长春新碱对鼻咽癌细胞增殖和周期的影响

[目的]探讨长春新碱(VCR)对鼻咽癌CNE鄄2Z细胞增殖和周期的影响。[方法]MTT法检测增殖抑制率和IC50,流式细胞术分析细胞周期。[结果]不同浓度的VCR分别处理细胞24h、48h、72h时,抑制率随浓度的增加和时间的延长而增加,其IC50分别为(2.01±0.26)、(1.59±0.23)、(0.92±0.11)μg/ml,各IC50间的差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。0.5μg/ml、1μg/ml、2μg/mlVCR分别处理细胞6h、12h、24h时,G0/G1期细胞明显下降,G2/M期细胞明显升高,随时间的延长变化更明显(P<0.01)。[结论]VCR对CNE鄄2Z细胞具有增殖抑制作用,该抑制作用具有剂量和时间依赖性;阻滞细胞于G2/M期,此阻滞作用具有时间依赖性;一定剂量的VCR可能通过阻滞CNE鄄2Z于G2/M期而抑制其增殖。     

奥沙利铂对人低分化鼻咽癌细胞系CNE2体外增殖的影响

背景与目的:奥沙利铂是第三代铂类化合物,与顺铂相比其作用机制有一些重要区别,且毒性较低。鼻咽癌以低分化癌为多见,虽放射治疗是基本手段,但对复法或转移鼻咽癌、化疗仍是重要的手段,因此,本实验通过探讨奥沙利铂体外对人低分化鼻咽癌细胞CNE2的影响研究其在鼻咽癌治疗中的可能价值。方法:将浓度分别为0.03、0.16、0.8、4.0、20.0、100μg/m l的奥沙利铂与CNE2细胞作用24、36、48 h,用MTT法计算细胞生长抑制率,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期改变和凋亡率,透射电镜观察其形态学变化。结果:奥沙利铂能够抑制CNE2细胞的增殖,并且这种作用呈时间和剂量依赖性。100μg/m l奥沙利铂作用48 h,CNE2细胞生长抑制率达(95.6±0.7)%。流式细胞仪分析显示CNE2细胞呈G2/M期阻滞;奥沙利铂浓度为0、0.03、4.0、100μg/m l时CNE2细胞的凋亡率分别为(0.19±0.17)%、(0.37±0.09)%、(5.50±1.08)%、(9.43±0.09)%。20μg/m l药物作用24 h后电镜观察发现CNE2细胞皱缩,染色质聚集于核膜周围,固缩,碎裂成多块;并有凋亡小体形成。结论:奥沙利铂能够抑制人低分化鼻咽癌细胞系CNE2的增殖,能够诱导CNE2细胞G2/M期阻滞,较高浓度的奥沙利铂才可诱导CNE2细胞凋亡。     

蛋白激酶C抑制剂Staurosporine对人胃癌细胞周期的影响

背景与目的:蛋白激酶C(proteinkinaseC,PKC)已成为一个潜在的有价值的抗肿瘤治疗靶点。本研究旨在探讨PKC抑制剂Staurosporine(ST)对人胃癌细胞株MGC-803和SGC-7901的增殖抑制、凋亡诱导及对其细胞周期的影响。方法:在用台盼蓝拒染法检测细胞增殖抑制率的基础上,通过细胞形态学观察凋亡小体,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率及细胞周期变化。结果:ST抑制MGC-803细胞生长,24h的IC50为54ng/ml,48h的IC50为23ng/ml;ST抑制SGC-7901细胞的生长,24h的IC50为61ng/ml,48h的IC50为37ng/ml。40、60、100ng/mlST分别作用MGC-803细胞24h后,发现G0/G1期细胞分别为(23.6±1.8)%、(11.6±0.7)%、(3.3±0.2)%,而对照组为(54.3±3.1)%;G2/M期细胞分别为(22.6±4.0)%、(35.5±0.4)%、(36.8±5.5)%,而对照组为(13.5±0.2)%。40、60、100ng/mlST分别作用于SGC-7901细胞24h后,G0/G1期细胞分别为(27.1±1.4)%、(17.0±3.4)%,(13.7±0.7)%,而对照组为(52.5±4.4)%;G2/M期细胞分别为(21.9±2.6)%、(39.5±4.9)%、(38.4±3.1)%,而对照组为(13.5±2.2)%。实验组细胞与对照组比较,ST使两种细胞G0/G1期明显减少及G2/M期明显增加(P<0.01)。200ng/mlST作用24h后两种细胞的G1期前均出现明显的凋亡峰,可诱导细胞出现典型凋亡小体。结论:ST显著降     

