一种新型股骨头髓钉倾斜角测量器的设计

目的 设计一种用于股骨近端髓内钉内固定手术中引导精确置入股骨头髓钉导针的辅助工具及方法，以简化手术。方法 股骨近端髓腔内插入髓内钉后，调整C臂X线机得到股骨颈侧位像，股骨头中点、股骨颈中1/3皮质中点和股骨干皮质中点连成直线，读取此时C臂与水平面倾斜角作为第二倾斜角。将倾角测量器导针插入近端瞄准器导针套筒，铅垂线所指刻度为第一倾斜角，调整瞄准器的第一倾斜角，使其和股骨颈侧位轴线与水平面形成的第二倾斜角相等，固定瞄准器；将导针沿套筒置入股骨头颈内达预定位置，引导插入股骨头髓钉。结果 新型股骨近端髓内钉头髓钉倾斜角测量器结合使用方法，可以准确将导针引导置入股骨颈中央。结论 采用C臂X线机测量股骨颈侧位轴线与水平面倾斜角，通过测量和复制股骨颈轴线与地面倾斜角的方案，将传统通过目测估算的导针置入操作改为精确测量角度，引导置入头髓钉导针，可减少透视次数，有效节省手术时间。     

股骨近端抗旋转髓内钉置入治疗老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

背景：股骨近端抗旋转髓内钉是在股骨近端髓内钉基础上设计的新型髓内固定系统,提高了抗旋转性和角度稳定性及抗切出能力。 目的：评价股骨近端抗旋转髓内钉置入治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折的疗效。 方法：回顾性分析采用股骨近端抗旋转髓内钉置入治疗不稳定股骨转子间骨折56例患者的临床资料,对置入过程中细节、复位质量、螺旋刀片位置、置入后并发症和最终结果进行评价。 结果与结论：56例均采用闭合复位内固定,46例置入股骨近端抗旋转髓内钉过程顺利。置入后13个月：影像学评价显示骨折复位好44例,可12例;螺旋刀片位置42例位于股骨头中央,股骨头后下方12例,后上方2例;颈干角为(128±4.8)°。所有患者骨折在置入后3~6个月内愈合,50例患者肢体功能恢复到受伤前水平。无股骨颈切出和刀片进入髋臼并发症发生。说明股骨近端抗旋转髓内钉置入内固定适用于治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折。     

股骨近端抗旋髓内钉置入和骨水泥型人工股骨双动头置换治疗老年转子间骨折

背景：针对高龄股骨转子间骨折的治疗方法选择尚存在争议。 目的：比较股骨近端抗旋髓内钉置入和人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的疗效。 方法：2007-10/2009-06入选老年转子间骨折患者79例,股骨近端抗旋髓内钉置入内固定34例,年龄65~81岁;人工股骨头置换45例,年龄67~94岁。对住院时间,手术时间,出血量,固定/置换后并发症和髋关节功能进行评价。 结果与结论：79例固定/置换后随访6~24个月,平均(17.5±4.9)个月。两组在住院时间,固定/置换后并发症和关节功能Harris评分方面差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),在手术时间和术中出血量方面股骨近端抗旋髓内钉置入较股骨头置换有较大优势  (P_手术时间 < 0.001,P_{术中出血量}< 0.000 1),但股骨近端抗旋髓内钉组下地时间较股骨头置换组晚(P < 0.000 1)。结果表明股骨近端抗旋髓内钉置入和人工股骨头置换是治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的有效方法,与人工股骨头置换比较,股骨近端抗旋髓内钉置入固定具有手术时间短,术中出血少的优点,但卧床时间较长。应严格掌握病例选择标准,选用合适的技术治疗。     

