南阳市敬老院230例老人营养状况调查

敬老院老人是老年人口中特殊人群 ,其营养状况和膳食结构国内各地已有若干报道。 2 0 0 3年 10～ 12月我们对南阳市敬老院老人营养状况进行了整群抽样调查。与中国营养学会推荐的中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量〔1〕相比较 ,与全国调查〔2〕结果基本一致。同时通过微型营养评定找出营养不良发生率与其可能因素 ,并据此予以合理的膳食指导。1　对象与方法1 1　对象　整群抽取南阳市 4所敬老院集中供养老人 2 3 0例 ,其中男 170例 ,女 60例 ,年龄 63～ 99岁 ,平均 ( 76 4± 9 2 )岁 ,男女比例 2 83∶1。1 2 　方法1 2 1　膳食调查　采用查帐…     

D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠皮肤衰老的观察

目的　观察D 半乳糖连续皮下注射对小鼠皮肤衰老指标的影响。　方法　 3月龄KM雌性小鼠 6 0只 ,随机分为空白对照组 (注射生理盐水 )、D 半乳糖低剂量组 (80mg/kg)和D 半乳糖高剂量组 (10 0 0mg/kg) ,连续每日背部皮下注射 4 2天后 ,观察小鼠皮肤中与衰老相关的生化指标及组织病理学变化 ,并用计算机图像分析系统定量分析。　结果　高剂量组小鼠真皮厚度〔(6 2 4 5±4 8 5 ) μm〕较对照组〔(839 3± 5 8 4 ) μm〕显著变薄 (P <0 0 5 ) ,胶原纤维减少 ,排列疏松 ,弹力纤维总面积亦显著减少 (P <0 0 5 ) ;高剂量组皮肤中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性〔(131 2± 11 5 )U/ml〕、羟脯氨酸含量〔(0 5 7± 0 13) μg/mg〕显著低于对照组的〔(178 1± 2 0 7)U/ml、(0 74± 0 17) μg /mg ,P <0 0 5〕 ,丙二醛 (MDA)含量增加〔(9 4± 1 5 )nmol/ g和 (6 8± 1 5 )nmol/ g ,P <0 0 5〕 ;而低剂量组上述改变则不显著。　结论　每日 10 0 0mg/kgD 半乳糖连续皮下注射 4 2天 ,可导致小鼠皮肤的明显衰老 ,为抗皮肤衰老研究提供一个简便、稳定的实验模型。     

2型糖尿病对急性冠状动脉综合征患者血钾的影响

目的　对比分析 2型糖尿病患者与非糖尿病患者在急性冠状动脉综合征 (ACS)早期血钾水平的变化。方法　对 1999年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 3月进行急诊冠状动脉介入治疗的连续 745例ACS患者 ,以症状持续时间、2型糖尿病和院前 β 受体阻滞剂使用进行分层。 结果　 2型糖尿病ACS患者的血清钾水平较非糖尿病ACS患者明显高〔(4 .3 4± 0 .48)mmol/Lvs (4 .0 0± 0 .5 2 )mmol/L ,P <0 .0 5〕。多变量分析表明 ,2型糖尿病是血清钾水平的独立预测因素 (OR 1.70 ,95 %CI :1.40～ 2 .10 ,P <0 .0 1)。非糖尿病ACS患者在发病 6h内血钾水平随症状持续时间进行性升高〔≤ 2h :(3 .61± 0 .5 1)mmol/L ;2～ 4h :(4 .10± 0 .45 )mmol/L ;4～ 6h :(4 .2 2± 0 .5 1)mmol/L(与≤ 2h比 ,均P <0 .0 1)〕 ,2型糖尿病或院前服用 β 受体阻滞剂治疗患者这种趋势不明显。结论　在ACS早期 ,2型糖尿病患者不出现非糖尿病患者的早期血钾降低 ,反映了 2型糖尿病患者存在交感神经功能障碍。     