Aurora A反义寡核苷酸联合紫杉醇对体外肺癌细胞的作用及其机制

目的:探讨在体外培养的肺癌细胞A549中,AuroraA反义寡核苷酸对紫杉醇(PTX)化疗敏感性的影响,并分析其内在机制。方法:用脂质体瞬时转染法介导AuroraA反义硫代磷酸寡核苷酸(antisense oligodeoxyneucle-otides,ASODN)处理肺腺癌A549细胞6h后,给予一定浓度的PTX继续作用24h,用四唑氮蓝法(MTT)观察各组的量效反应,并计算半数抑制浓度IC50的值。Aurora A ASODN转染细胞后24及48h时应用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期分布的变化。结果:Aurora A ASODN作用于A549细胞后,细胞的生长抑制率呈剂量和时间依赖性,其中48h的IC50值约为300nmol/L;在此浓度和时间下,Aurora A反义寡核苷酸可使细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期。Aurora A ASODN转染增加了肺癌细胞A549对PTX的敏感性,ASODN+PTX组的细胞生长抑制率在30h达(70·51±1·77)%,明显高于单用ASODN的(29·98±2·05)%(P=0·000)和PTX的(33·61±1·57)%,P=0·000。结论:Aurora A ASODN增强肺腺癌细胞系A549对紫杉醇的化疗敏感性,这可能与Aurora A ASODN使细胞发生G2/M期阻滞有关。     

大蒜素与细胞周期特异性化疗药联合应用抗肿瘤的实验研究

目的:探讨大蒜素对人胃癌细胞株BGC-823、SGC7901生长的影响及其与细胞周期特异性化疗药联合应用抗肿瘤作用.方法:M丌法测定细胞增殖抑制率并测定药物半数抑制率(IC50);流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的改变,大蒜素与NVB、5-FU、MMC、PDD四种化疗药联合应用,观察细胞毒活性的改变.结果:大蒜素对BGC-823和SGC-7901两种细胞的生长均有明显的抑制作用,72h IC50分别为:30μg/ml和20μg/ml.以72h IC50浓度大蒜素分别作用于两种胃癌细胞株24h、48h后,流式细胞仪检测与对照组比G0/G1期细胞减少,G2/M期细胞明显增加,提示两种胃癌细胞株经大蒜素处理后,细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期.大蒜素与四种化疗药联合应用,结果发现作用于BGC823细胞,NVB72h的IC50值由原来单独应用时的9.0μg/ml降至2.25μg/ml.作用于SGC-7901细胞,NVB72h的IC50值由原来单独应用时的43.0μg/ml降至12.5μg/ml,显示大蒜素与作用于G2/M期的细胞周期特异性化疗药NVB联合应用时可增强其对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用.结论:大蒜素可使BGC-823和SGC-7901两种细胞的增殖受到抑制,细胞周期被阻滞在G2/M期.大蒜素与G2/M期特异性化疗药联合应用,可能具有协同抗肿瘤作用.     

