基于牙颌模型的正畸弓丝初始回复力口外测量技术

目的利用模拟牙颌模型实现正畸弓丝初始回复力的口外测量。方法以1例临床病例作为研究对象,通过3D打印制作与患者真实牙列分布相一致的上颌牙颌模型,并以此为基础利用Nano17 F/T力学传感器搭建矫治力测量系统,测量直径为355. 6μm标准圆镍钛弓丝佩戴在牙颌模型上后施加在患者2颗上颌中切牙上的初始回复力。结果患者上颌中切牙21受到的初始矫治力较中切牙11更大,且2颗中切牙所受到的矫治力系均不利于牙齿的理想移动,需要添加辅助装置改善牙齿受力状况。在优化正畸治疗方案后,患者在治疗18个月后获得满意的矫治效果。结论利用患者的模拟牙颌模型可以准确测量正畸弓丝作用在目标牙齿上的矫治力系,预估牙齿的移动形式,并以此为基础改进牙齿矫治方案。矫治力的口外测量技术为临床正畸治疗提供重要参考,为矫治方案的优化设计开创新思路。     

基于弓丝预应力分析的正畸有限元仿真

利用CT扫描的牙齿数据,使用逆向工程软件Mimics和CAD软件Catia,建立了具有较高精度的包含正畸托槽、牙弓、牙周膜和颌骨在内的可以进行布尔运算的实体模型;基于高等机构学的理论,将弓丝装配过程等效为托槽移动的过程,分析求得该等效过程中托槽运动的参数,利用所得参数对等效过程进行有限元仿真,以获得弓丝初始预应力及弓丝作用在每颗牙齿上的初始力和力矩;将牙齿和牙槽骨建模为刚性接触体,牙周膜为弹性体,施加分析获得的初始力系,进行接触分析,得到正畸临床状态下整个上牙颌牙周膜的应力大小和分布.通过对矫治器和牙弓、槽骨联合建模,并使用空间螺旋坐标系,本方法可以获得临床状态下的正畸矫治力和牙周组织响应,为正畸理论研究和临床实践提供指导.     

正畸复合矫治弓丝力学性能的有限元分析

探讨高效能复合矫治弓丝(composite archwire,CoAW)应用于牙齿正畸中的选优研究,并对复合矫治弓丝在正畸中的临床应用,提供理论指导及选型标准.对复合矫治弓丝正畸过程的力学行为进行了有限元分析,得到了各个不同类型弓丝对LL2、LL3、LL56的作用力-位移曲线,并由此分析得出不同类型弓丝对于不同牙齿的正畸范围.     

记忆合金弓丝变形历史对正畸力的影响

目的评估弓丝变形历史对弓丝产生的正畸力的影响。方法建立未变形状态的弓丝和托槽的有限元模型,根据激光扫描牙齿石膏模型获得托槽的临床位置;使用热-机械记忆合金模型,通过有限元方法按照两种不同的路径将弓丝和托槽移动到临床位置,对两种路径获得的正畸力进行比较,并分析产生这种差异的原因。结果两种不同加载路径获得NiTi合金弓丝产生的正畸力的相对差值范围在0.3～8.0,存在明显的差别;先过加载后反向卸载到研究状态会减少变形路径对正畸力的影响,但弓丝上不同部位减少程度差别加大,部分数据误差增大。结论镍钛合金弓丝产生的正畸力与弓丝变形历史有着直接的关系,正畸力的求取需要追踪记忆合金弓丝的变形历史。     

