Responses of lean and obese subjects to preloads, deprivation, and palatability

The effects of preloads, deprivation, and palatability on the eating behavior of non-dieting lean and obese subjects were studied during laboratory meals, using small solid food units (SFUs) to measure the rate of ingestion over the time-course of the meals. In both weight groups, rate of intake decreased from the beginning to the end of meals. The smaller the preloads and the longer the deprivation interval, the faster subjects ate at the beginning of meals and the higher their hunger ratings were. The longest deprivation interval also increased palatability ratings, meal length, and the total amount that subjects ate. Increasing the palatability of the food increased the rate of intake at the beginning of meals, meal length, and the amount of food that subjects ate. Obese subjects were more sensitive to palatability and less responsive to deprivation than lean subjects. For example, while lean subjects became less discriminating about the palatability of the food at the beginning of meals as deprivation increased, obese subjects did not. The satiation mechanism of obese subjects was also different from lean subjects. For example, obese subjects overate after preloads while lean subjects underate compared to their baselines.     

An epidemiologic study of the human bite

The 892 human bites reported to the New York City Department of Health in 1977 were analyzed by time, place, and the victim's characteristics. The bites appeared to have a seasonality, increasing in March and exceeding the mean monthly average through August. The bite rate for the entire city, 10.7 per 100,000 population, was exceeded in 5 of the 10 Brooklyn health districts; one of these districts reported a rate of 60.9 human bites per 100,000 population. Most of the bites with identifiable locations occurred indoors (63.2 percent). In 72.8 percent of the bite episodes in which the activities surrounding them were known, these activities were aggressive in nature. Males exceeded females as bite victims in all age groups except those 10-20 and 55-60 years. Bites of the upper extremity accounted for 61.2 percent of the total bites. Left-sided bites exceeded right-sided, except for the hand. In frequency of reported occurrence, the human bite ranks third, after the dog bite and the cat bite. Human bites may be a useful indicator of antisocial behavior.     

Parental influences on eating behavior in obese and nonobese preadolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine parental influences on obesity, the eating behavior of 80 obese and normal weight children (aged 8-12 years) was investigated in the laboratory. METHOD: A controlled repeated measures design was used. The mother was either present or absent while the child was eating in the laboratory. The eating style was measured by recording cumulative eating curves with a universal eating monitor, using yoghurt as a standardized experimental meal. RESULTS: The eating behavior of obese children differed significantly from normal weight children only when the mother was present in the laboratory. Overweight children ate faster with larger bites and showed an acceleration of their eating rate toward the end of the meal. DISCUSSION: Such an eating style can be hypothesized to explain an increased calorie intake in obese children, promoting a positive energy balance in the long term. The data support a learning model of obesity in childhood, which also has implications for family treatment.     

The effects on eating of dietary restraint,anxiety, and hunger

In this study a comparison was made between the amounts eaten by restrained and unrestrained eaters following an anxiety-induction procedure. Subjects' level of perceived hunger was assessed and the interactive effects on eating of anxiety and perceived hunger were examined. Results revealed a significant three-way interaction. Unrestrained subjects did not alter their eating in response to either anxiety or hunger. When relaxed, restrained subjects ate more when hungry than when not hungry. However, in restrained subjects, anxiety appeared to counteract the disinheriting effect of hunger, so that anxious hungry subjects ate less than relaxed hungry subjects and the same amount as relaxed subjects who were not hungry. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The animal bite epidemic in Baltimore, Maryland: review and update

In 1972 in Baltimore, a peak of 7,436 reported animal bites (8/1,000 population) was reached. The bite rate for the most susceptible age group (5-14) was 19 per 1,000 population. By 1976, only 5,092 bites were reported, 5.8 per 1,000 total population, and 12.3 per 1,000 population 5-14 years of age. The decline in the number and rates of animal bites is believed due in large measure to the actions taken by the Bureau of Animal Control: education and publicity, increased fees and penalties, and enforcement of the new laws and regulations.     

