4-1BB在人外周血γδT细胞活化中的协同刺激作用

采用结核杆菌(Mtb)低分子多肽刺激人外周血单个核细胞,流式细胞术(FCM)检测不同活化时相γδT细胞膜表面4-1BB分子的表达;用阻断型4-1BB配体(4-1BBL)单抗阻断4-1BB/4-1BBL信号,FCM检测γδT细胞的增殖比率和细胞内产生IFN-γ的情况,同时与阻断CD28/B7-1信号相比较。结果显示,静止的γδT细胞膜表面不表达4-1BB分子,Mtb抗原刺激后6 h,4-1BB即有明显表达(29.71%),48 h达到高峰(49.79%);与未阻断组相比,阻断4-1BB/4-1BBL信号,γδT细胞的增殖效应和细胞内IFN-γ的产生均明显下降(P<0.01),与CD28/B7-1信号阻断组相比,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。提示4-1BB/4-1BBL信号同CD28/B7-1信号一样,可为γδT细胞活化提供协同刺激作用。     

共刺激分子4-1BBL高表达与肿瘤免疫逃逸关系的研究

目的:观察高表达4-1BBL的HL-60细胞培养上清液对人淋巴细胞活化、增殖、IL-2分泌及凋亡诱导作用的影响;分析阻断4-1BB/4-1BBL信号对肿瘤细胞增殖、细胞因子分泌的影响,揭示肿瘤的免疫逃逸机制.方法:将不同浓度的HL-60肿瘤细胞培养上清液与体外分离的人淋巴细胞共培养,MTT法检测细胞增殖;流式细胞术检测免疫表型、细胞因子分泌及细胞凋亡;ELISA法检测IL-2分泌水平;用抗4-1BBL单抗作用后,观察对HL-60细胞增殖及细胞因子分泌的影响.结果:不同的肿瘤细胞株表面均有4-1BBL表达,但表达水平不同;HL-60细胞培养上清液对淋巴细胞活化没有明显影响(P＞0.05),但能明显抑制淋巴细胞增殖(P＜0.01)和IL-2分泌(P＜0.05),诱导淋巴细胞凋亡(P＜0.05).抗4-1BBL单抗能抑制HL-60细胞增殖和TGF-β的分泌(P＜0.05).结论:HL-60细胞高表达4-1BBL具有反向调节作用,可通过促进肿瘤细胞增殖及TGF-β分泌等抑制淋巴细胞功能,从而使之逃避宿主的免疫监视.     

4-1BB(CD137/ILA)与免疫细胞相互关系研究进展

4 1BB(CD137 ILA)是神经生长因子受体 (NGF R) 肿瘤坏死因子受体 (TNF R)家族的成员之一 ,它介导的协同刺激信号能促进T细胞活化、增殖、分化 ,也能诱导T细胞凋亡。 4 1BB既能协同CD2 8对T细胞的共刺激作用 ,也能不依赖于CD2 8而发挥共刺激效应。 4 1BB通过胞浆末尾区的聚集 ,与肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子 2 (TRAF2 )交联 ,依次活化ASK 1、JNK SAPK或p38MAP ,启动级联放大效应。活化B细胞表达 4 1BB配体 (4 1BBL)。 4 1BB单抗调高NK细胞杀伤肿瘤的活性。 4 1BB通过双向信号转导 ,使单核细胞活化、增殖 ,并促进单核细胞的粘附作用。     

小鼠自身免疫性心肌炎发病过程中4-1BB/4-1BBL和IL-15的表达及意义

目的： 探讨在小鼠自身免疫性心肌炎发病过程中4-1BB/4-1BBL、IL-15的表达和变化,及其免疫学活性对心肌炎的影响。方法：将提纯的猪心肌肌球蛋白和完全弗氏佐剂等体积混合成乳浊液在1 d、8 d及30 d免疫具有遗传易感性的BALB/c小鼠,建立实验性自身免疫性心肌炎（EAM）模型。对照组小鼠仅用完全弗氏佐剂皮下注射。分别于初次免疫后21 d、80 d进行心肌炎症评分及血清肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)测定,免疫组化检测心肌淋巴细胞活化诱导受体配体（4-1BBL）的表达,ELISA法检测血清白细胞介素-15(IL-15)的浓度,RT-PCR技术检测4-1BB/4-1BBL和IL-15 mRNA在小鼠心肌组织中的表达。结果：在急性期21 d,EAM组小鼠心肌组织见不同程度的炎性细胞浸润和心肌细胞变性坏死、血清cTnI水平升高（P<0.05）;80 d EAM组小鼠心肌组织炎症减弱伴有纤维化出现、cTnI较前期降低;心肌4-1BBL和血清IL-15在EAM组中表达明显,在对照组中少量表达（P<0.05）;21 d EAM组小鼠心肌组织中4-1BB/4-1BBL和IL-15基因表达水平均高于对照组(P<0.01),且与心肌炎症呈明显的正相关,80 d时表达仍然升高(P<0.05)。结论：4-1BB/4-1BBL和IL-15在EAM小鼠发病过程中的表达上调,4-1BB/4-1BBL共刺激通路和IL-15可能协同参与了自身免疫性心肌炎的发生发展过程。     

