Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease

CONTEXT: Several novel risk factors for atherosclerosis have recently been proposed, but few comparative data exist to guide clinical use of these emerging biomarkers. OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive value of 11 lipid and nonlipid biomarkers as risk factors for development of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Nested case-control study using plasma samples collected at baseline from a prospective cohort of 14 916 initially healthy US male physicians aged 40 to 84 years, of whom 140 subsequently developed symptomatic PAD (cases); 140 age- and smoking status-matched men who remained free of vascular disease during an average 9-year follow-up period were randomly selected as controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident PAD, as determined by baseline total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol-HDL-C ratio, triglycerides, homocysteine, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen, and apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and B-100. RESULTS: In univariate analyses, plasma levels of total cholesterol (P<.001), LDL-C (P =.001), triglycerides (P =.001), apo B-100 (P =.001), fibrinogen (P =.02), CRP (P =.006), and the total cholesterol-HDL-C ratio (P<.001) were all significantly higher at baseline among men who subsequently developed PAD compared with those who did not, while levels of HDL-C (P =.009) and apo A-I (P =.05) were lower. Nonsignificant baseline elevations of lipoprotein(a) (P =.40) and homocysteine (P =.90) were observed. In multivariable analyses, the total cholesterol-HDL-C ratio was the strongest lipid predictor of risk (relative risk [RR] for those in the highest vs lowest quartile, 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-8.6), while CRP was the strongest nonlipid predictor (RR for the highest vs lowest quartile, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-5.9). In assessing joint effects, addition of CRP to standard lipid screening significantly improved risk prediction models based on lipid screening alone (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Of 11 atherothrombotic biomarkers assessed at baseline, the total cholesterol-HDL-C ratio and CRP were the strongest independent predictors of development of peripheral arterial disease. C-reactive protein provided additive prognostic information over standard lipid measures.     

Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial

CONTEXT: Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which may be mediated by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a program of changes in lifestyle designed to obtain a sustained reduction of body weight on markers of systemic vascular inflammation and insulin resistance. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized single-blind trial conducted from February 1999 to February 2002 at a university hospital in Italy. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty premenopausal obese women (body mass index > or =30) aged 20 to 46 years without diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. INTERVENTIONS: The 60 women randomly assigned to the intervention group received detailed advice about how to achieve a reduction of weight of 10% or more through a low-energy Mediterranean-style diet and increased physical activity. The control group (n = 60) was given general information about healthy food choices and exercise. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lipid and glucose intake; blood pressure; homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity; and circulating levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 18 (IL-18), C-reactive protein (CRP), and adiponectin. RESULTS: After 2 years, women in the intervention group consumed more foods rich in complex carbohydrates (9% corrected difference; P<.001), monounsaturated fat (2%; P =.009), and fiber (7 g/d; P<.001); had a lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (-5; P<.001); and had lower energy (-310 kcal/d; P<.001), saturated fat (-3.5%; P =.007), and cholesterol intake (-92 mg/d; P<.001) than controls. Body mass index decreased more in the intervention group than in controls (-4.2; P<.001), as did serum concentrations of IL-6 (-1.1 pg/mL; P =.009), IL-18 (-57 pg/mL; P =.02), and CRP (-1.6 mg/L; P =.008), while adiponectin levels increased significantly (2.2 microg/mL; P =.01). In multivariate analyses, changes in free fatty acids (P =.008), IL-6 (P =.02), and adiponectin (P =.007) levels were independently associated with changes in insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION: In this study, a multidisciplinary program aimed to reduce body weight in obese women through lifestyle changes was associated with a reduction in markers of vascular inflammation and insulin resistance.     