传动直丝弓矫治器三维有限元模型的建立

背景：随着现代矫治技术的发展, 发明一种高效的矫治器,一直是正畸学者们的研究热点。传动直丝弓矫治器就是在这种大环境下应运而生,能快速打开咬合和缩短疗程,但前对主弓丝后段宽度与后倾弯角度之间的关系的研究均不深入。 目的：建立生物相似性和力学相似性较高的传动直丝弓矫治器的三维有限元模型,获得弓丝后段宽度和后倾弯大小之间的关系。 方法：使用64排螺旋CT扫描,得到1例安氏Ⅱ类1分类的志愿者上颌牙列、上颌骨截面的DICOM格式的影像数据。采用Ansys workbench 13.0软件、Mimics 10.01软件、Unigraphics NX 6.0软件、GeomagicStudio 8.0 软件相结合的方法,在Windows XP Service Pack 3系统中建立包括传动直丝弓矫治器、带环、澳丝、上颌骨、上颌牙齿及牙周膜的三维有限元模型。 结果与结论：实验建立了由250 929个单元数,657 766个节点组成的传动直丝弓矫治器的三维有限元模型,不仅具有高度的几何相似性和力学相似性,具有依据研究需要添加或删减组件,利于分析传动直丝弓矫治力学体系并指导临床应用和矫治器改良。     

直丝弓矫治器滑动法关闭间隙的三维非线性有限元建模及数值分析

目的建立直丝弓矫治器滑动法关闭间隙的三维非线性有限元模型,并分析其生物力学特点。方法采用激光扫描、计算机三维重建和计算机辅助设计技术几何建模,生成全牙列的牙齿及其牙周组织、矫治器、矫治弓丝的整体三维有限元模型,并将弓丝与托槽、牙齿与牙齿之间设定为接触关系,进行非线性分析计算。结果实验条件下牙周膜绝大部分的应力为73～145kPa,应力分布均匀,高应力集中区小;第一磨牙上接触点1个,接触正压力为1.4N;前牙向后的初始位移大于后牙前移,这些特点均有利于弓丝滑动。结论该有限元模型运算的结果与临床结果基本一致,初步验证了本模型的有效性,为进一步研究连续弓丝的其他矫治力学特点奠定基础。     

三棱滑切固定矫治器--结构设计与应用原理

目的开发设计一种新型的固定矫治器：三棱滑切固定矫治器，用于牙颌畸形的正畸治疗，对其结构设计和应用原理进行探讨分析。方法三棱滑切固定矫治器的结构，以三棱形弓丝和具有三角槽沟的托槽为主体，由它控制矫治牙在各个方向的移动而发挥矫治作用。结果对该矫治器的结构做出定性设计，分析探讨其调控牙齿正畸移动的方式主要为通过三棱弓丝的一个刃状边棱与托槽三角沟槽的一个边面相切，借助于弓丝本身的弹性形变力和弓丝的外加引导力而对矫治牙齿施以滑动和切入机制的矫治力。结论三棱形弓丝和与之匹配的三角槽沟托槽是这类矫治器的主要结构特征；角——槽切合锁入式结构设计在确保弓丝与槽沟完全吻合的条件下实现了弓丝入槽——出槽顺畅自由，易于临床使用和精确调控牙位的目的；“棱面相切——加力引导切入——渐进式加力”到牙齿，更加符合持续、轻力的现代口腔正畸施力原则．     

口腔正畸用镍钛弓丝的腐蚀性及防腐蚀

背景：口腔正畸用镍钛弓丝临床使用后期常发生弓丝力学性能降低现象,严重影响了临床治疗效果,有研究表明口腔唾液电解质环境腐蚀是影响其性能的主要因素之一。 目的：综述近年国内外关于口腔正畸用镍钛弓丝腐蚀性研究的进展。 方法：采用计算机检索中国知网数据库CNKI 1995-01/2010-10,PubMed数据库和Elsevier(ScienceDirect)数据库1975-01/2010-10与正畸用镍钛弓丝腐蚀性相关得研究。 结果与结论：在复杂的口腔环境中,温度、负载、氟离子等因素均能加速对正畸用镍钛弓丝的腐蚀,不同程度地影响正畸用镍钛弓丝的性能,降低正畸镍钛弓丝的机械性能,增大表面粗糙度进而延长了正畸治疗疗程,增加了正畸治疗成本。正畸用镍钛弓丝腐蚀所释放的镍离子降低了其生物安全性。防腐蚀处理能提高镍钛弓丝的抗腐蚀能力,主要应用表面处理技术,但目前安全有效的方法并不多,对正畸用镍钛弓丝的腐蚀和防腐蚀还有待于进一步深入研究。     

