聚合酶链反应检测耐甲西林金黄色葡萄球菌的研究

为对聚合酶链反应扩增Ｍｅｃ＾Ａ基因诊断耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的可行性评价。应用ＰＣＲ方法检测了１２０株保留的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株，扩增结果与药敏检测结果进行比较，发现４０株对甲氧西林，苯唑西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌ＰＣＲ扩增结果均为阳性，而有４株菌株对甲氧西林苯唑西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌ＰＣＲ扩增结果阳性。     

聚合酶链反应快速检出耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的研究

目的快速检出耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。方法利用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌，建立一种从葡萄球菌中快速提取ＤＮＡ方法，用粗提物为模板，检测编码耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌青霉素结合蛋白的ｍｅｃＡ基因，扩增产物为５３３ｂｐ大小。结果药敏法鉴定为耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌２１株，１００％ｍｅｃＡ基因阳性，２３株对甲氧西林敏感的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中有９株用ＰＣＲ扩增出ｍｅｃＡ基因片段。利用ｒ－３２Ｐ标记寡核苷酸作为探针，Ｓｏｕｔｈ－ｅｒｎ杂交结果与ＰＣＲ检测结果完全一致，证实５３３ｂｐ片段为耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌ｍｅｃＡ基因特异性片段。结论ＰＣＲ方法具有快速、敏感的优点，并能特异地检出临界（ＭＩＣ＝０．５～２ｍｇ／Ｌ）耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌株。     

聚合酶链反应快速检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的研究

目的 建立耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的快速检出方法。方法 利用聚合酶锭反应（ＰＣＲ）快速检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌），建立一种从葡萄球菌中快速提取ＤＮＡ方法，以粗提ＤＮＡ作为ＰＣＲ模板，检测编码耐甲氧西林金葡菌青霉素结合蛋白２（ＰＢＰ２ａ）的ｍｅｃＡ基因。结果 １８４金葡菌有ＰＣＲ方法及药敏法比较，药敏法鉴定为耐甲氧西林金葡菌（ＭＲＳＡ）５８株，仅一株ＰＣＲ扩增ｍｅｃＡ基因阴性，１２６株甲     

浙江省耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌流行状况及耐药性

对我省各地区１９９１年６月至１９９２年１２月间收集的１７０株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌的研究表明：在我省同样存在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）的流行，在１７０株菌株中共检出了ＭＲＳＡ４４株，占同期金黄色葡萄球菌的２５．９％，且在大多数地区都检测到了ＭＲＳＡ菌株；对其耐药性进行研究发现，ＭＲＳＡ菌株对大多数抗生素的耐药率都比较高，对有的抗生素的耐药率在９０％以上，耐药程度明显高于甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＳＳＡ），但对万古霉素全部敏感。     

浙江省耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌流行况及耐药性

对我省各地区１９９１年６月至１９９２年１２月间收集的１７０株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌的研究表明：在我省两样存在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）的流行，在１７０株菌株中共检出了ＭＲＳＡ４４株，占同时期金黄色葡萄球菌的２５．９％，且在大多数地区都检测到了ＭＲＳＡ菌株；对其耐药性进行研究发现：ＭＲＳＡ菌株对大多数抗生素的耐药率都比较高，对有的抗生素的耐药率在９０％以上，耐药程度明显高于甲氧西林敏感的     

非放射性DNA探针检测金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林基因

非放射性ＤＮＡ探针检测金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林基因莫岚王其南作者单位：４３００４２重庆医科大学附属第一医院用常规的药敏试验检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌，ＭＲ－ＳＡ），耗时较长，且结果不够准确。由于只有ＭＲＳＡ才含有ｍｅｃＡ基因，而甲氧西林敏感...     

重症监护房中耐甲氧西林葡萄菌感染的调查分析

80年代后,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(ＭＲＳＡ)与耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(ＭＲＣＮＳ)已成为医院感染的重要病原菌[1]。为了解我院重症监护病房(ＩＣＵ)中葡萄球菌的分布、感染状况及耐药特点,1996年1月～1997年12月,我们从ＩＣＵ患者、工作环境和医护人员的标本中分别分离到349、151和42株葡萄球菌,对所有葡萄球菌进行了耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(ＭＲＳ)筛选试验,检测了ＭＲＳ的β内酰胺酶,并用13种抗生素测定了533株葡萄球菌的耐药性,现报告如下。材料与方法一、材料(一)菌株来源　1996年1月～1997年12月从ＩＣＵ中分离到葡萄球菌542株,…     

剖宫产术后切口耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染毒力因子研究

目的研究剖宫产术后切口耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染毒力因子,指导临床感染预防及治疗。方法选取51例行剖宫产术后患者并发切口感染临床资料。采用全自动微生物鉴定系统对菌种进行鉴定。采用KB纸片法筛选耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌并检测耐药性,PCR扩增检测毒力因子分布情况。结果培养出病原菌51株,其中,革兰阳性菌36株,革兰阴性菌13株,真菌2株。22株金黄色葡萄球菌中共有甲氧西林耐药菌株12株,敏感菌株10株。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、头孢唑啉、庆大霉素、红霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、万古霉素的耐药率分别为100.00%、100.00%、66.67%、100.00%、91.67%、58.33%、8.33%和0.00%。临床分离株中pvl、fnbA、clfA、sec、tst毒力因子的阳性检出率分别为33.33%、16.67%、25.00%、16.67%和33.33%。4例切口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌患者携带tst毒力因子,其中住院时间13～22 d,平均18.3 d;未携带tst毒力因子8例患者住院时间8～16 d,平均13.6 d。结论切口感染是剖宫产术后感染的主要类型,临床治疗切口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌时可合理选用万古霉素,tst毒力因子可能会延长病程。     

1998年上海地区细菌耐药性监测

目的 对上海医院中临床分离菌进行耐药性监测,指导临床合理用药。方法 用Ｋｉｒｂｙ－Ｂａｕｅｒ法进行药敏试验,根据１９９７年ＮＣＣＬＳ判断结果。结果 临床分离菌中革兰阳性球菌有增多趋势。金黄色葡萄球菌（ＳＡ）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（ＣＮＳ）中耐甲氧西林ＳＥＡ（ＭＲＳＡ）和耐甲氧西林ＣＮＳ（ＭＲＣＮＳ）分别约占７０．７％和５４．９％但对万古霉素均敏感,肠球菌属中万古霉素耐药株约５％,克雷白菌属,沙雷菌属     

耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌感染的临床流行病学调查

耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌感染的临床流行病学调查苏智军，陈炳锋，张奕返耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＥ）是一种重要的机会致病菌。我院对１９９２年６月～１９９４年９月临床分离的１０３株表皮葡萄球菌进行检测，结果发现ＭＲＳＥ５１株，现就ＭＲＳＥ感染的临床流行...     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.