4-1BB／4-1BBL在T细胞免疫应答及疾病发生中的作用

共刺激分子4-1BB和4-1BB配体（4-1BBL）属于肿瘤坏死因子／肿瘤坏死因子受体（TNF／TN—FR）超家族的重要成员,分别表达在活化的T细胞及树突状细胞（DC）上。4-1BB与4-1BBL相互作用产生的共刺激信号能够促进T细胞增殖、分化以及细胞因子的产生。4-1BB／4—1BBL信号途径在自身免疫性疾病、肿瘤、病毒感染等疾病的发生、发展过程中起着重要的免疫调节作用。干预调节4-1BB／4-1BBL信号途径有望为疾病的免疫治疗提供新的思路。     

TLR4/MAPKs信号通路在ox-LDL诱导的血管平滑肌细胞分泌MCP-1中的作用

目的:探讨Toll样受体4/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(TLR4/MAPKs)信号通路在氧化性低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导的血管平滑肌细胞分泌单核细胞趋化因子-1(MCP-1)中的作用。方法:在ox-LDL刺激下采用逆转录聚合酶链技术(RT-PCR)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血管平滑肌细胞MCP-1的表达,用Western blotting检测细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)、p38促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)磷酸化水平的变化。同时,分别应用TLR4中和抗体(TLR4单克隆抗体、TLR4阻断剂)、PD98059(ERK1/2特异性抑制剂)、SB23015(p38MAPK特异性抑制剂)、SP600125(JNK特异性抑制剂),观察其对ox-LDL诱导的MCP-1的表达和ERK1/2、p38MAPK磷酸化水平的影响。结果:ox-LDL刺激血管平滑肌细胞上调MCP-1mRNA和其蛋白的表达(P0.05);用TLR4中和抗体、PD98059、SB23015预孵育后MCP-1mRNA和其蛋白的表达较单独ox-LDL刺激情况下降低(P0.05),而用SP600125预孵育后降低不明显(P0.05);TLR4调节了ERK1/2和p38MAPKs的磷酸化水平。结论:ox-LDL是TLR4的内源性配体;ox-LDL通过或部分通过TLR4/ERK1/2和TLR4/p38MAPK信号通路介导血管平滑肌细胞MCP-1的表达。     

029 4-1BB(CD137／ILA)与免疫细胞相互关系研究进展

4-1BB(CD137／ILA)是神经生长因子受体(NGF-R)／肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNF-R)家族的成员之一，它介导的协同刺激信号能促进T细胞活化、增殖、分化，也能诱导T细胞凋亡。4-1BB既能协同CD28对T细胞的共刺激作用，也能不依赖于CD28而发挥共刺激效应。4-1BB通过胞浆末尾区的聚集，与肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子2(TRAF2)交联，依次活化ASK-1、JNK／SAPK或p38 MAP，启动级联放大效应。活化B细胞表达4-1BB配体(4-1BB L)。4-1BB单抗调高NK细胞杀伤肿瘤的活性。4-1BB通过双向信号转导，使单核细胞活化、增殖，并促进单核细胞的粘附作用。     