上颌第一磨牙矫治过程的三维有限元分析

通过三维激光扫描,采用逆向工程技术（RE）,应用CATIA软件先后建立上颌第一磨牙、牙周膜、牙槽骨、颊面管、舌面管的三维模型,在不同加力的情况下通过Patran等有限元分析软件进行计算分析,计算出矫治力作用下上颌第一磨牙的位移、应力及其牙周组织的应力分布;观察牙齿移动、倾斜以及旋转的情况,预测了上颌第一磨牙可能发生牙槽骨丧失和牙根吸收的位置;发现了磨牙受到舌侧水平正畸力时,牙体和牙周膜所受到的压力小于颊侧加载所受的压力。结论是舌侧矫治较颊侧矫治更有利于牙齿以及牙周组织的康复,不容易引起牙根吸收。本项研究初步找出正畸治疗中上颌第一磨牙的最佳加载方案,为临床治疗提供依据。     

直丝弓滑动法关闭拔牙间隙的三维有限元模型的建立

目的基于CT法结合Mimics医学图像处理系统快速建立三维有限元模型的思路,探索建立几何相似性良好、可灵活调整、模拟直丝弓技术滑动法关闭拔牙间隙的生物力学数值分析模型。方法以牙列完整的成人上颌骨为标本,通过螺旋CT扫描后将图像传输至Mimics系统进行牙列及上颌骨的三维重建,并按东方人预成直丝弓矫治器的数据将牙齿调整至完全排齐、整平。再运用ABAQUS前处理程序生成矫治弓丝和托槽,通过布尔运算生成最后的模型。结果获得的“直丝弓-上牙列-上颌骨、模型具有良好几何相似性,可根据研究需要进行调整,并能有效反映直丝弓矫治器滑动法关闭间隙的生物力学状况。在模型上以2N的力加载后,上前牙出现舌向初始位移,舌侧牙周膜出现压应力区。结论建立了符合预定目标的三维有限元数值模型,为进一步研究直丝弓技术滑动法关闭拔牙间隙的生物力学问题提供了一个有益的工具。     

个性化舌侧自锁矫治器咬合过程瞬态动力学分析及优化

目的 研究瞬态咬合力作用下个性化舌侧自锁矫治器的应力分布特点,并以此为基础对其进行优化。方法 采用CT扫描、逆向工程和计算机辅助设计技术构建全牙列、个性化舌侧矫治器及弓丝的整体三维模型,对其进行咬合过程的瞬态动态动力学非线性分析及优化设计,并通过制造出优化后的舌侧矫治器进行试验研究,验证有限元模型的可靠性。结果 托槽底板处产生的等效应力均要大于托槽体上其他部位的应力;通过在托槽盖上设置加强筋,使得托槽盖的最大等效应力降低了60.9%,避免了弓丝与托槽盖作用时过大的应力集中;托槽盖加载试验结果与模拟结果基本吻合。结论 临床进行舌侧正畸时,应关注咬合力作用点与矫治器的相对位置,避免影响矫治器的自锁性能;通过对矫治器进行优化,可将弓丝的弹性势能更加有效地传递到牙齿上,减少正畸力的损耗。     

In vitro technique in estimation of passive mechanical properties of bovine heart part II. Constitutive relation and finite element analysis

A pseudo-elastic constitutive equation describing the mechanical properties of bovine myocardium was developed. The myocardium was modeled as a hyperelastic transversely isotropic material with a minimum viscoelastic loses. The material parameters for the proposed constitutive equations were determined using GA regression technique. In this work, the development of a constitutive equation based on principal stretch ratios is explained. The predictive capability of proposed model was compared against the experimental data obtained from part one. Finally, the constitutive equations were implemented into a commercial finite element program and the results of the mathematical model and FEM were compared with the experimental data.     

