危重患儿营养评估及营养风险筛查工具的临床应用

目的调查住院危重患儿的营养状况,探讨营养风险筛查工具在危重患儿营养风险评估中的价值。方法收集2017年11月至2018年4月入住儿童重症监护病房的211例危重患儿的临床资料,对患儿入院、出院时的营养状况进行评估,运用STRONGkids和PYMS两种营养风险筛查工具进行营养风险筛查。结果 211例患儿中,入院时营养不良检出68例（32.2%）,其中中、重度营养不良各检出34例。通过STRONGkids和PYMS分别筛查出154例（73.0%）、165例（78.2%）存在中度或高度营养风险。以年龄别体重Z评分法为金标准,对两种营养风险筛查工具的效能进行评价,显示STRONGkids的ROC曲线下面积为0.822,PYMS为0.759,两者用于筛查营养不良均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,但两者临床效能比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。STRONGkids和PYMS筛查营养不良的最佳界值点均为3分,其灵敏度分别为92.1%、76.2%。入院时中、高营养风险患儿临床预后较低营养风险患儿差（分别P=0.014、0.001）。入院时重度营养不良患儿的预后较营养正常患儿差（P=0.0009）。结论危重患儿营养不良及营养风险检出率较高;患儿营养状态和营养风险与预后相关。STRONGkids和PYMS对危重患儿营养风险筛查均有临床应用价值,临床效能类似,但STRONGkids灵敏度更高。     

住院患儿营养风险筛查及营养评估

目的 调查住院患儿的营养风险及营养不良发生情况,为临床进行营养支持提供依据.方法 采用STRONGkids营养风险筛查工具对651例住院患儿进行营养风险筛查,并通过体格测量评估儿童营养状况,同时记录住院期间患儿的诊断、住院时间等资料并进行分析.结果 651例住院患儿中,7.07％(46例)存在高度营养风险,80.95％(527例)存在中度营养风险,11.98％(78例)为低度营养风险.营养不良检出率是22.58％,其中中度营养不良111例(17.05％),重度营养不良36例(5.53％).先天性心脏病、慢性肝病、慢性肾病为存在高度营养风险疾病前3位(x2=21.43,P＜0.01);根据营养评价的结果显示患有先天性心脏病、慢性肾病的患儿发生重度营养不良的比例远高于其他疾病(x2=16.53,P＜0.05).高度营养风险患儿住院期间较低度营养风险患儿更容易出现体质量丢失(P＜0.05),其住院时间明显长于中、低度营养风险患儿(P＜0.05).结论 住院患儿营养不良发生率高,营养风险不同导致临床结局不同;STRONGkids评分法评估住院儿童的营养风险,能早期发现住院期间营养不良以及有恶化可能的患者,有利于及时给予全面的营养评估以及早期合理的营养治疗,改善临床结局.     

儿科住院患者营养状况及营养风险调查

目的探讨使用儿科营养不良筛查方法(STAMP)评估患儿营养状况并进行营养风险筛查。方法采用STAMP调查住院患儿营养状况,以STAMP评分≥4分为高营养风险标准。结果 1 506例住院儿童中高营养风险患儿占26.56%,营养不良(不足)的检出率为19.12%,生长迟缓检出率为10.16%。各科室间儿童生长迟缓检出率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中儿内科生长迟缓检出率最高。仅有10.09%的患者接受营养支持,其中肠外营养(PN)支持率为7.84%,肠内营养(EN)支持率为2.92%,PN:EN为2.68:1。对有高营养风险住院患儿进行干预和管理后,高营养风险检出率从入院时的26.56%下降至出院时的21.71%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 STAMP评分法评估住院儿童的营养风险,能比较客观地反映患儿可能发生营养不良的风险;通过营养风险管理可改善患儿的营养状况。     

儿科营养筛查-评估工具在消化科患儿中的应用

目的 应用儿科营养筛查-评估工具对小儿消化营养科住院儿童营养状况进行分析,了解营养不良风险发生率以及不同营养状况下临床结局及生化指标差异,为合理营养干预提供依据。方法 利用中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会儿科学组开发的儿科营养筛查-评估工具——“儿科营养筛查”APP对上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院小儿消化营养科2018年3月至2020年10月入院的患儿进行营养筛查,并对存在营养不良风险的患儿进行营养评估,分析不同营养状况下临床结局及生化指标差异。结果 共入选624例患儿,男368例,女256例,0～1岁组(不含1岁)158例,1～3岁组95例,>3岁组371例。营养筛查结果表明营养不良风险的发生率为56.25%,0～1岁组营养不良风险最高(89.24%)。按疾病进行分组,短肠综合征患儿营养不良风险最高(90.05%),其次为急性胰腺炎(88.89%)和慢性腹泻(75.00%)。对比无营养不良风险组,营养不良风险组住院天数明显延长,住院费用增加,感染发生率更高,总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白、维生素D水平明显降低(P均<0.05)。营养评估提示中度营养不良和重度营养不良的发生率分别为3...     