Characteristics of the human and pet populations in animal bite incidents recorded at two Air Force bases.

Animal bites reported at Scott Air Force Base, Ill., and Whiteman Air Force Base, Mo., were investigated to determine the incidence of reported bites and possible causes. Data were collected by abstracting information contained in animal bite files maintained by the Base veterinary Office. A total of 696 bite incidents were reported for the 24 months from January 1976 through December 1977. An overall incidence rate of 1,390 bites per 100,000 persons was calculated from these statistics. This rate is far greater than the previous estimates of 800 animal bites per 100,000 for an urban population. Males less than 18 years old were the group most frequently bitten; they had an incidence rate of 2,419 bites per 100,000. These data support the hypothesis that animal bites occur more frequently than previous studies have shown. Most bites resulted in minor injuries to the victim and were inflicted on the extremities. The incident occurred most commonly on the owner''s property. The highest incidence of bites occurred during the summer months and in the early afternoon and evening. Animals in the study had a bite rate of 7.36 per 100 animals. The rate was significantly higher for male dogs 1 to 4 years old (12.1 bites per 100 male dogs). Certain breeds of dogs were more frequently involved. Collies and German shepherds ran twice the risk of being biters as mixed breed dogs. Working breeds and sporting breeds also had a higher risk of being biters than toy breeds as well as a higher rate of more severe bites than toy breeds.     

Slowing bite-rate reduces energy intake: an application of the bite counter device

Slow eating may be associated with reduced energy intake. A device that counts bites can provide bite-rate feedback to the user. The purpose of this study was to explore the bite counter's utility for slowing bite-rate and reducing energy intake. The study was a within-participants design with three conditions. From February to April 2009, university students (N=30) ate three meals in the laboratory: a baseline meal without feedback (Baseline), a meal during which participants received bite-rate feedback (Feedback), and a meal during which participants followed a 50% slower bite-rate target (Slow Bite-Rate). Kilocalories of food consumed, ratings of satiation and food-liking, and milliliters of water consumed were statistically compared across conditions using repeated-measures analyses of variance. Overall, participants ate 70 kcal fewer during the Slow Bite-Rate condition compared with the Feedback condition. In addition, when baseline energy consumption was added post hoc as a grouping variable, participants who ate more than 400 kcal at baseline (n=11) ate 164 kcal fewer during the Slow Bite-Rate condition compared to Baseline, and 142 kcal fewer in the Feedback condition compared with Baseline. However, the Slow Bite-Rate condition did not significantly affect participants who ate fewer than 400 kcal at baseline (n=19). Therefore, it seems that slowing bite-rate with the bite counter may be most effective for individuals who consume larger amounts of food. Future research should explore more foods and drinks, more diverse groups of individuals, potential moderating variables, and additional applications of the bite counter.     

Sociocultural factors relating to Tongans' and Indigenous Fijians' patterns of eating, physical activity and body size

This paper reviews literature between 1974 and 2007 that addresses the impact of sociocultural factors on reported patterns of eating, physical activity (activity) and body size of Tongans and indigenous Fijians (Fijians) in their countries of origin. There have been changes in diet (more imported and fewer traditional foods), activity (reduced, especially in urban settings), residence (rural-urban shift) and body size (increased obesity and at a younger age). The prevalence of overweight/obesity in Tongans and Fijians has increased rapidly over the last two decades and remains among the highest in the world (>80% in Tonga; >40% in Fiji), with more females reported to be obese than males. The few studies that investigated sociocultural influences on patterns of eating, activity and/or body size in this population have examined the impact of hierarchical organisation, rank and status (sex, seniority), values (respect, care, co-operation) and/or role expectations. It is important to examine how sociocultural factors influence eating, activity and body size in order to i) establish factors that promote or protect against obesity, ii) inform culturally-appropriate interventions to promote healthy lifestyles and body size, and iii) halt the obesity epidemic, especially in cultural groups with a high prevalence of obesity. There is an urgent need for more systematic investigations of key sociocultural factors, whilst taking into account the complex interplay between sociocultural factors, behaviours and other influences (historical; socioeconomic; policy; external global influences; physical environment).     