改进型股骨近端抗旋髓内钉Ⅱ置入修复老年股骨转子间骨折：6个月随访验证

背景：骨质疏松所导致的股骨转子间不稳定型骨折具有较高的治疗失败率和并发症发生率,目前治疗尚存在争议。 目的：应用股骨近端抗旋髓内钉与其改进型股骨近端抗旋髓内钉Ⅱ治疗老年股骨转子间骨折,并比较两者的疗效。 方法：回顾性分析平果县人民医院骨外科收治的,接受手术治疗26例股骨转子间骨折老年患者的临床资料,其中13例患者采用股骨近端抗旋髓内钉置入治疗,另外13例患者接受改良型股骨近端抗旋髓内钉Ⅱ置入治疗。 结果与结论：随访12个月,两组均无失访。两组置入后髋关节功能均恢复良好,Harris评分和骨折临床愈合时间差异无显著性意义,但改良型股骨近端抗旋髓内钉Ⅱ组置入后下肢疼痛发生率低于股骨近端抗旋髓内钉组(P < 0.05)。结果证实,改良型股骨近端抗旋髓内钉Ⅱ置入修复老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效优于股骨近端抗旋髓内钉,安全可靠。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

非透视下确定顺行股骨髓内钉大转子进钉点的解剖观察及临床应用

目的 探讨非透视下确定顺行股骨髓内钉大转子进钉点的技术方法。方法 2007年12月—2008年6月选取10%甲醛溶液固定的成人髋部湿标本8具,男5例、女3例,观察股骨大转子解剖特征,标记大转子上臀中肌、梨状肌的附着情况,观察股骨大转子嵴拐点凹陷、髓腔中轴线与梨状窝的解剖关系。2010年1月—2012年12月对收治的44例股骨转子间及股骨干骨折患者进行前瞻性研究。其中男20例,女24例;年龄25～85岁,平均 (66.9± 15.7)岁。患者均行顺行髓内钉固定术,术中根据标本解剖中发现大转子嵴拐点凹陷和梨状窝的关系,非透视下通过手法触摸确定髓内钉开口位置。结果 尸体标本解剖研究发现,股骨大转子在与股骨颈结合部形成一个向外侧凸出类似“C”形的山嵴样结构。股骨大转子嵴呈后方高、前方平坦下降似斜坡样结构,中间凭借手指就可以感觉有一个类似拐点的凹陷切迹。臀中肌附着在大转子嵴的外侧部分,梨状肌腱附着在大转子嵴拐点切迹的内侧部分。梨状窝就是梨状肌附着点的骨质凹陷,梨状窝基本位于髓腔中轴线上、大转子嵴拐点凹陷的内侧。44例患者中,1例患者术中无法满意确定骨折近端髓腔朝向,开口过程中采用X线透视检查髓腔开口器的方向;43例均在非透视的情况下将髓内钉导针置入髓腔,髓内钉均置入良好。术后随访时间9～28个月,平均18.4个月;除1例股骨干骨折愈合迟缓,动力化后愈合外,其他患者均愈合良好;随访期间所有患者无髓内钉松动、股骨头切出等并发症。结论 在股骨干和股骨转子区骨折采用顺行髓内钉固定治疗术中,非透视下通过手法触摸,可以利用大转子嵴拐点凹陷切迹代替梨状窝参考定位,确定髓内钉开口位置,避免反复透视,降低辐射损害。     

治疗股骨转子间骨折时头颈拉力螺钉不同置入位置的有限元计算

背景:课题组总结发现,股骨转子间骨折股骨近端髓内钉置入内固定治疗后出现髋内翻的病例中,除小部分由于股骨转子部粉碎性骨折和个别存在复位问题之外,绝大多数出现并发症的患者术后复查X射线片可见,2枚头颈拉力螺钉位置均位于股骨颈中上部。目的:通过有限元计算,验证股骨近端髓内钉头颈拉力螺钉不同置入位置的生物力学性能,从而指导股骨近端髓内钉置入以减少置入后并发症的发生。方法:利用MIMICS中的布尔运算将股骨近端髓内钉置入骨折模型,建立三维模型。实验分为2组:中下组股骨近端髓内钉头颈拉力螺钉置于股骨颈中下1/3处;中上组股骨近端髓内钉头颈拉力螺钉置于股骨颈中上1/3处。利用有限元软件计算头颈拉力螺钉于不同方向置入时股骨及股骨近端髓内钉的应力分布情况。结果与结论:骨折断端应力分布结果显示,中下组小转子处所受压应力小于中上组,并且中下组股骨近端髓内钉各钉所受最大应力平均值大于中上组。骨折断面张开角测量结果显示,加载后中下组骨折断面张开角小于中上组。载荷与位移关系分析结果显示,加载后中下组股骨上部合位移小于中上组。说明2枚头颈拉力螺钉置入股骨颈中下1/3处时,生物力学性能更好,结构相对更稳定,受力更合理,在临床中具有重要的参考价值。     