手足口病患儿营养评估及营养干预研究

目的评价分析手足口病患儿的营养风险,探索合理可行的营养干预方案。方法采用定点连续抽样方法,收集桂林地区3所医院中手足口病患儿;采用询问调查、体格测量并结合临床诊断,采用儿童营养不良筛查工具（STAMP评分）进行营养风险评估与管理,以STAMP评分≥4分为存在高度营养风险。对存在高营养风险患儿实施营养干预和管理后再进行营养风险评估。结果共有192例手足口病患儿入选,存在高营养风险的发生率为68.75%（132/192）。有高营养风险的手足口病患儿住院时间延长,住院费用明显增加。对有高营养风险患儿进行营养支持治疗或营养健康教育,高营养风险发生率从入院时的68.75%下降至出院时的36.98%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,接受营养干预的手足口病患儿临床结局改善显著,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论手足口病发病和预后与患儿营养状况密切相关,应及早进行营养风险评估、干预和管理。     

先天性心脏病患儿512例营养评价

先天性心脏病 (先心病 )是儿童时期病死率较高的疾病之一 ,大部分患儿需要手术治疗 ,而患儿自身的营养状况与是否能耐受手术及预后有关。本文通过对先心病患儿营养状况的分析 ,了解蛋白质 能量营养不良在先心病患儿中的发生率 ,以及影响营养状况的相关因素。一般资料 :选择 2 0 0 0年 1～ 7月初次就诊于我院心胸内外科的 5 12例先心病患儿 ,其中男 30 6例 ,女 2 0 6例 ,年龄 3ｄ至 17岁。不伴内分泌代谢性疾病 ,肝、肾功能正常。入院前 1个月未接受过输血、白蛋白或特殊营养支持。按年龄分成 3组 ,其中 0～ 3岁组 2 5 0例 ,～ 6岁组 193例 …     

儿科营养风险筛查工具应用进展

正营养风险(nutrition risk)是指现存或潜在的与营养因素相关,并能导致患者出现不利临床结局的风险[1]。诸多文献报道,营养高风险及营养不良与伤口愈合不良、感染风险增加、住院时间延长、发病率与病死率上升等密切相关,此外,长期营养不良甚至会影响儿童生长发育及认知功能[2-3]。最近的研究表明,住院患儿营养不良发生率在7.5%～17.0%之间[2],但其营养状况却在很大程度上被医务人员忽视,因此,欧洲肠内肠外营养协会(ESPEN)建议对住院患儿入院24 h内进行营养风险筛查(nutritional risk screening),国内也提倡     

短肽型肠内营养制剂对行机械通气肺炎患儿的营养支持研究

目的 观察儿童重症监护室（PICU）行机械通气的重症肺炎患儿营养不良及营养风险发生情况,探讨短肽型肠内营养制剂的营养支持效果。方法 选取2017年10月至2018年10月于PICU住院治疗且需机械通气的重症肺炎患儿68例为研究对象,采用前瞻性随机对照法将患儿随机分为对照组和试验组。通过鼻饲管分别给予试验组短肽型肠内营养制剂,对照组整蛋白型肠内营养制剂。评估两组患儿的年龄别体重Z值、STRONGkids营养风险评分和小儿危重病评分。检测两组患儿入院时、出院前的血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、前白蛋白（PA）水平,观察两组患儿的胃肠耐受性和临床治疗效果指标。结果 68例机械通气患儿中有26例（38%）存在营养不良,包括中度营养不良10例（15%）,重度营养不良16例（24%）;出院时有10例（15%）存在营养不良。63例（93%）患儿存在中、高营养风险,包括中度营养风险21例,高度营养风险42例,极危重组和危重组中的中、高营养风险检出率明显高于非危重组（P < 0.05）。与对照组相比,试验组患儿的机械通气时间、总住院时间缩短,血清PA水平和体重增长率增加,在胃肠道耐受性方面试验组优于对照组（P < 0.05）;两组呼吸机相关肺炎发生情况及疾病转归情况比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 行机械通气肺炎患儿的营养不良及营养风险检出率较高。短肽型肠内营养制剂有助于改善行机械通气肺炎患儿的治疗效果,更适用于需机械通气危重患儿的营养支持治疗。     

短肽型肠内营养制剂对行机械通气肺炎患儿的营养支持研究

目的 观察儿童重症监护室（PICU）行机械通气的重症肺炎患儿营养不良及营养风险发生情况,探讨短肽型肠内营养制剂的营养支持效果。方法 选取2017年10月至2018年10月于PICU住院治疗且需机械通气的重症肺炎患儿68例为研究对象,采用前瞻性随机对照法将患儿随机分为对照组和试验组。通过鼻饲管分别给予试验组短肽型肠内营养制剂,对照组整蛋白型肠内营养制剂。评估两组患儿的年龄别体重Z值、STRONGkids营养风险评分和小儿危重病评分。检测两组患儿入院时、出院前的血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、前白蛋白（PA）水平,观察两组患儿的胃肠耐受性和临床治疗效果指标。结果 68例机械通气患儿中有26例（38%）存在营养不良,包括中度营养不良10例（15%）,重度营养不良16例（24%）;出院时有10例（15%）存在营养不良。63例（93%）患儿存在中、高营养风险,包括中度营养风险21例,高度营养风险42例,极危重组和危重组中的中、高营养风险检出率明显高于非危重组（P < 0.05）。与对照组相比,试验组患儿的机械通气时间、总住院时间缩短,血清PA水平和体重增长率增加,在胃肠道耐受性方面试验组优于对照组（P < 0.05）;两组呼吸机相关肺炎发生情况及疾病转归情况比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 行机械通气肺炎患儿的营养不良及营养风险检出率较高。短肽型肠内营养制剂有助于改善行机械通气肺炎患儿的治疗效果,更适用于需机械通气危重患儿的营养支持治疗。     

实体瘤患儿治疗期间营养状况及影响因素分析

目的 评估实体瘤患儿治疗期间的营养状况,并探讨其影响因素.方法 选取2019年11月至2020年8月上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心收治的109例实体瘤患儿作为病例组,同期选取该院门诊进行营养咨询的109例健康儿童(与病例组年龄、性别构成比接近)作为对照组.收集研究对象的临床资料,使用生物电阻抗分析方法对两组进行...     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.