Inflammatory biomarkers,hormone replacement therapy,and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study

Context  Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been shown to elevate C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Several inflammatory biomarkers, including CRP, are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. However, whether the effect of HRT on CRP represents a clinical hazard is unknown. Objectives  To assess the association between baseline levels of CRP and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and to examine the relationship between baseline use of HRT, CRP, and IL-6 levels as they relate to subsequent vascular risk. Design, Setting, and Participants  Prospective, nested case-control study of postmenopausal women, forming part of the Women's Health Initiative, a large, nationwide, observational study. Among 75 343 women with no history of cardiovascular disease or cancer, 304 women who developed incident CHD were defined as cases and matched by age, smoking status, ethnicity, and follow-up time with 304 study participants who remained event free during a median observation period of 2.9 years. Main Outcome Measure  Incidence of first myocardial infarction or death from CHD. Results  Median baseline levels of CRP (0.33 vs 0.25 mg/dL; interquartile range [IQR], 0.14-0.71 vs 0.10-0.47; P<.001) and IL-6 (1.81 vs 1.47 pg/mL; IQR, 1.30-2.75 vs 1.05-2.15; P<.001) were significantly higher among cases compared with controls. In matched analyses, the odds ratio (OR) for incident CHD in the highest vs lowest quartile was 2.3 for CRP (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.7; P for trend = .002) and 3.3 for IL-6 (95% CI, 2.0-5.5; P for trend <.001). After additional adjustment for lipid and nonlipid risk factors, both inflammatory markers were significantly associated with a 2-fold increase in odds for CHD events. As anticipated, current use of HRT was associated with significantly elevated median CRP levels. However, there was no association between HRT and IL-6. In analyses comparing individuals with comparable baseline levels of either CRP or IL-6, those taking or not taking HRT had similar CHD ORs. In analyses stratified by HRT, we observed a positively graded relationship between plasma CRP levels and the OR for CHD among both users and nonusers of HRT across the full spectrum of baseline CRP. Conclusions  These prospective findings indicate that CRP and IL-6 independently predict vascular events among apparently healthy postmenopausal women and that HRT increases CRP. However, use or nonuse of HRT had less importance as a predictor of cardiovascular risk than did baseline levels of either CRP or IL-6.      

痰涂片联合CRP、PCT及IL-6水平检测对老年细菌性肺炎的诊断价值研究

目的 探讨痰涂片联合C反应蛋白（CRP）、降钙素原（PCT）及白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平检测对老年细菌性肺炎的诊断价值。方法 选取2019年6月—2022年6月四川省第二中医医院100例老年细菌性肺炎患者作为细菌性肺炎组，另取同期60例老年病毒性肺炎患者作为病毒性肺炎组。两组均接受痰涂片及CRP、PCT及IL-6水平检测，对比两组检测结果，绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析痰涂片联合CRP、PCT及IL-6水平检测对老年细菌性肺炎的诊断价值。结果 细菌性肺炎组痰涂片阳性率较病毒性肺炎组高（P <0.05）。细菌性肺炎组WBC、CRP、PCT、IL-6较病毒性肺炎组高（P <0.05）。经点二列相关性分析结果显示，WBC、CRP、PCT、IL-6水平与细菌性肺炎呈正相关（r =0.626、0.618、0.676和0.586，均P <0.05）。ROC曲线结果显示：痰涂片诊断细菌性肺炎的敏感性为0.870（95% CI：0.811，0.931）、特异性为0.867（95% CI：0.806，0.922），CRP敏感性为0.800（95% CI：0.789，0.902）、特异性为0.883（95% CI：0.824，0.953），PCT敏感性为0.850（95% CI：0.802，0.925）、特异性为0.917（95% CI：0.889，0.988），IL-6敏感性为0.790（95% CI：0.725，0.865）、特异性为0.767（95% CI：0.712，0.864），四者联合检测的敏感性为0.950（95% CI：0.845，0.978）、特异性为0.769（95% CI：0.713，0.878）。结论 痰涂片、CRP、PCT、IL-6水平可有效鉴别老年细菌性肺炎与病毒性肺炎，联合检测可进一步提高诊断效能，为后续治疗方案的制订提供参考依据。     

Relation of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population: The Hoorn Study