二烯丙基二硫对人鼻咽癌CNE2细胞周期的阻滞作用

目的 探讨二烯丙基二硫(DADS)对人鼻咽癌CNE2细胞周期的阻滞作用及分子机制.方法 体外培养CNE2细胞,采用MTT比色实验、细胞计数法、细胞形态学观察、流式细胞仪和Western blotting方法分析DADS对CNE2细胞的增殖抑制作用、细胞周期分布的影响及细胞周期相关蛋白p21WAF1的表达.结果 MTT法显示,不同浓度DADS(90、140、240、400 μmol/L)处理CNE2细胞48小时后,生长抑制率分别为3.3%、12.9%、28.3%、56.9%;细胞计数法表明,常规培养CNE2细胞群体倍增时间为24.5小时,DADS的浓度由90 μmol/L增加到400 μmol/L时,其细胞群体倍增时间由27.6小时延长到93.1小时;HE染色结果显示,不同浓度DADS处理CNE2细胞48小时后细胞异型性明显减少,核浆比例明显减少;流式细胞仪分析显示DADS呈浓度依赖性将CNE2细胞阻滞在G0/G1期;Western blotting分析表明,在细胞周期阻滞的同时有p21WAF1蛋白表达上调.结论 DADS对CNE2细胞的抑制增殖作用与G0/G1期阻滞有关,其分子机制可能与调节p21WAF1表达有关.     

大蒜素对人胃癌细胞株SGC-7901和BGC-823生长的影响

目的：研究大蒜素对人胃癌细胞株SGC-7901、BGC-823增殖抑制作用及对细胞周期的影响。方法：传代培养人胃癌细胞，MTT法测定细胞增殖抑制率并测定药物半数抑制率（IC50）；流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的改变。结果：大蒜素对SGC-7901和BGC-823两种细胞的生长均有明显的抑制作用，且呈浓度依赖性，72h IC50分别为20和30μg／mL；以72h IC50浓度大蒜素分别作用于两种胃癌细胞株24、48h后，流式细胞检测与对照组比G0／G1期细胞减少，G2／M期细胞明显增加，P〈0．01。提示两种胃癌细胞株经大蒜素处理后．细胞周期阻滞于G2／M期。结论：大蒜素可使人胃癌细胞株SGC-7901和BGC-823细胞的增殖明显受到抑制；细胞周期被阻滞在G2／M期。     

大蒜素对人胃癌细胞株SGC-7901和BGC-823生长的影响

目的:研究大蒜素对人胃癌细胞株 SGC 7901、BGC 823增殖抑制作用及对细胞周期 的影响。方法:传代培养人胃癌细胞,MTT法测 定细胞增殖抑制率并测定药物半数抑制率 (IC50);流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的改变。结果: 大蒜素对SGC 7901和BGC 823两种细胞的生长 均有明显的抑制作用,且呈浓度依赖性,72hIC50 分别为20和30μg/mL;以72hIC50浓度大蒜素 分别作用于两种胃癌细胞株24、48h后,流式细 胞检测与对照组比G0/G1期细胞减少,G2/M期 细胞明显增加,P<0.01。提示两种胃癌细胞株 经大蒜素处理后,细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期。结 论:大蒜素可使人胃癌细胞株SGC 7901和BGC 823细胞的增殖明显受到抑制;细胞周期被阻滞 在G2/M期。     

伊立替康对胃癌高侵袭转移细胞株OCUM-2MD3体外抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

目的探讨伊立替康(CPT-11)对人胃癌高侵袭转移细胞株OCUM-2M D 3的体外增殖作用的影响及其作用机制。方法人胃癌高侵袭转移细胞株OCUM-2M D 3于DM EM培养液中(含10%热灭活胎牛血清),在37℃、5%的CO2、饱和湿度下培养传代。M TT法检测0.97、1.94、3.88、7.75、15.5、31、62、124μg/m l 8个不同浓度伊立替康分别作用24、48、72小时后对细胞增殖的抑制效应并计算抑制率。利用中效原理方程计算各时段药物作用的中效浓度(IC 50)。检测CPT-11对OCUM-2M D 3细胞作用的时间效应和剂量效应。利用流式细胞仪分析伊立替康作用24小时前后细胞周期的分布及凋亡情况。结果CPT-11对胃癌高侵袭转移细胞株OCUM-2M D 3的体外增殖有明显的抑制作用。在相同时间段不同药物浓度CPT-11对OCUM-2M D 3细胞的抑制率差异有显著性(P<0.01)。而在相同药物浓度时,作用不同时间,其抑制率差异也有显著性(P<0.01)。且药物浓度与药物作用时间之间有交互作用(P<0.01)。124μg/m l CPT-11作用72小时后,OCUM-2M D 3细胞生长抑制率可达80.6%。CPT-11作用24、48、72小时的IC 50分别为49.889μg/m l、9.775μg/m l、6.481μg/m l。流式细胞仪分析显示以1/2 IC 5024.945μg/m l CPT-11处理24小时后,对照组细胞周期分布为G0/G1期(39.30±4.81)%,S期(37.40±3.91)%,G2/M期(23.33±8.05)%;用药组为G0/G1期(56.50±7.69)%,S期(43.90±7.69)%,G2/M期消失,细胞周期被阻滞于G0/G1及S期。流式细胞仪检测凋亡率分别为(1.00±0.11)%、(34.29±0.79)%,用药组凋亡率明显升高,差异有显著性(P<0.01),出现明显的凋亡峰。结论伊立替康能够明显抑制人胃癌高侵袭转移细胞株OCUM-2M D 3的体外增殖活性。     

