基于纹理分析和双边滤波方法对加标记心脏核磁共振图像分割

背景:加标记心脏核磁共振成像方式提供了左心室内外心膜的边缘信息,该边缘信息可由分割图像得到。但是,所引入的标记线加大了这类图像边界分割的困难。目的:针对目前在加标记心脏核磁共振图像中对左心室分割困难的问题,提出了一种新的自动分割的方法。方法:首先,使用全局直方图规定化方法增强标记和非标记区域的对比度;然后,利用一种简单的纹理分析方法区分血流充盈的心腔(非纹理)区域和加标记心肌(纹理)区域;再应用双边滤波在保持边界的同时滤掉图像的伪影;最后,用GVF-snake模型自动提取左心室图像的边界。结果与结论:提出了一种简单的纹理分析方法来移除标记线:用局部窗口中的最大灰度值与最小灰度值之差来代替原象素点灰度值,再运用双边滤波滤除图像伪影并保持边界,最后应用GVF-snake模型实现了左心室边界的有效提取。实验结果显示,该方法能够较好地提取部分加标记心脏核磁共振图像中血流充盈区的边界。     

基于T-Snake模型的超声左心室心肌分割方法的研究

提出一种基于T-Snake模型的超声图像中左心室心肌分割的新方法。首先,将自适应加权中值算法引入基于窗口的各向异性扩散滤波方法,有效滤除超声图像中的斑点噪声;其次,根据心脏短轴截面心肌近似成圆形这一先验知识,将图像从笛卡尔坐标转换到极坐标,提高后续分割方法的鲁棒性;最后,在传统T-Snake模型基础上,增加具有自适应特性的膨胀力和区域能量,可有效提取弱边界和不连续的边界,实现左心室心肌内外轮廓的自动分割。对模拟图像和临床数据进行的实验证明,自动分割结果的平均相对差异度小于5%,平均相对重叠度高于90%,实验结果验证了本方法的可行性。     

基于知识的三维核医学图像左心室心肌区的提取

从心脏PET或SPECT图像中提取完整的心肌区域是定量分析心功能的前提。心脏的PET和SPECT图像边界模糊，在病理状态下可能有局部显像缺失，致使图像分割困难。本研究提出一种基于医学知识的快速推进法，利用拟合的椭球模型将边界演化推进到局部低显像区，从而分割出一个完整的左心室心肌区域。实验图像测试和实际图像分割表明这种算法对于有显像缺失的三维核医学心脏图像的分割是有效的。     

基于小波分析和灰度纹理特征的乳腺X线图像微钙化点区域的提取

目的乳腺癌的早期发现对患者意义重大。为帮助医生进行乳腺癌的早期检查和诊断,本文提出利用小波分析与图像纹理特征提取相结合的方法来提取乳腺X线图像微钙化点区域,在提高检查准确性的同时避免漏检误检。方法首先利用灰度共生矩阵所提取的能量、熵、对比度、相关性以及小波分解后得到的各层高频系数的方差、能量作为图像的特征向量,然后利用支持向量机进行训练建立最优分类模型。最后利用建立的最优分类模型实现乳腺X线图像微钙化点区域的提取并利用检出率和误检率对结果进行评估。结果使用临床数据进行验证,结果表明利用小波分析与图像纹理特征提取相结合的方法能有效提取乳腺图像中的微钙化点区域。结论基于小波分析和灰度纹理特征的乳腺X线图像微钙化点区域的提取方法比单一的图像纹理特征提取或小波分析等方法,提取的效果更好。另外,该方法设计简单,更易于实现乳腺癌的自动化诊断。     

基于边缘流和距离图Snake模型分割淋巴结超声图像

提出一种基于边缘流的距离图Snake模型的图像分割方法，用于淋巴结超声图像的分割。首先由给定的4个标记点获得Snake模型的初始轮廓，然后综合图像灰度和纹理特征构造边缘流，由边缘流演化所得边缘图来构造距离图，通过定义基于距离图的势能函数，作为Snake模型的外部势能，来引导模型形变，实现对淋巴结超声图像的半自动分割。     

基于数学形态学的CT图像肝脏肿瘤提取研究

目的 肝脏肿瘤的提取是肝脏三维可视化、手术规划和模拟的基础,而当前肿瘤分割存在干预过多和分割效果不佳的问题.方法 本文通过对腹部CT图像进行高斯平滑以去除图像噪声和细密纹理,计算出图像的形态学梯度并用高、低帽变换进行增强,再根据用户选择点计算内部和外部标记符,然后基于控制标记符的分水岭算法分割图像,提取出腹部CT图像中的病变组织.结果 实验结果表明,该算法能够在较少的人工干预下快速分割出肝脏病变组织.结论 该算法实现了腹部CT图像中肝脏病变组织的提取.     