Susceptibility to Corrosion and In Vitro Biocompatibility of a Laser-Welded Composite Orthodontic Arch Wire

Composite arch-wire (CoAW) is an arch wire formed by solder connection of nickel titanium shape memory alloy and stainless steel wire. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biocompatibility of CoAW as an important foundation for its clinical application. The electrochemical corrosion and ion release behavior of CoAW upon immersion in solutions simulating oral cavity conditions were measured to evaluate the corrosion behavior of CoAW. Murine L-929 cells were co-cultured with CoAW extract to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the corrosion products in vitro. Polarization tests indicated that CoAW is resistant to corrosion in the tested artificial saliva (AS)-based solutions (chloric solution, simple AS, fluorinated AS, and protein-containing AS), and the amount of toxic copper ions released after immersion was lower than average daily dietary intake levels. The cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated the in vitro biocompatibility of CoAW. Based on the combined advantages of its base materials CoAW, with its resistance to biocorrosion and in vitro cytocompatibility, is a promising alternative material for use in orthodontic fixation applications.     

Micro-X-ray diffraction observation of nickel-titanium orthodontic wires in simulated oral environment

A micro-X-ray diffraction (micro-XRD) technique has been employed to determine the phases in two superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires that exhibit shape memory in the oral environment and one superelastic nickel-titanium wire that does not exhibit shape memory in vivo. The micro-XRD analyses were performed over the clinically relevant temperature range of 0-55 degrees C, which corresponds to the ingestion of cold and hot liquids, and both straight and bent (135 degrees ) test samples were analyzed. The results showed that for straight (as-received) test samples, the rhombohedral phase (R-phase) was definitely present in one shape memory wire product and perhaps in the other shape memory wire product, but was apparently absent in the superelastic wire product that did not display shape memory. Martensite was observed in all three wire products after bending. Phase transformations occurred with temperature changes simulating the oral environment for straight test samples of the two shape memory wires, but the micro-XRD pattern changed minimally with temperature for straight test samples of the superelastic wire and for bent test samples of all three wire products. The phase transformations revealed by micro-XRD were consistent with results recently found by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry.     

Mechanical Properties of Mechanical Actuator for Treating Ischemic Stroke

In this paper a novel shape memory polymer (SMP) microactuator for treating ischemic stroke is introduced. This device provides a new treatment modality that could enable significant improvements in therapeutic stroke outcomes, ultimately improving mortality rates and decreasing morbidity, thereby reducing the cost of rehabilitation and improving the quality of life. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) to define the thermo-mechanical behavior of SMP, we provide useful information about the polymer structure, conditions for device actuation, and an estimate of the recovery forces the device is capable of delivering during the transition between it's straight and coiled shape. In addition, experimental determination of the maximum amount of pressure and force against which the microactuator coil can hold a clot is reported. The results of these tests establish that the device can successfully hold a clot against forces and pressures well above those expected in physiological systems for clot extraction, rendering it as an exciting new technology for treating ischemic stroke.     

不同增强材料对形状记忆聚合物性能的影响规律

形状记忆聚合物(SMP)是一类新型功能材料,具有密度低、质量轻、形状回复率高及成本低等众多优点,但其刚度较低,形状回复力较小,因此众多研究者对增强SMP复合材料开展了研究.综述了增强SMP复合材料国内外的研究进展,重点分析了短纤维增强、颗粒增强、纤维与颗粒混合增强等不同增强方式对SMP性能的影响,总结了增强SMP复合材料目前所存在的问题,并对其发展方向进行了展望.     