紫草素衍生物SYUNZ-7的抗肿瘤作用及其机制的初步研究

背景与目的:实验证明天然紫草素类化合物及其衍生物具有不同程度的细胞毒作用和抗肿瘤作用。本实验研究紫草素萘茜类衍生物[2或3,11-双苯硫基-6-异己萘茜]代号为SYUNZ-7的体内外抗肿瘤作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法:应用MTT法检测SYUNZ-7对多种肿瘤细胞的体外抗增殖作用,并计算IC50值;用小鼠移植肿瘤模型和人鼻咽癌裸鼠移植瘤模型进行SYUNZ-7的体内抗瘤实验;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期的变化;免疫组化法检测SYUNZ-7对血管生成的影响。结果:SYUNZ-7对人肺癌细胞GLC-82、人鼻咽癌细胞CNE2、人口底癌细胞KB、人胃癌细胞MGC-803和人肝癌细胞HepG2的IC50值分别为(2.18±0.04)μg/ml、(4.17±0.09)μg/ml、(5.41±0.10)μg/ml、(6.41±0.14)μg/ml和(9.99±0.21)μg/ml。SYUNZ-7对GLC-82细胞的体外抗增殖作用最强。小鼠艾氏腹水癌EAC(实体型)抗瘤实验结果显示,在1mg/kg、2mg/kg、4mg/kg和8mg/kg的剂量下SYUNZ-7的抑瘤率分别为(40.5±0.1)%、(50.9±2.3)%、(61.3±1.8)%和(65.6±7.4)%(P<0.01)。1mg/kg、2mg/kg和4mg/kg的SYUNZ-7对CNE2细胞裸小鼠移植瘤的抑瘤率分别为24.7%、38.3%和41.2%(P<0.05)。流式细胞术检测结果显示,SYUNZ-7能浓度依赖性和时间依赖性诱导CNE2细胞的凋亡;随着作用时间的延长或处理浓度的增加,SYUNZ-7可以阻滞CNE2细胞由S期向G2/M期转化。免疫组化结果显示:SYUNZ-7能够呈浓度依赖性抑制CNE2细胞裸小鼠移植瘤的血管生成。结论:紫草素萘茜类衍生物SYUNZ-7具有较强的体内外抗瘤作用,其抗瘤机制与诱导细胞凋亡、阻滞细胞周期和抑制血管生成有关。     

Biomarkers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

The treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has evolved significantly following the identification of the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene and the function of its protein, and subsequent development of antiangiogenic therapies. A series of clinical trials resulted in the approval of three new agents with significant activity in this disease. Additional studies are now underway to identify subsets of patients most likely to benefit. This article reviews the current therapy for advanced RCC and the development of biomarkers in RCC. This requires the identification of disease characteristics at a clinical, genetic and molecular level associated with response and/or surrogate measures of clinical benefit. Currently, a variety of prognostic factors (lactate dehydrogenase, performance status, disease-free interval, hemoglobin and calcium levels) are utilized to predict the survival of RCC patients. The use of validated biomarkers in either serum/plasma, urine or tissue could enhance this process, as well as define at the molecular and genetic levels, factors associated with response to therapy and/or the development of resistance. Examples include plasma VEGF levels, VHL gene mutation status and carbonic anhydrase IX levels in tumor tissue, among others. Validation of such biomarkers is crucial in order for them to be clinically useful.     

