重建钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折45例报告

目的 探讨重建钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法 对45例跟骨关节内骨折进行切开复位、植骨、重建钢板内固定，并进行随访分析。按Sanders跟骨骨折分型，Ⅱ型18例，Ⅲ型21例，Ⅳ型6例。结果 43例随访9～48个月，按疗效评定标准，优31例，良9例，差3例。优良率为93％。结论 重建钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折能有效支撑跟骨塌陷的关节面，疗效确切。     

手术治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折

目的评价手术治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法对28例(32足)移位的跟骨关节内骨折行跟骨外侧入路切开复位内固定，其中26例予以植骨。结果26例获得随访，随访时间8～20个门，平均13个月，骨折均完全愈合，参照跟骨关节内骨折评分标准：优15例，良9例，可2例。术后创口局部渗液5例，皮缘局限性坏死1例，经换药后治愈。结论跟骨外侧入路切开复位内固定并植骨术是治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折的有效方法。     

跟骨关节内骨折

跟骨是足部诸骨中最大的一块跗骨,由跟骨后关节面与距骨距下面构成跟距关节(又称距下关节),承担着约45%左右的人体体重。当跟骨发生骨折时,如果骨折线累及到跟距关节面称为跟骨关节内骨折。如果骨折线未累及跟距关节面,则称为跟骨关节外骨折,后者治疗方法简单,且预后良好,本文不予赘述。跟骨骨折中85%～90%以上均为跟骨关节内骨折,但在20世纪70年代以前,跟骨关节内骨折的治疗结果一直令人失望。Ｍａｇｎｕｓｏｎ[1]在总结了大量病例后曾指出:没有一种骨折象跟骨关节内骨折那样带来30%～70%的足部功能障碍。近年来,随着对跟骨关节内骨折生物…     

切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的 探讨切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法 跟骨外侧L形切口显露跟骨，按后关节面和距下关节→Boehler角和Gissane角→跟骨的长度，宽度和高度的顺序整复跟骨关节内骨折和邻近关节；并用可塑型跟骨钛钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折共35例，38例，其中Sander'sⅡ型8侧，Ⅲ型14侧，Ⅳ型16侧。结果 术后X线片显示骨折愈合时间为5-12周（平均7.1周）；33侧术后获6-22个月（平均12.3个月）随访，按Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能，其中优18侧，良13侧，可2侧，优良率为93.9%。结论 切开复位和可塑型跟骨钛钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折可获得满意的临床疗效。     

跟骨关节内骨折的手术治疗

跟骨关节内骨折治疗方法一直存在争议，随着内固定技术的进步，切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折已得到越来越多的认可。不管采用何种治疗，总的治疗原则都是解剖复位、坚强内固定和早期功能锻炼。与其他关节内骨折的治疗一样，自1996年以来，我们利用撬拨复位加Y形钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折47例，取得了满意疗效。     

切开复位有限内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的：探讨跟骨关节内骨折早期切开复位有限内固定的疗效。方法：对21例23侧跟骨关内骨折行切开复位、骨圆针或螺钉有限内固定，同时植骨。结果：21例经平均18个月随访，按照天津医院骨科制定的评分标准，优良率为82.6%。结论：切开复位有限内固定是治疗跟骨关节内骨折可供选择的一种方法。     

应用跟骨钢板手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的：探讨跟骨钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床应用效果。方法：采用钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折13例，男10例，女3例；年龄26～50岁，平均38岁。按Sanders分型：Ⅱ型3例，Ⅲ型9例，Ⅳ型1例。对临床结果进行分析、总结。结果：术后随访时间4-22个月，平均16个月。术中无重要神经、肌腱损伤，术后无切口感染和深部感染，1例于骨折愈合后取内固定时发生切口小范围坏死；无骨不愈合和内固定松动及再骨折发生；1例于久走后出现距下关节痛，尚能忍受。按张铁良百分评分法进行评定：优6例，良6例，可1例，总优良率为92％。结论：跟骨钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折具有操作简单、有效恢复B6hler角和Gissane角、固定坚强、利于早期踝关节功能锻炼的优点，是目前治疗跟骨关节内骨折较为理想的方法之一。     

开放复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的 探讨开放复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效并总结其经验。方法 对19例患22足跟骨关节内骨折进行开放复位，并运用松质骨螺钉和重建钢板及可塑形钢板等进行内固定，其中7例一期植骨。随访4～36个月，平均随访时间为14个月。结果 按Maryland Foot Score评分系统进行评价，优10足，良9足，可2足，21足，优良率为86．4％。结论 开放复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折疗效满意。骨折治疗的关键是尽可能恢复跟距关节面的适应性和跟骨的正常解剖形态，围手术期的正确处理也非常重要。     

Y型钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨切开复位Y型钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的治疗方法和疗效。方法对64例累及关节面的跟骨骨折作切开复位Y形钢板内固定治疗。结果术后患足功能按Maryland足部评分系统优25例，良32例，优良率为89．06％。结论切开复位Y型钢板内固定是治疗跟骨关节内骨折较好的方法。     

手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折14例

跟骨具有复杂的解剖结构和生物力学特性，而跟骨骨折是常见的致残性损伤。一般来说，跟骨关节外骨折、应力骨折愈后良好，而移位的关节内骨折则备受关注。我院骨科从2000年7月起对14例跟骨关节内骨折行切开复位内固定治疗，效果满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.