CONTEXT: Persons with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are known to have an elevated risk of developing diabetes mellitus. Less is known about diabetes risk among persons with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or with normal glucose levels. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of diabetes in relation to baseline fasting and postload glucose levels and other risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based cohort study conducted from October 1989 to February 1992 among 1342 nondiabetic white residents of Hoorn, the Netherlands, aged 50 to 75 years at baseline, in whom fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels and glucose levels 2 hours after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test were measured at baseline and at follow-up in 1996-1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative incidence of diabetes, defined according to the diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO-1985 and WHO-1999) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA-1997), during a mean follow-up of 6.4 years, compared among participants with IFG, IGT, and normal glucose levels at baseline. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of diabetes was 6.1%, 8.3%, and 9.9% according to the WHO-1985, ADA, and WHO-1999 criteria, respectively. The cumulative incidence of diabetes (WHO-1999 criteria) for participants with both IFG and IGT was 64.5% compared with 4.5% for those with normal glucose levels at baseline. The odds ratios for diabetes (WHO-1999 criteria), adjusted for age, sex, and follow-up duration, were 10.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1-16.5), 10.9 (95% CI, 6.0-19.9), and 39.5 (95% CI, 17.0-92.1), respectively, for those having isolated IFG, isolated IGT, and both IFG and IGT. In addition to FPG and 2-hour postload glucose levels (P<.001 for both), the waist-hip ratio also was an important risk factor for developing diabetes (P =.002). CONCLUSION: In this study, the cumulative incidence of diabetes was strongly related to both IFG and IGT at baseline and, in particular, to the combined presence of IFG and IGT.     

Long or highly irregular menstrual cycles as a marker for risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

CONTEXT: Although oligomenorrhea has been associated cross-sectionally with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, it is not known whether oligomenorrhea is a marker for increased future risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess risk of type 2 DM in women with a history of long or highly irregular menstrual cycles. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Nurses' Health Study II, a prospective observational cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 101 073 women who had no prior history of DM and who reported their usual menstrual cycle pattern at age 18 to 22 years on the baseline (1989) questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident reports of DM, with follow-up through 1997, compared among women categorized by menstrual cycle length (5 categories). RESULTS: During 564 333 person-years of follow-up, there were 507 cases of type 2 DM. Compared with women with a usual cycle length of 26 to 31 days (referent category) at age 18 to 22 years, the relative risk (RR) of type 2 DM among women with a menstrual cycle length that was 40 days or more or was too irregular to estimate was 2.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-2.66), adjusting for body mass index at age 18 years and several other potential confounding variables. The RR of type 2 DM associated with long or highly irregular menstrual cycles was greater in obese women, but was also increased in nonobese women (at body mass indexes at age 18 years of <25, 25-29, and >/=30 kg/m, RRs were 1.67 [95% CI, 1.14-2.45], 1.74 [95% CI, 1.07-2.82], and 3.86 [95% CI, 2.33-6.38], respectively). CONCLUSION: Women with long or highly irregular menstrual cycles have a significantly increased risk for developing type 2 DM that is not completely explained by obesity.     

Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals

CONTEXT: Microalbuminuria is a risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events. The relationship between the degree of albuminuria and CV risk is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the risk of CV events in high-risk individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) and without DM who have microalbuminuria and to determine whether levels of albuminuria below the microalbuminuria threshold increase CV risk. DESIGN: The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation study, a cohort study conducted between 1994 and 1999 with a median 4.5 years of follow-up. SETTING: Community and academic practices in North and South America and Europe. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 55 years or more with a history of CV disease (n = 5545) or DM and at least 1 CV risk factor (n = 3498) and a baseline urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) measurement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or CV death); all-cause death; and hospitalization for congestive heart failure. RESULTS: Microalbuminuria was detected in 1140 (32.6%) of those with DM and 823 (14.8%) of those without DM at baseline. Microalbuminuria increased the adjusted relative risk (RR) of major CV events (RR, 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64-2.05), all-cause death (RR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.84-2.38), and hospitalization for congestive heart failure (RR, 3.23; 95% CI, 2.54-4.10). Similar RRs were seen for participants with or without DM, even after adjusting for other CV risk factors (eg, the adjusted RR of the primary aggregate end point was 1.97 [95% CI, 1.68-2.31] in those with DM and 1.61 [95% CI, 1.36-1.90] in those without DM).Compared with the lowest quartile of ACR (<0.22 mg/mmol), the RRs of the primary aggregate end point in the second quartile (ie, ACR range, 0.22-0.57 mg/mmol) was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.95-1.30); third quartile, 1.38 (95% CI, 1.19-1.60; ACR range, 0.58-1.62 mg/mmol); and fourth quartile, 1.97 (95% CI, 1.73-2.25; ACR range, >1.62 mg/mmol) (P for trend <.001, even after excluding those with microalbuminuria). For every 0.4-mg/mmol increase in ACR level, the adjusted hazard of major CV events increased by 5.9% (95% CI, 4.9%-7.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that any degree of albuminuria is a risk factor for CV events in individuals with or without DM; the risk increases with the ACR, starting well below the microalbuminuria cutoff. Screening for albuminuria identifies people at high risk for CV events.     

Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: is "no pain, no gain" passé?

CONTEXT: Physically active women have lower coronary heart disease (CHD) rates than inactive women. However, whether the association differs by intensity of activity or in women at high risk for CHD is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between physical activity, specifically investigating walking (a light-to-moderate activity depending on pace), and CHD among women, including those at high risk for CHD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cohort study of 39 372 healthy female health professionals aged 45 years or older, enrolled throughout the United States between September 1992 and May 1995, with follow-up to March 1999. Recreational activities, including walking and stair climbing, were reported at study entry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Correlation of CHD with energy expended on all activities, vigorous activities, and walking. RESULTS: A total of 244 cases of CHD occurred. Adjusting for potential confounders, the relative risks (RRs) of CHD for less than 200, 200-599, 600-1499, and 1500 or more kcal/wk expended on all activities were 1.00 (referent), 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-1.12), 0.55 (95% CI, 0.37-0.82), and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.50-1.12), respectively (P for linear trend =.03). Vigorous activities were associated with lower risk (RR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.38-1.04 comparing highest and lowest categories). Walking also predicted lower risk among women without vigorous activities. Among these women, the multivariate RRs for walking 1 to 59 min/wk, 1.0 to 1.5 h/wk, and 2 or more h/wk, compared with no regular walking, were 0.86 (95% CI, 0.57-1.29), 0.49 (95% CI, 0.28-0.86), and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.29-0.78), respectively. For walking paces of less than 3.2 km/h (2.0 mph), 3.2 to 4.7 km/h (2.0-2.9 mph), and 4.8 km/h (3.0 mph) or more, compared with no regular walking, RRs were 0.56 (95% CI, 0.32-0.97), 0.71 (95% CI, 0.47-1.05), and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.30-0.90), respectively. When analyzed simultaneously, time spent walking (P for linear trend =.01) but not walking pace (P for linear trend =.55) predicted lower risk. The inverse association between physical activity and CHD risk did not differ by weight or cholesterol levels (P for interaction =.95 and.71, respectively), but there were significant interactions by smoking and hypertension status. Physical activity was inversely related to risk in current smokers but not hypertensive women (P for interaction =.01 and.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that even light-to-moderate activity is associated with lower CHD rates in women. At least 1 hour of walking per week predicted lower risk. The inverse association with physical activity was also present in women at high risk for CHD, including those who were overweight, had increased cholesterol levels, or were smokers.     

Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of diabetes mellitus in middle-aged persons

CONTEXT: Microvascular processes have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but prospective clinical data regarding this hypothesis are unavailable. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of retinal arteriolar narrowing, a marker of microvascular damage from aging, hypertension, and inflammation, to incident diabetes in healthy middle-aged persons. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, an ongoing population-based, prospective cohort study in 4 US communities that began in 1987-1989. Included in this analysis were 7993 persons aged 49 to 73 years without diabetes, of whom retinal photographs were taken during the third examination (1993-1995). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident diabetes (defined as fasting glucose levels of > or =126 mg/dL [7.0 mmol/L], casual levels of > or =200 mg/dL [11.1 mmol/L], diabetic medications use, or physician diagnosis of diabetes at the fourth examination) by quartile of retinal arteriole-to-venule ratio (AVR). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 3.5 years, 291 persons (3.6%) had incident diabetes. The incidence of diabetes was higher in persons with lower AVR at baseline (2.4%, 3.1%, 4.0%, and 5.2%, from highest to lowest AVR quartile; P for trend < .001). After controlling for fasting glucose and insulin levels, family history of diabetes, adiposity, physical activity, blood pressure, and other factors, persons in the lowest quartile of AVR were 71% more likely to develop diabetes than those in the highest quartile (odds ratio [OR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-2.57; P for trend =.002). This association persisted with different diagnostic criteria (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.10-3.36; P for trend =.01, using a fasting glucose level of > or =141 mg/dL [7.8 mmol/L] as a cutoff), and was seen even in people at lower risk of diabetes, including those without a family history of diabetes, without impaired fasting glucose, and with lower measures of adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal arteriolar narrowing is independently associated with risk of diabetes, supporting a microvascular role in the development of clinical diabetes.     