基于滑动块的深度卷积神经网络乳腺X线摄影图像肿块分割算法

目的:提出一种基于滑动块的深度卷积神经网络局部分类、整图乳腺肿块分割的算法,为临床诊断提供有效的肿块形态特征。方法:首先通过区域生长算法和膨胀算法提取患者乳腺区域,并进行数据归一化操作。为了得到每一个像素位置上的诊断信息,在图像的对应位置中滑动提取肿块类及非肿块类图像块,根据卷积神经网络提取其中的纹理信息并对图像块进行分类。通过整合图像块的预测分类结果,进行由粗到细的肿块分割,获得乳腺整图中像素级别的肿块分割。结果:通过比较先进的深度卷积神经网络模型,本文算法滑动块分类结果DenseNet模型下准确率达到96.71%,乳腺X线摄影图像全图肿块分割结果F1-score最优为83.49%。结论:本算法可以分割出乳腺X线摄影图像中的肿块,为后续的乳腺病灶诊断提供可靠的基础。     

Segmentation of liver tumors for CT images based on mathematical morphology

目的 肝脏肿瘤的提取是肝脏三维可视化、手术规划和模拟的基础,而当前肿瘤分割存在干预过多和分割效果不佳的问题.方法 本文通过对腹部CT图像进行高斯平滑以去除图像噪声和细密纹理,计算出图像的形态学梯度并用高、低帽变换进行增强,再根据用户选择点计算内部和外部标记符,然后基于控制标记符的分水岭算法分割图像,提取出腹部CT图像中的病变组织.结果 实验结果表明,该算法能够在较少的人工干预下快速分割出肝脏病变组织.结论 该算法实现了腹部CT图像中肝脏病变组织的提取.     

心动回波图象的数学词态学分割

计算机辅助分析方法处理二维心动回波图评价左心室(LV)功能需要识别心内膜。通常,人工确定心脏声音界面的图象边界或边缘来完成识别过程。图象分割后,即可计算出左心室功能特性参数(如心室容积,心     

基于特征融合视觉显著性的医学图像分割

医学图像分割结果的准确性对医生诊断病情并制定相应的治疗策略具有重要价值。针对现有的医学图像进行分割时由于没有考虑人类视觉显著性机制因素导致分割精度不高的问题,提出一种基于特征融合视觉显著性的医学图像分割方法。首先基于频率调谐生成待分割医学图像的显著图,得到图像的显著区域并突出医学图像的边缘轮廓,然后分别提取其颜色特征和纹理特征将其作为反向传播神经网络的输入向量,在此基础上用神经网络分类器模型对图像进行分割。通过实验进行验证,结果表明该方法获得了较好的分割精度和分割效率,本文所提方法为医学图像的准确分割提供了一种新途径。     

A 3D Hermite-based multiscale local active contour method with elliptical shape constraints for segmentation of cardiac MR and CT volumes

Analysis of cardiac images is a fundamental task to diagnose heart problems. Left ventricle (LV) is one of the most important heart structures used for cardiac evaluation. In this work, we propose a novel 3D hierarchical multiscale segmentation method based on a local active contour (AC) model and the Hermite transform (HT) for LV analysis in cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) volumes in short axis view. Features such as directional edges, texture, and intensities are analyzed using the multiscale HT space. A local AC model is configured using the HT coefficients and geometrical constraints. The endocardial and epicardial boundaries are used for evaluation. Segmentation of the endocardium is controlled using elliptical shape constraints. The final endocardial shape is used to define the geometrical constraints for segmentation of the epicardium. We follow the assumption that epicardial and endocardial shapes are similar in volumes with short axis view. An initialization scheme based on a fuzzy C-means algorithm and mathematical morphology was designed. The algorithm performance was evaluated using cardiac MR and CT volumes in short axis view demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed method.     