可膨胀髓内钉与股骨近端髓内钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的比较

背景：股骨近端髓内钉具有较强的抗剪切力作用,可较好维持股骨近端旋转稳定性,手术操作简便,创伤较小,但存在应力过于集中于锁钉,置入固定螺钉前钻孔较大等缺点。 目的：比较可膨胀髓内钉与股骨近端髓内钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。 方法：将46例老年股骨转子间骨折患者随机分为两组,分别置入可膨胀髓内钉和股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗。 结果与结论：置入可膨胀髓内钉组手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度及影像曝光时间均显著低于股骨近端髓内钉组(P < 0.01),两组患者骨折愈合时间和平均住院时间、骨折愈合及髋关节功能优良率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。表明与股骨近端髓内钉比较,可膨胀髓内钉具有手术时间短,出血量少,手术创伤小的优势。     

股骨近端髓内钉三维导航器的研究与设计

股骨近端髓内钉是目前治疗股骨粗隆部骨折的最常用的内固定器材,尤其是以带螺旋刀片作为动力钉的防旋型股骨近端髓内钉(Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation,PFNA)已成为治疗股骨粗隆部骨折的金标准[1-3]。应用时,股骨近端髓内钉的动力钉(置于股骨头颈部)是在     

比较两种髓内钉置入修复骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的并发症发生率

背景：近年来动力髋螺钉受到人们的重视,且国际内固定研究学会改进的防旋型股骨近端髓内钉也被逐渐应用于临床,其疗效也得到了广泛的肯定。 目的：分析股骨近端髓内钉及股骨近端防旋髓内钉置入内固定修复老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的并发症发生率。 方法：选取禹城市人民医院2012年6月至2014年6月收治的70例老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折患者,采取随机数字表法分为对照组与试验组,每组35例。对照组给予股骨近端髓内钉置入内固定,试验组给予股骨近端防旋髓内钉置入内固定,对比两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、内固定后并发症及髋关节功能Harris评分情况。 结果与结论：两组患者在手术时间上差异有显著性意义,试验组较对照组手术时间短(t=2.88,P < 0.05)。对照组内固定后总并发症发生率为26%,试验组内固定后总并发症发生率为9%,两组比较差异有显著性意义 (χ2=4.77,P < 0.05)。提示股骨近端髓内钉及股骨近端防旋髓内钉置入内固定在修复老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折时均具有创伤小、固定牢固等特点,但与股骨近端髓内钉相比,股骨近端防旋髓内钉在缩短手术时间、降低内固定后并发症方面具有突出的优势。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

防旋型股骨近端髓内钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

背景:防旋型股骨近端髓内钉有精确的定位装置,骨折手术置入时可采用小切口闭合复位,创伤小,对骨折端血运破坏少,符合骨折治疗的"BO"理论和微创手术原则。目的:回顾分析防旋型股骨近端髓内钉治疗老年患者股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法:共纳入48例股骨转子间骨折患者,其中男30例,女18例;年龄70-86岁,平均77.3岁;骨折AO分型,31-A1型12例,31-A2型23例,31-A3型13例。均采用闭合复位,防旋型股骨近端髓内钉置入内固定治疗。定期随访了解骨折愈合情况及内固定装置的位置,根据Harris评分评价治疗后髋关节功能。结果与结论:48例均骨性愈合,平均愈合时间4.5个月。所有股骨转子间骨折均获得满意复位,防旋型股骨近端髓内钉位置满意,无内固定物松动及脱出、固定失效、股骨头缺血性坏死、髋内翻畸形等并发症发生。末次随访髋关节功能Harris评分显示,优31例,良14例,可3例,优良率为93.7%。提示防旋型股骨近端髓内钉治疗老年患者股骨转子间骨折符合生物力学要求,安全有效。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.