Relationship between interleukin 6 and mortality in patients with unstable coronary artery disease: effects of an early invasive or noninvasive strategy.

CONTEXT: Inflammatory activity is associated with high rates of long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease (CAD). Interleukin 6 (IL-6) induces C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, systemic markers of inflammation. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether plasma levels of IL-6 are predictive of mortality and to evaluate the interaction of IL-6 levels with the effects of invasive vs noninvasive treatment strategies in unstable CAD patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: The prospective, randomized Fragmin and Fast Revascularisation During Instability in Coronary Artery Disease II trial, conducted among 3489 patients, 3269 of whom had plasma samples analyzed for IL-6 levels, with diagnosed unstable CAD (67% male; median age, 67 years) at 58 Scandinavian hospitals between June 1996 and August 1998. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either an early invasive (n = 1222) or a noninvasive treatment strategy (n = 1235). The latter group, as well as 666 patients with contraindications to invasive therapy, were further randomized to 90-day treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin, 5000-7500 IU twice per day; n = 1140) or placebo (n = 1127). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Mortality at 6 and 12 months in the medically and interventionally randomized cohorts, respectively, in relation to IL-6 levels, measured at randomization. RESULTS: Plasma levels of IL-6 that were at least 5 ng/L compared with levels lower than 5 ng/L were associated with greatly increased mortality in the noninvasive group (7.9% vs 2.3%; relative risk [RR], 3.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.94-6.21) and in the placebo-treated group (7.9% vs 2.5%; RR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.77-5.74). The association remained significant after adjustment for most established risk indicators. An early invasive treatment strategy strongly reduced 12-month mortality among those with elevated IL-6 levels (5.1% absolute reduction; P =.004) whereas mortality was not reduced among patients without elevated IL-6 concentrations. Those taking dalteparin with elevated IL-6 levels experienced lower 6-month mortality than those who did not take dalteparin (3.5% absolute reduction; P =.08). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating IL-6 is a strong independent marker of increased mortality in unstable CAD and identifies patients who benefit most from a strategy of early invasive management.     

胰岛自身抗体和生化指标在糖尿病分型诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨胰岛自身抗体与生化指标在1型糖尿病（T1DM ）和2型糖尿病（T2DM ）临床分型诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析99例T1DM患者（T1DM组）与577例T2DM患者（T2DM ）的临床资料及实验室检测结果,比较两组胰岛自身抗体及各项生化指标水平,并分析其特征。结果 T1DM组患者血清谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GADA ）、胰岛细胞瘤相关蛋白‐2自身抗体（IA‐2A）、抗胰岛细胞抗体（ICA）及锌转运体8自身抗体（ZnT8A）单项及联合检测的阳性率均高于 T2DM 组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。T1DM组患者起病年龄、空腹C肽（CP）、餐后2 h CP、空腹胰岛素（INS）、餐后2 h INS、三酰甘油（TG）和体质量指数（BMI）均低于T2DM组,空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL‐C）水平均高于T2DM组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;而两组总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。空腹CP及餐后2 h CP水平在T1DM组均随着病程延长呈下降趋势,且不同病程间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;而在T2DM组无明显的下降趋势。病程小于2年的患者空腹CP、餐后2 h CP鉴别诊断T1DM与T2DM的受试者工作曲线下面积及其95％置信区间分别为0．902（0．850～0．954）、0．905（0．852～0．958）。当空腹CP诊断界点为0．283 nmol／L时,其灵敏度和特异度分别为82．6％、89．2％;餐后2 h CP诊断界点为0．421 nmol／L 时,其灵敏度和特异度分别为84．8％、89．2％。结论T1DM、T2DM患者的起病年龄、BMI值及血清GADA、IA‐2A、ICA、ZnT8A、INS、CP、葡萄糖、HbA1c、TG 、HDL‐C水平等指标存在差异,可辅助临床对其进行分型诊断。     

Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among middle-aged Finnish men and women

Context  Only a few studies of coffee consumption and diabetes mellitus (DM) have been reported, even though coffee is the most consumed beverage in the world. Objective  To determine the relationship between coffee consumption and the incidence of type 2 DM among Finnish individuals, who have the highest coffee consumption in the world. Design, Setting, and Participants  A prospective study from combined surveys conducted in 1982, 1987, and 1992 of 6974 Finnish men and 7655 women aged 35 to 64 years without history of stroke, coronary heart disease, or DM at baseline, with 175 682 person-years of follow-up. Coffee consumption and other study parameters were determined at baseline using standardized measurements. Main Outcome Measures  Hazard ratios (HRs) for the incidence of type 2 DM were estimated for different levels of daily coffee consumption. Results  During a mean follow-up of 12 years, there were 381 incident cases of type 2 DM. After adjustment for confounding factors (age, study year, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, education, occupational, commuting and leisure-time physical activity, alcohol and tea consumption, and smoking), the HRs of DM associated with the amount of coffee consumed daily (0-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-9, =" BORDER="0">10 cups) were 1.00, 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-1.05), 0.39 (95% CI, 0.25-0.60), 0.39 (95% CI, 0.20-0.74), and 0.21 (95% CI, 0.06-0.69) (P for trend<.001) in women, and 1.00, 0.73 (95% CI, 0.47-1.13), 0.70 (95% CI, 0.45-1.05), 0.67 (95% CI, 0.40-1.12), and 0.45 (95% CI, 0.25-0.81) (P for trend = .12) in men, respectively. In both sexes combined, the multivariate-adjusted inverse association was significant (P for trend <.001) and persisted when stratified by younger and older than 50 years; smokers and never smokers; healthy weight, overweight, and obese participants; alcohol drinker and nondrinker; and participants drinking filtered and nonfiltered coffee. Conclusion  Coffee drinking has a graded inverse association with the risk of type 2 DM; however, the reasons for this risk reduction associated with coffee remain unclear.      

Ten-year incidence of diabetes in older Australians: the Blue Mountains Eye Study

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and increased risk associated with the metabolic syndrome, in a representative population-based sample of older Australians. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 residents aged 49 + years (82.4% response rate) during 1992-1994, and re-examined 2335 (75.1% of survivors) during 1997-1999 and 1952 (75.6% of survivors) during 2002-2004; 2123 participants with normal blood glucose levels at baseline were considered at risk of developing incident diabetes. Main outcome measures: Incident diabetes (or IFG) was defined in participants at risk who were newly diagnosed by a physician during the follow-up or found to have a fasting blood glucose level >or= 7.0 mmol/L (or 5.6-6.9 mmol/L). Kaplan-Meier cumulative 10-year incidence was calculated. RESULTS: The overall 10-year incidence of diabetes and IFG was 9.3% and 15.8%, respectively. Participants with metabolic syndrome at baseline had a higher risk of incident diabetes than those without metabolic syndrome (29.2% v 8.6%). Baseline factors associated with incident diabetes were elevated fasting glucose level (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.5; 95% CI, 3.4-6.1 per mmol/L), obesity (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-2.8), diabetes family history (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.5), current smoking (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol level < 1.0 mmol/L (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.5-3.8). Similar baseline factors were associated with incident IFG. CONCLUSION: This population-based study provides data on the incidence of diabetes and IFG in an older, predominantly white population, and confirms that metabolic and lifestyle factors are major risk factors for diabetes.     

Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults

CONTEXT: Human adipose tissue expresses and releases the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6, potentially inducing low-grade systemic inflammation in persons with excess body fat. OBJECTIVE: To test whether overweight and obesity are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation as measured by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, representative of the US population from 1988 to 1994. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 16616 men and nonpregnant women aged 17 years or older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Elevated CRP level of 0.22 mg/dL or more and a more stringent clinically raised CRP level of more than 1.00 mg/dL. RESULTS: Elevated CRP levels and clinically raised CRP levels were present in 27.6% and 6.7% of the population, respectively. Both overweight (body mass index [BMI], 25-29.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI, > or =30 kg/m2) persons were more likely to have elevated CRP levels than their normal-weight counterparts (BMI, <25 kg/m2). After adjustment for potential confounders, including smoking and health status, the odds ratio (OR) for elevated CRP was 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-2.91) for obese men and 6.21 (95% CI, 4.94-7.81) for obese women. In addition, BMI was associated with clinically raised CRP levels in women, with an OR of 4.76 (95% CI, 3.42-6.61) for obese women. Waist-to-hip ratio was positively associated with both elevated and clinically raised CRP levels, independent of BMI. Restricting the analyses to young adults (aged 17-39 years) and excluding smokers, persons with inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes mellitus and estrogen users did not change the main findings. CONCLUSION: Higher BMI is associated with higher CRP concentrations, even among young adults aged 17 to 39 years. These findings suggest a state of low-grade systemic inflammation in overweight and obese persons.     

Association of elevated fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels with carotid lesions in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension or type II diabetes

BACKGROUND: Inflammation may be important for accelerated progression of atherosclerosis in patients with hypertension or diabetes, but few studies included subjects with early stages of atherosclerosis such as those with asymptomatic carotid lesions. METHODS: We studied 100 patients with newly diagnosed hypertension and another 100 patients with newly diagnosed type II diabetes to evaluate in such groups the association of two markers of inflammation, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (CRP), with carotid atherosclerosis, beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., older age, male gender, obesity, smoking, family history of CAD, dyslipidemia). RESULTS: We found positive correlation between the extent of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and levels of CRP (p <0.0001 in both groups) and fibrinogen (p <0.0001 in diabetics only). By multivariate analysis we searched, among all evaluated cardiovascular risk factors including markers of inflammation, for independent variables associated with carotid lesions (IMT >1.5 mm) and found in patients with hypertension a predictive role for elevated levels of CRP (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.1-16.4, p = 0.0429), whereas in diabetics we found a predictive role for elevated levels of fibrinogen (OR 6.0, 95% CI 2.0-18.1, p = 0.0014) and CRP (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.4-13.7, p = 0.0096). CONCLUSIONS: Recent studies have addressed the importance of therapeutic modulation of CRP and fibrinogen levels in high-risk patients for cardiovascular prevention; however, beyond the utility of these markers in the prediction of carotid lesions in subjects with newly diagnosed hypertension or diabetes, further studies are needed to evaluate the therapeutic implications in such patients.     

2型糖尿病尿微量白蛋白与炎症介质的相关性

目的研究T2DM尿微量白蛋白水平与炎症介质C-反应蛋白(CRP)和白介素-6(IL-6)之间的关系,并探讨其临床意义。方法96例T2DM患者根据24 h尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为:无蛋白尿(NA)、微量白蛋白尿(MA)和临床蛋白尿(CP)3组,检测患者的CRP、IL-6、血糖、血肌酐和胰岛素。结果MA组CR和IL-6水平显著高于NA组(P<0.05,P<0.01),CP组CRP、IL-6、病程、肌酐、胰岛素抵抗指数亦显著高MA组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。CRP、IL-6水平与UAER、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、体质量指数(BM I)呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论T2DM CRP和IL-6炎症因子与胰岛素抵抗密切相关,是反映其肾脏受损程度的标志之一。     