Non-small and small cell lung carcinoma cell lines exhibit cell type-specific sensitivity to edelfosine-induced cell death and different cell line-specific responses to edelfosine treatment

The unique signal transduction pathways that distinguish non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) from small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) are poorly understood. We investigated the ability of edelfosine, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) to inhibit cell viability among four NSCLC cell lines and four SCLC cell lines. The differential sensitivity of cells to edelfosine's cytostatic and cytotoxic effects has been attributed to edelfosine-induced changes in the activities of many enzymes, including c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), p38 kinase, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). To investigate the role of these enzymes in edelfosine-induced cytotoxicity, we correlated edelfosine-induced changes in enzyme activity and cell viability among the different NSCLC and SCLC cell lines. We found that NSCLC cells are much more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of this drug than are SCLC cells. Three out of the four edelfosine-sensitive NSCLC cell lines (NCI-H157, NCI-H520, NCI-H522) exhibit G2/M arrest, significant apoptosis and some degree of JNK activation in response to drug treatment. In contrast, none of the SCLC cell lines exhibit edelfosine-induced G2/M arrest or significant apoptosis. A comparison of the edelfosine-induced effects among the sensitive and resistant lung cancer lines indicates that there is little correlation between edelfosine-induced cytotoxicity and altered activities of JNK, ERK, p38, or cleavage of PARP. These results demonstrate that edelfosine-induced changes in JNK, ERK, p38, or PARP are not good predictors of cell susceptibility to edelfosine-induced cytotoxicity. Thus, edelfosine-induced inactivation of PLC may disrupt signaling cascades downstream of PLC that are unique to individual cellular environments. These findings also identify edelfosine as one of the few potential chemotherapeutic agents that has a greater cytotoxic effect against NSCLC cells than SCLC cells.     

Biomarkers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

The treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has evolved significantly following the identification of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene and the function of its protein, and subsequent development of antiangiogenic therapies. A series of clinical trials resulted in the approval of three new agents with significant activity in this disease. Additional studies are now underway to identify subsets of patients most likely to benefit. This article reviews the current therapy for advanced RCC and the development of biomarkers in RCC. This requires the identification of disease characteristics at a clinical, genetic and molecular level associated with response and/or surrogate measures of clinical benefit. Currently, a variety of prognostic factors (lactate dehydrogenase, performance status, disease-free interval, hemoglobin and calcium levels) are utilized to predict the survival of RCC patients. The use of validated biomarkers in either serum/plasma, urine or tissue could enhance this process, as well as define at the molecular and genetic levels, factors associated with response to therapy and/or the development of resistance. Examples include plasma VEGF levels, VHL gene mutation status and carbonic anhydrase IX levels in tumor tissue, among others. Validation of such biomarkers is crucial in order for them to be clinically useful.     

桥接整合因子1通过AKT-mTOR通路诱导非小细胞肺癌H1975细胞周期阻滞

目的：研究桥接整合因子1（bridging intergrator 1,Bin1）基因过表达后对非小细胞肺癌细胞株H1975细胞周期的影响及其作用机制。方法：构建携带Bin1基因的CMV-MCS-GFP-SV40-Neomycin-Bin1质粒,并转染H1975细胞（Bin1+组）,另设置空白质粒转染组（Bin1-组）及空白对照组（Ctrl组）,利用RT-PCR和Western blotting分别检测3组细胞中Bin1在mRNA和蛋白质水平的表达情况。流式细胞术检测不同处理组H1975细胞周期的变化,Western boltting分别检测各组中AKT、mTOR磷酸化水平及细胞周期相关蛋白（周期蛋白D1、CDK4、Rb）的表达情况。结果：与Bin1-组、Ctrl组比较,Bin1+组H1975细胞中Bin1在mRNA、蛋白水平表达明显上调（均P<0.05）; H1975细胞阻滞在G1期\[（60.53±1.89）% vs（46.14±1.56）%、（47.33±2.07）%,均P<0.05\]; Bin1+组H1975细胞内p-AKT、p-mTOR表达下调（均P<0.05）,AKT、mTOR表达变化无统计学差异（P>0.05）;周期蛋白D1、CDK4的表达量均明显下调(P<0.05),Rb表达量明显增加（P<0.05）。结论：Bin1基因在H1975细胞株过表达后明显诱导细胞周期阻滞,其机制可能是通过抑制AKT-mTOR通路及其细胞周期相关蛋白实现的。     

Inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase decreases cell mobility and cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest

S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AHCY) hydrolyzes S-adenosylhomocysteine to adenosine and l-homocysteine, and it is already known that inhibition of AHCY decreased cell proliferation by G2/M arrest in MCF7 cells. However, the previous study has not indicated what mechanism the cell cycle arrest is induced by. In this study, we aimed to investigate the different cell cycle mechanisms in both p53 wild-typed MCF7 and p53 mutant-typed MCF7-ADR by suppressing AHCY. We extensively proved that AHCY knockdown has an anti-proliferative effect by using the WST-1 assay, BrdU assay, and cell cytometry analysis and an anti-invasive, migration effect by wound-healing assay and trans-well analysis. Our study showed that down-regulation of AHCY effectively suppressed cell proliferation by regulating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and through cell cycle arrests. The cell cycle arrest occurred at the G2/M checkpoint by inhibiting degradation of cyclinB1 and phosphorylation of CDC2 in MCF7 cells and at the G1 phase by inhibiting cyclinD1 and CDK6 in MCF7-ADR cells. Finally, we determined that AHCY regulates the expression of ATM kinase that phosphorylates p53 and affects to arrest of G2/M phase in MCF7 cells. The findings of this study significantly suggest that AHCY is an important regulator of cell proliferation through different mechanism in between MCF7 and MCF7-ADR cells as p53 status.     

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for renal cell carcinoma

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a compatible donor has been utilized as adoptive immunotherapy in metastatic, cytokine-refractory renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Since the year 2000, several investigators have established that RCC is susceptible to a graft-versus-tumor effect: they reported that patients with renal cancer may have partial or complete disease responses, in the 20–40% range, after allogeneic transplantation following a reduced-intensity regimen. However, transplant-related mortality is still high in the 10–20% range, and responses are rarely durable. Experimental evidence suggests that donor-derived T cells and natural killer cells are the main mediators of the graft-versus-RCC effect upon allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Isolation of CD8⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones recognizing several target antigens of graft-versus-RCC effect (minor histocompatibility antigens on RCC cells; a peptide epitope derived from human endogenous retrovirus type E; the tumor-associated antigen encoded by the Wilms’ tumor 1 gene) has increased our knowledge of the disease and has opened up the possibility of antigen-specific adoptive cell therapy. The introduction in the clinic of molecularly targeted agents that interfere with neoangiogenesis, both monoclonal antibodies and small tyrosine-kinase inhibitor molecules (e.g., sunitinib, sorafenib and bevacizumab), has decreased the use of allogeneic transplantation. Although not curative, novel targeted agents may be combined with allogeneic transplantation or with adoptive cell therapy in order to maximize the chances of cure.     

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen suppresses radiation-induced cell death

Previous study has demonstrated that squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) 1 attenuates apoptosis induced by TNF alpha, NK cell or anticancer drug. In this study, we have examined the effect of SCCA2, which is highly homologous to SCCA1, but has different target specificity, against radiation-induced apoptosis, together with that of SCCA1. We demonstrated that cell death induced by radiation treatment was remarkably suppressed not only in SCCA1 cDNA-transfected cells, but also in SCCA2 cDNA-transfected cells. In these transfectants, caspase 3 activity and the expression of activated caspase 9 after radiation treatment were suppressed. Furthermore, the expression level of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was suppressed compared to that of the control cells. The expression level of upstream stimulator of p38 MAPK, phosphorylated MKK3/MKK6, was also suppressed in the radiation-treated cells. Thus, both SCCA1 and SCCA2 may contribute to survival of the squamous cells from radiation-induced apoptosis by regulating p38 MAPK pathway.