, a Gram-positive bacterium, is responsible for rare and severe infections. Accurate microbiological data are essential to guide antibiotic treatment. Our primary objective was to describe species identification and results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for Nocardia isolates analysed over a 6-year period. Secondary objectives were to study temporal trends in species distribution and AST results.Methods
We retrospectively analysed results from Nocardia isolates sent between January 2010 and December 2015 to a French laboratory dedicated to Nocardia (Observatoire Français des Nocardioses). Species identification was obtained by amplification and sequencing of a 600-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene (for all isolates) and of hsp65 (when required). AST was performed using disk diffusion.Results
We included 793 Nocardia isolates, mostly from the lungs (53.8%). The most frequent species were Nocardia farcinica (20.2%), Nocardia abscessus complex (19.9%) and Nocardia nova complex (19.5%). The proportion of N. farcinica increased significantly over time from 13% in 2010 to 27.6% in 2014. Linezolid, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, minocycline and imipenem were the most frequently identified active antibiotics with, respectively, 0% (0/734), 2.9% (21/730), 5.4% (40/734), 9.4% (69/734) and 19.5% (143/732) of isolates not susceptible. Nocardia farcinica was frequently not susceptible to cefotaxime (118/148, 79.7% of the isolates), but only about 5% of Nocardia cyriacigeorgica and N. abscessus complex isolates were not susceptible to cefotaxime.Conclusions
In this first epidemiological study of Nocardia isolated from human samples in France, N. farcinica was the species most frequently identified and its prevalence increased over time. 相似文献13.
Introduction
The Rural and Urban Marginal Health Service (SERUMS) is a mandatory program at the end of the medical career in Peru. The promotional grade point average (PPP) and the national medical examination (ENAM) grades are used when awarding places.Materials and methods
An analytical, retrospective study was conducted using the registration of SERUMS in the processes between 2008 and 2015. The differential between the ENAM and PPP grades was evaluated, by an adjudication process and according to the origin of the university. Association statistics were obtained.Results
From the 21,296 evaluated, the range of grades of the final average in the Peruvian universities was 10.3-12.7 (PPP: 12.7-14.0 and ENAM: 9.3-12.3). In Cubans it was 5.5-12.9 (PPP: 16.9-18.3 and ENAM: 0.0-10.1), in Bolivians it was 3.6-11.2 (PPP: 12.0-13.2 and ENAM: 0.0-10.3), and in other foreign universities it was 4.2-11.7 (PPP: 13.6-17.1 and ENAM: 0.0-10, 6). When calculating the ENAM-PPP differential, a statistically significant discrepancy (P < .001) was found in all cases, and depending on the type of university.Conclusions
There are statistically significant differences between the final grades of the PPPs and the ENAM according to the origin of the university. This could create inequity in choosing a place in the SERUMS, and could suggest that the acquisition of knowledge models are different, which should be evaluated in order to study their impact during the SERUMS. 相似文献14.
Objective
The emerging microbial drug resistance has limited the choices of treatments for infectious diseases. Application of drugs conjugated with nanoparticles is among the strategies to subside the chance of acquiring resistance and increase the potency of current antibiotics. This study was conducted to produce gold nanoparticles (GNPs) by Fusarium oxysporum to evaluate the antibacterial activity of GNPs conjugated with tetracycline under different conditions.Material and Methods
GNPs were synthesized using the culture supernatants of F. oxysporum treated with a chloroauric acid solution. Production of GNPs and their conjugation with tetracycline was confirmed by noticing the change in color, spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra. The antibacterial activity of the conjugated GNPs was then assessed.Results
The formation of GNPs was confirmed by appearance of purple color and an absorption peak at 530 nm The produced GNPs were found to be spherical and hexagonal. FTIR confirmed the binding of functional groups of tetracycline to the GNPs surface. The minimum inhibitory concentration of conjugated GNPs demonstrated a much greater antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram -negative bacteria as compared to tetracycline and free GNPs.Conclusions
Biosynthesis of GNPs by F. oxysporum has advantages including fast growth rate, inexpensive biomass handling, safety and easy processing. Conjugation of tetracycline with GNPs enhances antibacterial activity, which may have significant therapeutic applications. 相似文献15.
Luqman Aribidesi Olayaki Isiaka Abdullateef Alagbonsi Hawau Olaide Abdulkadir Felix Oluwaseyi Idowu 《Journal of the Anatomical Society of India》2017,66(1):67-71
Introduction
Cryptorchidism has been associated with spermatotoxicity and oxidative stress while melatonin is a well-known anti-oxidant. This study investigated the possible ameliorative effect of melatonin on cryptorchidism-induced spermatotoxicity and oxidative stress.Methods
Thirty six male Wistar rats were randomised into sham-operated (n = 18) and bilaterally cryptorchid (n = 18) groups, each of which were subdivided into 3 oral treatment groups (n = 6 rats each) that received normal saline, low dose (4 mg/kg) and high dose (10 mg/kg) melatonin.Results
Cryptorchidism reduced sperm parameters, oestradiol, luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and glutathione peroxidase activity, but increased testosterone and lactate dehydrogenase activity. The cryptorchidism-induced spermatotoxicity and oxidative stress were ameliorated by low dose of melatonin but exacerbated by its high dose.Discussion
Melatonin’s effect on cryptorchidism-induced spermatotoxicity is dose-dependent. 相似文献16.