The epidemiology of bite and scratch injuries by vertebrate animals in Switzerland

Pet and wildlife populations are a potential source of various public health problems, and injuries and complications due to animal bites and scratches are the most obvious. As no population based data on the frequency of animal bites were available at a national level in Switzerland, a study was conducted by the Swiss Sentinel Surveillance Network. The objectives of this study were to estimate the incidence of medical consultations due to bite and scratch injuries in humans caused by vertebrate animals, to identify possible risk factors, and to assess bite management habits in primary health care. An annual bite and scratch incidence rate of 325 per 100,000 population was estimated. Consultations peaked during the summer months and geographical differences in the reported incidence were observed. Dogs accounted for more than 60% and cats for about 25% of all cases reported. Animal bites and scratches were frequent in persons under 20 years of age. In most ages, the incidence was higher among women than among men, but not in children under the age of ten years. The incidence of cat bites was especially high in adult women. Bites to the head and neck were most frequent in infants and young children and accounted for approximately one third of the reported cases in this age group. Patients sought medical care principally for primary wound care (52.0%) and for vaccination advice (29.6%). Rabies postexposure prophylaxis was initiated in 1.1% of patients. Wound infection was reported in 10.9% of cases, with cat bites/scratches being more often infected than injuries due to dogs. Hospitalization was reported in 0.3% of patients. Data from the emergency department of two district hospitals showed that head and neck injuries were more frequent in out-patients and a higher proportion of persons presented with wound infections (14.1%). The hospitalization rate for emergency department visits was 4.7%. Animal bites and scratches are common events in Switzerland. They represent a public health issue of growing importance due to the steadily increasing pet population. A practice based sentinel surveillance system may be an appropriate tool to monitor national trends in animal bites and scratches.     

Effects of variety on food intake of underweight, normal-weight and overweight women

The food intake of 27 underweight, normal-weight and overweight women was monitored during laboratory luncheon meals of solid food units (SFUs), bite-sized spirals of bread with different sandwich fillings. Simultaneous, but not sequential, presentation of three SFU flavors increased intake compared to presentation of a single flavor in normal-weight and overweight women. Neither variety manipulation enhanced intake in the underweight women, who are more than the other subjects in all conditions. The fact that the foods were so similar probably reduced the effectiveness of the variety manipulations. Overweight and normal-weight subjects had different patterns of intake, but only when eating a single flavor of SFU. Only overweight subjects ate less when three flavors of SFUs were hidden from view in the apparatus used to monitor intake. This procedure prevented subjects from selecting particular flavors of SFUs. Differences in cognitive restraint probably do not explain the differences in the eating behavior of normal-weight and overweight subjects in the present study. Lack of dietary restraint or a high level of hunger may account for the different eating behavior of the underweight subjects compared to the other subjects.     

Everyday mood and emotions after eating a chocolate bar or an apple

Emotional changes after eating chocolate were examined in everyday life. Thirty-seven healthy, normal-weight women ate a chocolate bar, an apple or nothing and rated their subjective state 5, 30, 60 and 90min after eating. Both chocolate and the apple reduced hunger, elevated mood and increased activation, but the effects of the chocolate were stronger. Eating chocolate was also followed by joy and, in some women, by guilt. Guilt responders experienced less intense positive emotions. Whereas positive emotional responses appear to be due to sensory pleasure and it's anticipation and may also be related to reduced hunger, guilt responses are probably induced by negative food-related cognitions.     