类风湿关节炎T细胞亚群4-1BB的表达与其分泌TH1/TH2细胞因子的关系

目的探讨体外培养的类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)T淋巴细胞上共刺激分子4-1BB的表达,及与其分泌T_H1/T_H2细胞因子的关系。方法应用流式细胞术检测体外培养的30例RA患者和20例正常对照者T细胞活化前后4-1BB的表达,并且应用ELISA方法检测培养上清液中IFN-γ、IL-4水平。结果RA患者CD4~ T和CD8~ T细胞表达的4-1BB明显高于正常对照组(表达百分率分别为18.56%±4.08%和10.33%±2.13%;1.24%±0.12%和0.87%±0.09%,P<0.01),经抗CD3单抗体外刺激后CD4~ T和CD8~ T细胞表达的4-1BB均显著高于活化前(表达百分率为33.21%±4.29%和21.35%±8.12%,P<0.01)。RA患者CD4~ T/CD8~ T比值明显升高,而且与4- 1BB~ CD4~ T细胞数呈正相关关系(r=0.84,P<0.01),RA患者T淋巴细胞培养液上清中IFN-γ、IL-4均高于正常对照组(P<0.05),经抗CD3单抗体外刺激后上清液中IFN-γ及Ib-4均明显高于活化前,以IFN-γ升高最为显著(P<0.01)。而且抗CD3单抗刺激前后4-1BB~ CD4~ T细胞数与培养上清液中IFN-γ水平均呈正相关关系(r=0.721,r=0.487,P<0.05)。结论类风湿关节炎患者T细胞表达的4-1BB在类风湿关节炎的发生发展中具有重要意义,4-1BB可能通过对CD4~ T细胞活化,促使T_H1细胞因子分泌,参与关节炎症和免疫损伤。     

容量激活性氯离子通道在低氧高二氧化碳处理的大鼠PASMCs的表达及其与MAPK通路的关系

 目的：探讨容量激活性氯离子通道（CLC3）在低氧高二氧化碳处理的大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞（PASMCs）中的表达变化及其与MAPK信号通路的关系。方法：酶消化法取雄性SD大鼠PASMCs进行原代培养,采用小鼠抗大鼠α-平滑肌肌动蛋白免疫荧光细胞化学法进行细胞鉴定;复制低氧高二氧化碳模型,采用免疫印迹法检测CLC3蛋白的表达;采用RT-PCR技术测定CLC3 mRNA水平的表达。结果：(1)与对照组比较,低氧高二氧化碳组PASMCs CLC3 mRNA和蛋白表达量均显著上调(均P＜001);(2)与低氧高二氧化碳组比较,ERK抑制剂U0126+低氧高二氧化碳组PASMCs CLC3 mRNA和蛋白表达量均显著下调(均P＜001);p38抑制剂SB203580+低氧高二氧化碳组PASMCs CLC3 mRNA和蛋白表达量均明显上调(均P＜001);p38激活剂茴香霉素+低氧高二氧化碳组PASMCs CLC3 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著下降(P＜005和P＜001)。结论：低氧高二氧化碳可上调大鼠PASMCs CLC3 mRNA和蛋白的表达;ERK1/2通路介导了低氧高二氧化碳诱导的大鼠PASMCs CLC3表达, 而p38 MAPK通路活化则下调低氧高二氧化碳诱导的CLC3 mRNA和蛋白表达。     

IL-4诱导THP-1细胞表达DC-SIGN的信号通路调节研究

目的 研究IL-4诱导THP-1细胞表达DC-SIGN的信号调节通路,探索DC -SIGN表达的信号调控网络.方法 以佛波脂(PMA)刺激THP-1细胞24h后加入IL-4作用48 h诱导DC-SIGN的表达,并设ERK阻断剂、NF-κB阻断剂、JAK-STAT阻断剂和MAPK阻断剂处理组.用RT-PCR检测DC-SIGN的mRNA表达,Western blot检测胞质内DC-SIGN蛋白的表达,流式细胞术检测细胞表面DC-SIGN的表达.另外,提取IL-4诱导0、10、20、30、60和120 min的THP-1细胞胞质和胞核蛋白,Western blot检测不同信号通路的信号蛋白及其磷酸化蛋白的变化.结果 IL-4可以大幅提高DC-SIGN在THP-1细胞上的表达,包括mRNA和胞膜蛋白水平.在mRNA、胞质和细胞表面蛋白表达3个水平上,ERK通路阻断剂阻断效果最好,几乎完全阻断了IL-4的诱导效果,JAK-STAT和NF-κB通路阻断剂具有部分阻断效果,而p38通路阻断剂无阻断效果.信号蛋白检测结果显示,IL-4诱导0～120 min内,胞质磷酸化ERK1/2、磷酸化STAT6以及NF-κBp65、NF-κBp50、磷酸化IKB和磷酸化AKT随时间推移浓度逐渐升高,而p38MAPK及其磷酸化蛋白浓度无明显改变.胞核内胞质磷酸化ERK1/2、磷酸化STAT6以及NF-κBp65和NF-κBp50随时间推移浓度逐渐升高.结论 ERK、JAK-STAT和NF-κB通路参与了DC-SIGN启动子的活化,其中以ERK通路为主.     