Sheetal Kashinath Medhekar Tejas Pandurang Jadhav Vishal Sadashiv Sasane Vikas Suresh Shende Nagesh Hanmantrao Aloorkar Anjali Baburao Chincholkar Girish Sudhakar Soman Ajit Shankarrao Kulkarni 《Experimental and toxicologic pathology》2017,69(3):153-161
Aim
To evaluate antioxidant activity, DNA damage inhibition and hepatoprotecitve potential of polyherbal formulation Tritone (Livosone).Methods
In vitro antioxidant activity of Tritone formulation was performed by using DPPH assay. Hepatoprotecitve potential of Tritone was evaluated against various hepatotoxic agents including Paracetamol (2 g/kg b. wt p.o. single dose on 15th day), Galactosamine (400 mg/kg b. wt. i.p. single dose on 8th day) and Alcohol (30% p.o.1 ml/100 g of rat for 15 days). Tritone formulation at the doses of (40.5, 81 and 162 mg/kg) and standard silymarin (100 mg/kg) and Liv52 (270 mg/kg) were administered p.o. The hepatoprotective assessment was done by estimating biochemical parameters: SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Total Bilirubin total protein and ChE levels. Additionally histopathological and DNA fragmentation study of Tritone was also performed.Result
Administration of hepatotoxins (paracetamol, D-GaiN and alcohol) in experimental animals showed significant biochemical, histological deterioration and DNA fragmentation. Pretreatment with Tritone (Livosone) shows significant reduction in serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin levels and shows significant elevation in total protein and cholinesterase (ChE) levels compared to groups treated with hepatotoxic agents. Histopathological observations of rat liver pretreated with Tritone (Livosone) shows significant protection against hepatic damage. Inhibition of DNA fragmentation by Tritone indicates protective effect of formulation on liver at molecular level. Finally all the results were compared with standard drugs Silymarin and Liv52.Conclusion
Correlation of antioxidant activity, biochemical results, histopathological changes and inhibition of DNA damage after treatment with Tritone shows maximum hepatoprotective potential at dose 81 mg/kg and 162 mg/kg. 相似文献17.
18.
Background
The effect of the changes in the femoral posterior condylar offset (PCO) on anterior–posterior (AP) translation and internal–external (IE) rotation in cruciate-retaining (CR) and posterior-stabilized (PS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematics in CR and PS TKA with respect to the difference in prosthetic design and PCO change through a computational simulation.Methods
We developed three-dimensional finite element models with the different PCOs of ± 1, ± 2 and ± 3?mm in the posterior direction using CR and PS TKA. We performed the simulation with different PCOs under a deep knee bend condition and evaluated the kinematics for the AP and IE in CR and PS TKA.Results
The more tibiofemoral (TF) translation in the posterior direction was found as PCO translated in posterior direction for both CR and PS TKA compared to the neutral position. However, the change of the AP translation with respect to the PCO change in CR TKA was greater than PS TKA. The more TF external rotation was found as PCO translated in the anterior direction for both CR and PS TKA compared to the neutral position. However, unlike the TF translation, the TF rotation was not influenced by the PCO change in both CR and PS TKA.Conclusion
The PCO magnitude was influenced by a postoperative change in the kinematics in CR TKA although a relatively smaller effect was observed in PS TKA. Hence, surgeons should be aware of the PCO change, especially for CR TKA. 相似文献19.
E. Atilla P.A. Atilla S.C. Bozdag M.K. Yuksel S.K. Toprak P. Topcuoglu B.N. Akay H. Sanli H. Akan T. Demirer M. Beksac O. Arslan M. Ozcan G. Gurman O. Ilhan 《Transfusion Clinique et Biologique》2017,24(4):454-457
Objectives
Extracorporeal photo-chemotherapy (ECP, photopheresis) is an approved treatment modality for mycosis fungoides (MF). Our aim is to present our ECP data for MF.Methods
We retrospectively evaluated 50 MF patients who received ECP for clinical activity, toxicity, and response and outcome rates, and we compared these with combination therapies.Results
The overall response rate (ORR) was 42% (21/50), while the median time to response was 11 months (range, 3–48 months). Ten of the responders (48%) had 3 or more treatment lines prior to ECP. Eight patients (16%) had adverse events related to ECP. The overall survival (OS) of 50 patients was 72 months (range, 3–211). There was no statistically significant difference in the OS in early-stage vs late-stage patients (77 vs 69 months, P = 0.077). The stage 3 and 4 patients received an average of 31 cycles compared to 55 cycles in stage 1 and 2 patients (P = 0.006). The increased extent of ECP was not correlated with the response. Combined treatment with ECP significantly improved the OS (84 months vs 62 months, P = 0.005).Discussion
A low frequency of side effects and improved OS observed in combination therapy makes ECP a favorable option for treating MF. 相似文献20.