镍钛形状记忆合金的变形性能与马氏体及R相转换的相关性

为描述ＴｉＮｉ形状记忆合金马氏体式转换和Ｒ相转换引起的形状记忆效应和伪弹性，在综合考虑与上述两个变化相关的诱导相体积变化的基础上，推导了一个热力学本构方程。该方程能很好地表达形状记忆效应，伪弹性和回复应力。     

Low density biodegradable shape memory polyurethane foams for embolic biomedical applications

Low density shape memory polymer foams hold significant interest in the biomaterials community for their potential use in minimally invasive embolic biomedical applications. The unique shape memory behavior of these foams allows them to be compressed to a miniaturized form, which can be delivered to an anatomical site via a transcatheter process and thereafter actuated to embolize the desired area. Previous work in this field has described the use of a highly covalently crosslinked polymer structure for maintaining excellent mechanical and shape memory properties at the application-specific ultralow densities. This work is aimed at further expanding the utility of these biomaterials, as implantable low density shape memory polymer foams, by introducing controlled biodegradability. A highly covalently crosslinked network structure was maintained by use of low molecular weight, symmetrical and polyfunctional hydroxyl monomers such as polycaprolactone triol (PCL-t, Mn = 900 g), N,N,N0,N0-tetrakis(hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine. Control over the degradation rate of the materials was achieved by changing the concentration of the degradable PCL-t monomer and by varying the material hydrophobicity. These porous SMP materials exhibit a uniform cell morphology and excellent shape recovery, along with controllable actuation temperature and degradation rate. We believe that they form a new class of low density biodegradable SMP scaffolds that can potentially be used as “smart” non-permanent implants in multiple minimally invasive biomedical applications.     

The release of nickel from orthodontic NiTi wires is increased by dynamic mechanical loading but not constrained by surface nitridation

The influence of dynamic mechanical loading and of surface nitridation on the nickel release from superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires was investigated under ultrapure conditions. Commercially available superelastic NiTi arch wires (size 0.018 x 0.025') without surface modification (Neo Sentalloy) and with nitrogen ion implantation surface treatment (Neo Sentalloy Ionguard) were analyzed. Mechanical loading of wire segments with a force similar to the physiological situation was performed with a frequency of 5 Hz in ultrapure water and saline solution, respectively. The release of nickel was monitored by atomic absorption spectroscopy for up to 36 days. The mechanically loaded wires released significantly more nickel ( approximately 45 ng cm(-2) d(-1)) than did nonloaded wires (<1 ng cm(-2) d(-1)). There was no statistically significant effect of the testing solution (water or NaCl) or of the surface nitridation. The total amount of released nickel was small in all cases, but may nevertheless account for the occasional clinical observations of adverse reactions during application of NiTi-based orthodontic appliances. The surface nitridation did not constrain the release of nickel from NiTi under continuous mechanical stress.     

Opacification of shape memory polymer foam designed for treatment of intracranial aneurysms

Shape memory polymer (SMP) foam possesses structural and mechanical characteristics that make them very promising as an alternative treatment for intracranial aneurysms. Our SMP foams have low densities, with porosities as high as 98.8%; favorable for catheter delivery and aneurysm filling, but unfavorable for attenuating X-rays. This lack of contrast impedes the progression of this material becoming a viable medical device. This paper reports on increasing radio-opacity by incorporating a high-Z element, tungsten particulate filler to attenuate X-rays, while conserving similar physical properties of the original non-opacified SMP foams. The minimal amount of tungsten for visibility was determined and subsequently incorporated into SMP foams, which were then fabricated into samples of increasing thicknesses. These samples were imaged through a pig’s skull to demonstrate radio-opacity in situ. Quantification of the increase in image contrast was performed via image processing methods and standard curves were made for varying concentrations of tungsten doped solid and foam SMP. 4% by volume loading of tungsten incorporated into our SMP foams has proven to be an effective method for improving radio-opacity of this material while maintaining the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the original formulation.