老年非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围手术期心肌肌钙蛋白T和心肌酶的变化

目的　观察老年患者非体外循环冠状动脉 (冠脉 )旁路移植术 (OPCAB)围术期心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTNT)和心肌酶的变化 ,评估心肌损伤程度及恢复情况。　方法　监测 30例行OPCAB手术的老年患者围术期血浆cTNT、肌酸激酶同工酶 (CK MB)、肌酸激酶 (CK)、天冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST)、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)及羟丁酸脱氢酶 (HBDH)的浓度。　结果　患者术前各项监测指标均在正常参考值范围内 ,关胸即刻明显升高 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。cTNT和CK MB在术后 2h达高峰 ,分别为 (0 2 8± 0 12 ) μg/L和 (10 5± 6 4 ) μg/L(P <0 0 1,术后第 2天均降到正常参考值范围内。CK在术后第 2天达高峰〔(4 6 4± 2 2 8)U/L ,P <0 0 1〕 ,术后第 5天降至正常参考值范围内。AST、LDH和HBDH均在术后 2h达高峰 (P <0 0 1) ,其中AST和HBDH于术后第 1天降至正常参考值范围内 ,LDH于术后第 2天降至正常范围内。　结论　OPCAB手术对老年患者心肌的可逆性损伤多在术后5天内恢复 ,临床效果满意 ;但对术前表现为顽固性不稳定型心绞痛的老年患者 ,应谨防围术期心肌梗死的发生。     

厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪复方制剂对不稳定心绞痛患者血浆髓过氧化物酶水平的影响

<正>大量活化的髓过氧化物酶(MPO)可能与不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)发生、发展有密切关系〔1,2〕。本研究旨在探讨厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪复方制剂在UAP患者治疗中的作用。1材料与方法1.1病例选择2011年1月至2012年3月在青州市人民医院心内科、山东省沂水中心医院住院患者120例,其中稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组30例,男20例,女10例,年龄50⁶4〔平均(56.39±11.48)〕岁;UAP组90例,男50例,女40例,年龄5264〔平均(56.39±11.48)〕岁;UAP组90例,男50例,女40例,年龄52⁶7〔平均(56.04±13.01)〕岁;另将UAP组分为:低危险组     

老年腹主动脉瘤患者腔内隔绝术后谵妄临床分析

目的　探讨老年腹主动脉瘤患者腔内隔绝术后谵妄的病因、危害、预防和治疗。　方法　对 138例腹主动脉瘤行腔内隔绝治疗的老年患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。　结果　术后发生谵妄 5 6例 (4 0 6 % )。与无谵妄患者 (82例 )相比 ,谵妄患者的住院时间延长〔分别为 (8 2± 2 6 )和(2 3 3± 6 8)d ,P <0 0 1〕 ,严重心肺并发症发生率高〔分别为 3例 (3 7% )和 17例 (30 4 % ) ,P <0 0 0 5〕 ,病死率高〔分别为 0例 (0 % )和 3例 (5 4 % ) ,P <0 0 5〕 ;采用心理、吸氧、药物等综合防治措施处理 ,显著减少了术后谵妄的发生 ,改善了术后谵妄的预后 ,与未采取综合防治措施比较 ,术后谵妄患病例数减少〔分别为 4 2例 (4 8 8% )和 14例 (2 6 9% ) ,P <0 0 2 5〕 ,谵妄患者的严重心肺并发症发生率降低〔分别为 16例 (38 1% )和 1例 (7 1% ) ,P <0 0 5〕 ,病死率降低〔分别为 3例 (7 1% )和 0例(0 % ) ,P <0 0 5〕。　结论　老年腹主动脉瘤患者腔内隔绝术后谵妄是常见的并发症 ,不仅延长住院时间 ,而且增加严重心肺并发症的发生率和病死率。     

长期住院老年患者营养状况的评价

目的评价长期住院老年患者的营养状况,以及时发现患者在营养方面存在的问题。方法选择住院2个月以上、年龄大于75岁的老年患者50例,平均年龄(85.6±7.1)岁,其中男性44例,女性6例。通过人体测量、实验室检查和膳食调查评价营养状况。结果本组患者体重偏低〔(53.7±14.6)kg〕,身体质量指数(BMI)<18.5者26例,占52%。淋巴细胞总数〔(2.00±0.71)×109/L〕和转铁蛋白〔(1.80±0.44)g/L〕均降低,肌酐-身高指数〔(42.43±21.82)%〕明显低于健康成年人标准。结论本组老年住院患者存在能量摄入不足,肌酐-身高指数明显降低与老年人身体组成的变化有一定关系。有必要对长期住院的老年患者进行营养状况评价,但在营养评价时要考虑到老年人身体组成特点,进行综合评价。     