Psychological factors associated with ratings of portion size: relevance to the risk profile for obesity

The ability to assess accurately the relative size of food portions is highly variable in the population. This study was designed to identify salient individual differences that correlate with this variation since estimation errors are seen as a barrier to the control of food intake and a detriment to many obesity treatment strategies. Healthy weight and obese adult women were assessed on a self-report measure of food amount ratings. We predicted that a high sensitivity to reward, symptoms of binge eating, and a preference for fat foods would relate positive to scores on this rating scale, and that weight status might moderate these relationships. As expected, a preference for high-fat food was associated with the tendency to under-estimate portion sizes. A significant interaction between weight status and reward sensitivity indicated that high values on the latter were correlated with ratings reflecting under-estimation of food amounts--but only among obese individuals. This study identified important factors that may influence estimation biases in food amount ratings-information of direct relevance to research and treatment protocols that use food diaries and focus on efforts to normalize eating behaviours.     

Effects of experimental and habitual lunch-size on performance,arousal, hunger and mood

Summary Twelve male students who normally ate a large lunch and 12 who normally ate only a light lunch performed a sustained attention task before and after eating a light lunch and before and after eating a heavy lunch. The speed and accuracy of performance were measured; so also were temperature, pulse rate and subjective estimates of tension, alertness and hunger. The changes brought about by the meals were examined. Speed alone showed no change over the lunch interval. Of the remaining seven measures, only temperature, which seems to reflect endogenous processes, was unaffected by the size of the lunch that was eaten. Accuracy, pulse rate and hunger were influenced by the size of the habitual lunch as well as by the size of the experimental lunch. Tension and alertness were responsive only to the size of the experimental lunch. The results are discussed in relation to diurnal rhythms, with a particular emphasis on the acquisition of endogenous component processes, as exemplified by habits of eating.     

Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Québec family study

OBJECTIVE: To put into relationship the dietary and anthropometric profile of men and women with their eating behaviors (cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition, and susceptibility to hunger) and to assess whether gender and obesity status influence these associations. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Anthropometric measurements (including visceral adipose tissue accumulation), dietary profile (3-day food record), and eating behaviors (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) were determined in a sample of 244 men and 352 women. RESULTS: Women had significantly higher cognitive dietary restraint and disinhibition scores than men (p < 0.0001). In both genders, scores for disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger, but not for cognitive dietary restraint, were higher in obese subjects than in overweight and nonobese subjects (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between rigid restraint and most of the anthropometric variables studied (0.12 相似文献   

The relationship between eating behaviors and obesity in African American and Caucasian women

The primary goal of this study was to determine the relevance of four self-reported eating behaviors (eating before bedtime, eating between meals, feeling hungry within 3 h of eating, and eating beyond satiation) as risk factors for overweight and obesity. The sample consisted of 35- to 49-year-old, premenopausal African American (n=580) and Caucasian (n=398) women, randomly selected from the membership of a large urban prepaid health plan. Eating beyond satiation was the only behavior associated with body mass index (BMI). The odds of becoming obese increased 6-fold for Caucasian women and 15-fold for African American women who ate beyond satiation everyday compared to those who rarely or never ate beyond satiation. Additionally, eating beyond satiation was also the only eating behavior associated with the age of obesity onset. Focusing on this eating behavior in weight loss programs may be important.     

Validation of a buffet meal design in an experimental restaurant

We assessed the reproducibility of intakes and meal mechanics parameters (cumulative energy intake (CEI), number of bites, bite rate, mean energy content per bite) during a buffet meal designed in a natural setting, and their sensitivity to food deprivation. Fourteen men were invited to three lunch sessions in an experimental restaurant. Subjects ate their regular breakfast before sessions A and B. They skipped breakfast before session FAST. The same ad libitum buffet was offered each time. Energy intakes and meal mechanics were assessed by foods weighing and video recording. Intrasubject reproducibility was evaluated by determining intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Mixed-models were used to assess the effects of the sessions on CEI. We found a good reproducibility between A and B for total energy (ICC=0.82), carbohydrate (ICC=0.83), lipid (ICC=0.81) and protein intake (ICC=0.79) and for meal mechanics parameters. Total energy, lipid and carbohydrate intake were higher in FAST than in A and B. CEI were found sensitive to differences in hunger level while the other meal mechanics parameters were stable between sessions. In conclusion, a buffet meal in a normal eating environment is a valid tool for assessing the effects of interventions on intakes.     