2型糖尿病与C-反应蛋白及空腹血胰岛素原的相关性研究

目的: 研究C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、空腹血胰岛素原(fasting plasma proinsulin,FPI)与2型糖尿病(T₂DM)及其合并高血压的关系,探讨CRP参与T₂DM的发生机制。方法: 70例T₂DM患者按有无高血压分为T₂DM合并高血压组30例和单纯T₂DM组40例,另设35名正常对照,均检测血CRP、FPI、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fg)、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)等,并进行组间比较,T₂DM组进行CRP与FPI等指标的相关性分析。结果: 单纯T₂DM组CRP值较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.01),且T₂DM合并高血压组CRP值也较单纯T₂DM组明显升高(P<0.01)。T₂DM组CRP与FPI呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。结论: T₂DM及其合并高血压的发生、发展可能与CRP升高有关。     

2型糖尿病患者血清CRP及白细胞计数的相关性研究

目的探讨超敏C反应蛋白及外周血白细胞计数对早期发现2型糖尿病（T2DM）及其大血管并发症的临床意义。方法收集126例糖尿病患者和55例正常对照组的一般资料及各项实验室指标,采用NycoCard单人份检测试剂盒定量测定超敏C反应蛋白浓度。结果糖尿病患者hs-CRP、WBC水平均高于正常组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;T2DM患者组较正常对照组单因素比较,T2DM组的年龄、FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c、TG、TC、BUN及MA均升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;WBC和Hs-CRP均与FBG2、hPBG、HbA1c呈正相关,与IBIL及HDL-C呈负相关,WBC和Hs-CRP互有相关关系;病程、HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C是影响糖尿病血管并发症的主要危险因素。结论常规检测血清CRP、WBC有助于对T2DM及其血管并发症未来风险进行预防和干预。     

Low bone mineral density and risk of fracture in white female nursing home residents

CONTEXT: Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a strong risk factor for fracture in community-dwelling white women, but the relationship in white female nursing home residents, for whom fracture rates are highest, is less clear. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative contribution of low BMD to fracture risk in nursing home residents. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with baseline data collected April 1995 to June 1997, with 18 months of follow-up. SETTING: Forty-seven randomly selected nursing homes in Maryland. PATIENTS: A total of 1427 white female nursing home residents aged 65 years or older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Documented osteoporotic fracture occurring during follow-up as a function of baseline BMD measurements higher vs lower than the median, and after controlling for demographic, functional, cognitive, psychosocial, and medical factors. RESULTS: A total of 223 osteoporotic fractures occurred among 180 women. Low BMD and transfer independence were significant independent risk factors for fracture in this nursing home sample (P<.001) and the 2 factors acted synergistically (P =.06) to further increase fracture risk. Compared with women whose BMD was higher than the median (0. 296 g/cm(2)), those whose BMD was lower than the median had an unadjusted hazard ratio for risk of fracture of 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-2.8); women who were independent in transfer had a hazard ratio of 1.6 (95% CI, 1.2-2.2) compared with women dependent in transfer. Among residents independent in transfer, those with BMD below the median had a more than 3-fold increase in fracture risk compared with those with higher BMD (unadjusted hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.2-4.4). Among residents dependent in transfer, those with BMD below the median had a 60% increase in fracture risk (unadjusted hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3). Adjustment for covariates did not alter the BMD-fracture relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that low BMD and independence in transfer are significant predictors of osteoporotic fracture in white female nursing home residents. JAMA. 2000;284:972-977     

妊娠糖尿病脂联素、炎性因子与胰岛素抵抗关系临床研究

目的：研究妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者机体脂联素（ADP）及炎性因子水平与胰岛素抵抗（IR）的关系。方法：218例临床确诊的妊娠糖尿病患者为妊娠糖尿病组,127例同期健康孕妇为正常妊娠组,89例健康未孕妇女为对照组,比较3组脂联素、炎性因子C反应蛋白（CRP）、白介素一6（IL一6）、肿瘤坏死因子一α（TNF—α）水平及与胰岛素抵抗（IR）的关系。结果：妊娠糖尿病组、正常妊娠组及对照组脂联素、CRP、IL一6、TNF—α及胰岛素抵抗指数比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;妊娠妇女脂联素与炎性因子CRP、IL一6、TNF—α及胰岛素抵抗指数经speαrmαn相关性分析均成负相关。结论：脂联素、炎性因子CRP、IL一6、TNF—α及胰岛素抵抗关系密切。