Increased soluble 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) levels in peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis

4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL; CD137L) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells such as B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Its engagement with the receptor 4-1BB (CD137) has been shown to promote T-cell activation and regulate proliferation and survival of T cells. The role of the costimulatory molecule in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. In this study, the expression of 4-1BBL and soluble 4-1BBL (s4-1BBL) protein levels were analysed in peripheral blood of MS patients. Compared with healthy controls, MS patients had an increase in both plasma s4-1BBL protein levels and expression of 4-1BBL in CD14(+) monocytes. In contrast, myelin basic protein-reactive T-cell proliferation was not found to be inhibited by the use of an anti-4-1BBL antibody. The elevated s4-1BBL protein levels in the MS patients may function as a self-regulatory mechanism of 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction and costimulation.     

Expression and function of 4-1BB during CD4 versus CD8 T cell responses in vivo

4-1BBL(-/-) mice have a defect in recall CD8+ T cell responses to viruses, whereas CD4+ T cell responses to virus are unimpaired in these mice. In contrast, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells respond to 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) in vitro. To clarify the role of 4-1BB/4-1BBL in CD4+ versus CD8+ T cell responses in vivo, we compared CD4 (OT-II) and CD8 (OT-I) TCR transgenic T cells responding to the same antigen in an in vivo adoptive transfer model in 4-1BBL(+/+) versus 4-1BBL(-/-) mice. During primary and secondary responses, expression of 4-1BB on in vivo-activated TCR transgenic T cells was earlier and more transient than previously observed in vitro, correlating with expression of the early activation antigen CD69 and preceding the transition to the CD44hi state. Although 4-1BB is expressed early in the primary response, there was no effect of 4-1BBL deficiency on initial CD8 T cell expansion and only a minor effect on initial CD4 T cell expansion. The major effect of 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction is on the T cell recall response. This is due to effects of 4-1BBL on maintenance of T cell numbers at the end of the primary response with additional effects of 4-1BBL on secondary expansion of T cells.     

Expression and function of 4-1BB and 4-1BB ligand on murine dendritic cells

4-1BB (CDw137) and its ligand (4-1BBL) have been implicated in cellular immune responses. To further characterize the expression and function of 4-1BBL, we newly generated an anti-mouse 4-1BBL mAb (TKS-1), which can inhibit the interaction of 4-1BBL with 4-1BB. Flow cytometric analyses using TKS-1 and an anti-mouse 4-1BB mAb indicated that 4-1BB was inducible on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) splenic T cells by stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb, but 4-1BBL was not expressed on resting or activated T cells. 4-1BBL expression was inducible on splenic B cells by stimulation with anti-IgM antibody plus anti-CD40 mAb, on peritoneal macrophages by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and on splenic dendritic cells (DC) by stimulation with anti-CD40 mAb or LPS. Interestingly, splenic DC expressed 4-1BB constitutively, which was down-regulated by anti-CD40 stimulation. Co-culture of splenic DC with 4-1BBL-transfected cells or 4-1BBL-expressing tumor cell lines led to cytokine (IL-6 and IL-12) production and co-stimulatory molecule up-regulation by splenic DC, indicating that 4-1BBL can directly activate DC. Moreover, IL-12 production by anti-CD40-stimulated DC was partially inhibited by TKS-1. These results suggest that 4-1BB expressed on DC may be involved in DC activation through DC--tumor interaction and DC--DC interaction.     

Amplification of tumor immunity by gene transfer of the co-stimulatory 4-1BB ligand: synergy with the CD28 co-stimulatory pathway

We have explored the role of an activation-induced T cell molecule, 4-1BB (CDw137), in the amplification of tumor immunity by retrovirus-mediated transduction of the 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) into tumor cells. Mice inoculated with P815 tumor cells expressing 4-1BBL developed a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and long-term immunity against wild-type tumor. The optimal effect of 4-1BBL in CTL stimulation required B7-CD28 interaction since blockade of this interaction by antibodies down-regulated the expression of 4-1BB on T cells and decreased CTL activity. Furthermore, co-expression of 4-1BBL and B7-1 in the poorly immunogenic AG104A sarcoma enhanced the induction of effector CTL and the rejection of the wild-type tumor while neither 4-1BBL nor B7-1 single transfectants were effective, suggesting a synergistic effect between the 4-1BB and the CD28 co-stimulatory pathways. Our results underscore the importance of the 4-1BB T cell stimulation pathway in the amplification of an antitumor immune response.     