Cultural constructions of "obesity": Understanding body size, social class and gender in Morocco

This article presents data from an in-depth qualitative study of overweight and diabetic women in Morocco, a North African country experiencing a rapid increase in obesity according to national statistics. This case study explores the heterogeneous relationship among health, culture and religion in Morocco by highlighting the relationship between the intricacies of women's everyday lives and their body sizes. My findings suggest that although the Body Mass Index (BMI) of adult women has been documented to have increased in Morocco along with other macroeconomic changes (i.e., increases in urbanization, etc.), "obesity" has yet to be universally medicalized in the Moroccan context. As such women do not generally utilize a medicalized concept of obesity in reference to their larger body sizes. Rather, cultural constructions of "obesity" are understood through cultural understandings of a larger body size, religious beliefs about health and illness, and the nature of women's religious participation. This stands in contrast to dominant accounts about the region that promote an overall veneration of a larger body size for women.     

Examining the Utility of a Bite-Count–Based Measure of Eating Activity in Free-Living Human Beings

The obesity epidemic has triggered a need for novel methods for measuring eating activity in free-living settings. Here, we introduce a bite-count method that has the potential to be used in long-term investigations of eating activity. The purpose of our observational study was to describe the relationship between bite count and energy intake and determine whether there are sex and body mass index group differences in kilocalories per bite in free-living human beings. From October 2011 to February 2012, 77 participants used a wrist-worn device for 2 weeks to measure bite count during 2,975 eating activities. An automated self-administered 24-hour recall was completed daily to provide kilocalorie estimates for each eating activity. Pearson's correlation indicated a moderate, positive correlation between bite count and kilocalories (r=0.44; P<0.001) across all 2,975 eating activities. The average per-individual correlation was 0.53. A 2 (sex)×3 (body mass index group: normal, overweight, obese) analysis of variance indicated that men consumed 6 kcal more per bite than women on average. However, there were no body mass index group differences in kilocalories per bite. This was the longest study of a body-worn sensor for monitoring eating activity of free-living human beings to date, which highlights the strong potential for this method to be used in future, long-term investigations.     

Hunger and palatability: tracking ratings of subjective experience before, during and after the consumption of preferred and less preferred food

This study investigated the effects of palatability on ratings of hunger and other states, food preferences, bodily sensations, feelings and moods. Assessments of these were made before, during and after 12 healthy female subjects ate small equicaloric meals of either highly preferred of less preferred food. The sight of highly preferred food markedly increased subjects' rated desire to eat and this elevation was maintained during consumption. Hunger ratings were also elevated but only during consumption of the highly preferred food and to a smaller extent. There was no effect of the palatability of the food on rated feelings of fullness. Two hours after the meal, ratings of desire to eat and hunger were significantly higher after consumption of highly preferred food. This effect did not occur after eating less preferred food. Feelings of general positive affect, which followed the highly preferred meal, did not occur with the less preferred food. These findings throw light on the nature of the rated expression of hunger and on other terms used in describing dispositions to eat.     

Behavioral assessment of satiety in bulimia nervosa

The abnormalities in eating behavior associated with bulimia nervosa suggest that patients with this illness may have a disturbance in satiety. The present study employed a six-meal protocol to assess satiety in both binge and non-binge eating episodes in women with bulimia nervosa and normal controls by examining whether an increase in the size of a soup preload led to a decrease in the amount of food consumed in a subsequent test meal. In control subjects, the increase in preload size was associated with an increase in fullness and a reduction in consumption of the non-binge test meal. Patients did not report consistent changes in ratings of hunger and fullness in response to the change in preload size, and few patients were able to complete the non-binge meals and refrain from vomiting afterwards. When instructed to binge eat, patients ate considerably more than control subjects, but patients did significantly reduce their intake of the test meal after the large compared to the small preload. These findings demonstrate that, although patients with bulimia nervosa exhibit abnormalities in the development of satiety, some mechanisms responsible for the control of food intake are functional during binge eating episodes.