养老院老年人膳食营养素摄入与营养不良

目的了解大连市养老院老年人的膳食营养素摄入水平、营养不良状况及其影响因素。方法采用随机整群抽样法,自行设计调查问卷,了解调查对象的基本人口学资料、健康与饮食行为、体格检查指标;采用简易营养评价法(MNA)调查表了解其营养不良情况;采用3日24 h膳食回顾法,面对面进行膳食调查。结果 1 203例老年人中,男492例,女711例,年龄80～89岁者占49. 0%。营养不良发生率为18. 1%,女性、未接受过营养健康教育培训、未服用保健品、管饲、学历情况不详均为营养不良的危险因素,而未有基础疾病则为营养不良的保护因素(均P<0. 05)。膳食热量、蛋白质、脂肪及碳水化合物的摄入量分别(1 507. 00±305. 75) k Cal、(52. 12±12. 97) g、(56. 60±18. 46) g和(200. 14±51. 45) g,膳食铁、维生素(V)B1摄入量充足,VE及钠摄入过量,VA、钙、硒及膳食纤维摄入量不足。结论大连市养老院老年人营养不良发生率较高,微量营养素摄入失衡明显,政府及养老机构应共同努力,针对造成该人群营养不良的危险因素进行宣传教育,从而提高其整体营养与健康水平。     

膳食钠盐摄入量、体质指数与年龄相关白内障的相关性

目的探讨中老年人膳食钠盐摄入量、体质指数(BMI)与年龄相关白内障(ARC)危险性之间的关系。方法采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法。病例由45～85岁的260例白内障患者组成,对照由同期入住相同医院的260例非白内障患者组成,采取1∶1匹配。自行设计的调查内容包括一般情况、生活方式、身体测量值以及既往史等,同时还采用一份有效的半定量化食物频率调查表(FFQ),获取研究对象膳食营养素的摄入情况。应用多因素Logistic回归分析估计钠盐的摄入量、BMI与ARC关联的比值比(OR)及其相应的95%可信区间(CI)。结果病例组钠盐摄入量〔(14.18±3.80)g/d〕明显高于对照组〔(13.02±3.28)g/d〕,调整多种潜在性混杂因素后,与钠盐摄入量最低四分位数的对照组相比较,病例组钠盐摄入量最高四分位数者发生ARC的危险性明显增加(OR=2.680,95%CI:2.395～4.950,P=0.001)。随着钠盐摄入量的增加,发生白内障的危险性显著升高(趋势检验P=0.003)。经多因素Logistic回归分析的结果显示,与BMI正常者相比,肥胖(OR=1.688,95%CI:1.103～3.191,P=0.020)及偏瘦(OR=1.957,95%CI:1.010～3.634,P=0.037)均与ARC呈正相关。膳食钠盐摄入量与BMI不存在交互作用(P=0.156)。结论高钠盐膳食可能是ARC的一个危险因素,保持合理营养,维持正常BMI有助于预防ARC。     

拉米夫定治疗失代偿期乙肝肝硬化的疗效及不良反应

<正>失代偿期乙肝肝硬化在肝病患者中的发病率日趋增高,也是治疗最棘手的消化系统疾病之一,严重者危及生命。如早期采用彻底的抗病毒治疗,可使肝功能改善、脾脏缩小。1资料与方法1.1一般资料为2010年7月至2011年7月72例被确诊为失代偿期乙肝肝硬化患者,随机分为治疗组及对照组,每组36例。治疗组男24例,女12例;年龄44⁶8〔平均(52.21±10.78)〕岁;病程268〔平均(52.21±10.78)〕岁;病程2¹5年,平均(6.99±3.34)年。对照组男25例,女11例;年龄4115年,平均(6.99±3.34)年。对照组男25例,女11例;年龄41⁷2〔平均(53.37±11.13)〕岁;病程372〔平均(53.37±11.13)〕岁;病程3¹7年,平均(7.32±4.16)年。两组患者男女比例、年龄、病程无统     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.