Immune regulation by 4-1BB and 4-1BBL: complexities and challenges

Summary:  The tumor necrosis factor receptor family member 4-1BB plays a key role in the survival of activated and memory CD8⁺ T cells. Depending on the disease model, 4-1BB can participate at different stages and influence different aspects of the immune response, likely due to the differential expression of receptor and ligand relative to other costimulatory molecules. Studies comparing mild versus severe influenza infection of mice suggest that the immune system uses inducible receptors such as 4-1BB to prolong the immune response when pathogens take longer to clear. The expression of 4-1BB on diverse cell types, evidence for bidirectional as well as receptor-independent signaling by 4-1BBL, the unexpected hyperproliferation of 4-1BB-deficient T cells, and complex effects of agonistic anti-4-1BB therapy have revealed additional roles for the 4-1BB/4-1BBL receptor/ligand pair in the immune system. In this review, we discuss these diverse roles of 4-1BB and its ligand in the immune response, exploring possible mechanisms for the observed complexities and implications for therapeutic applications of 4-1BB/4-1BBL.     

Functional expression of 4-1BB (CD137) in the inflammatory tissue in Crohn's disease

4-1BB ligand (L) expressed on antigen presenting cells (APC) interacts with 4-1BB, expressed on activated T cells and this interaction costimulates T cells to secrete cytokines and to proliferate. We investigated whether 4-1BB/4-1BBL interactions might be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). In immunohistochemistry, we found 4-1BB expression on lamina propria (LP) cells in inflamed and to a lesser extend in non-inflamed gut tissue from CD patients. mRNA levels for 4-1BB were also elevated in intestinal CD tissue. In contrast, only few 4-1BB-expressing cells were found in inflamed tissue from ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and almost no positive cells were found in control intestinal tissue. 4-1BB expression was better sustained on in vitro activated lamina propria T cells from CD patients compared to controls. Finally, agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production and proliferation of lamina propria T cells from CD patients. Taken together, our data suggest that 4-1BB/4-1BBL interactions contribute to the persistence of gut inflammation in CD.     

HBcAg-induced upregulated 4-1BB ligand on B cells contributes to B-cell hyperactivation during chronic hepatitis B infection

During the natural history of chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB), the function of B cells is still obscure. Several limited studies have suggested that B cells are highly active in patients with CHB. In the present study, we reported that the 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) expression on B cells was significantly higher in patients with CHB than that in healthy subjects, meanwhile, the patients with CHB had higher serological IgG levels. Further, after being stimulated with sCD40L or hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), B cells had higher levels of 4-1BBL. After being cocultured with 4-1BBL+ B cells, the expressions of CD69 and 4-1BB on CD4+ T cells were significantly higher than that cocultured with 4-1BB− B cells. Cytokines including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-6 were significantly higher in the supernatant from 4-1BBL+ B cells coculture group than those from coculture group of 4-1BBL− B cell group, respectively; while IFN-γ and TNF-α in cocultured supernatant of 4-1BBL+ B cell group were significantly lower. Consistently, the total IgG levels in culture supernatant were significantly higher in 4-1BBL+ B cell group. Thus, hyperactive status of B cells in patients with CHB could be partially derived from the higher 4-1BBL expression on B cells triggered by HBcAg. 4-1BBL signaling pathway is involved in B cells activation, and further regulates B cell-T cell interaction by modulating the cytokines secretion, which might be critical in B cells dysfunction during CHB infection.     

Lipopolysaccharide preferentially induces 4-1BB ligand expression on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a promising tool for immunotherapy. A key feature in their action is to provide co-stimulatory signals for full activation of T cells. In view of recent studies demonstrating the critical role of 4-1BB co-stimulation in T cell response, it is of importance to optimize 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) expression on human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs), the DC source of many clinical studies. In this study, two types of MDDCs, generated in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 (GM-CSF/IL-4-DCs) or in interferon-β and IL-3 (IFN-β/IL-3-DCs), were analyzed for 4-1BBL expression in response to several known DC activators. Immature MDDCs expressed 4-1BBLs at very low levels. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was the only activator that preferentially triggered 4-1BBL expression on either MDDCs, but 4-1BBL-positive cells were significantly more frequently observed on LPS-activated GM-CSF/IL-4-DCs (30.2±2.6% versus 14.3±1.2%). Combinations of multiple activating signals did not bring about enhanced 4-1BBL stimulatory capacity. In addition, plasmid DNA transfection and necrotic cell pulsing of GM-CSF/IL-4-DCs for antigen loading also resulted in 4-1BBL up-regulation. However, in all circumstances, the induced 4-1BBL levels were low in comparison with CD80 co-stimulatory molecule. Finally, by demonstrating LPS-matured GM-CSF/IL-4-DCs from sorted 4-1BBL^high population augmented T cell expansion and survival, we propose that efforts are required to increase 4-1BBL levels on MDDCs achieved by current activation schemes.