An Image-Based Comprehensive Approach for Automatic Segmentation of Left Ventricle from Cardiac Short Axis Cine MR Images

Segmentation of the left ventricle is important in the assessment of cardiac functional parameters. Manual segmentation of cardiac cine MR images for acquiring these parameters is time-consuming. Accuracy and automation are the two important criteria in improving cardiac image segmentation methods. In this paper, we present a comprehensive approach to segment the left ventricle from short axis cine cardiac MR images automatically. Our method incorporates a number of image processing and analysis techniques including thresholding, edge detection, mathematical morphology, and image filtering to build an efficient process flow. This process flow makes use of various features in cardiac MR images to achieve high accurate segmentation results. Our method was tested on 45 clinical short axis cine cardiac images and the results are compared with manual delineated ground truth (average perpendicular distance of contours near 2 mm and mean myocardium mass overlapping over 90%). This approach provides cardiac radiologists a practical method for an accurate segmentation of the left ventricle.     

Left ventricular motion reconstruction with a prolate spheroidal B-spline model

Tagged cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can non-invasively image deformation of the left ventricular (LV) wall. Three-dimensional (3D) analysis of tag data requires fitting a deformation model to tag lines in the image data. In this paper, we present a 3D myocardial displacement and strain reconstruction method based on a B-spline deformation model defined in prolate spheroidal coordinates, which more closely matches the shape of the LV wall than existing Cartesian or cylindrical coordinate models. The prolate spheroidal B-spline (PSB) deformation model also enforces smoothness across and can compute strain at the apex. The PSB reconstruction algorithm was evaluated on a previously published data set to allow head-to-head comparison of the PSB model with existing LV deformation reconstruction methods. We conclude that the PSB method can accurately reconstruct deformation and strain in the LV wall from tagged MR images and has several advantages relative to existing techniques.     

Automatic segmentation of the left ventricle cavity and myocardium in MRI data

A novel approach for the automatic segmentation has been developed to extract the epi-cardium and endo-cardium boundaries of the left ventricle (lv) of the heart. The developed segmentation scheme takes multi-slice and multi-phase magnetic resonance (MR) images of the heart, transversing the short-axis length from the base to the apex. Each image is taken at one instance in the heart's phase. The images are segmented using a diffusion-based filter followed by an unsupervised clustering technique and the resulting labels are checked to locate the (lv) cavity. From cardiac anatomy, the closest pool of blood to the lv cavity is the right ventricle cavity. The wall between these two blood-pools (interventricular septum) is measured to give an approximate thickness for the myocardium. This value is used when a radial search is performed on a gradient image to find appropriate robust segments of the epi-cardium boundary. The robust edge segments are then joined using a normal spline curve. Experimental results are presented with very encouraging qualitative and quantitative results and a comparison is made against the state-of-the art level-sets method.     

知识引导几何动态轮廓线算法与MR心脏序列图像鲁棒分割

从MR心脏三维动态序列图像中快速精确分割左心室内边界是心功能计算机辅助诊断的重要步骤。由于心室边界的模糊性，传统的基于灰度或曲线演化的方法很难保证分割结果的鲁棒和精确。在分割模型中整合解剖结构和医生经验的先验知识，对提高分割结果对噪声和模糊边界的鲁棒性，改善计算效率非常重要。本研究提出了一种广义模糊几何动态轮廓线分割算法（GF-GACM），并利用基于水平集的概率形状模型，整合医生手动分割训练集的先验知识。对多套临床数据集的实验结果显示，本研究算法的分割结果和专家手动分割结果比较在临床诊断允许误差范围内。     

Endocardial Border Detection in Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Images Using Level Set Method

Segmentation of the left ventricle in MRI images is a task with important diagnostic power. Currently, the evaluation of cardiac function involves the global measurement of volumes and ejection fraction. This evaluation requires the segmentation of the left ventricle contour. In this paper, we propose a new method for automatic detection of the endocardial border in cardiac magnetic resonance images, by using a level set segmentation-based approach. To initialize this level set segmentation algorithm, we propose to threshold the original image and to use the binary image obtained as initial mask for the level set segmentation method. For the localization of the left ventricular cavity, used to pose the initial binary mask, we propose an automatic approach to detect this spatial position by the evaluation of a metric indicating object’s roundness. The segmentation process starts by the initialization of the level set algorithm and ended up through a level set segmentation. The validation process is achieved by comparing the segmentation results, obtained by the automated proposed segmentation process, to manual contours traced by tow experts. The database used was containing one automated and two manual segmentations for each sequence of images. This comparison showed good results with an overall average similarity area of 97.89%.     

An Effective Approach of Lesion Segmentation Within the Breast Ultrasound Image Based on the Cellular Automata Principle

In this paper, a novel lesion segmentation within breast ultrasound (BUS) image based on the cellular automata principle is proposed. Its energy transition function is formulated based on global image information difference and local image information difference using different energy transfer strategies. First, an energy decrease strategy is used for modeling the spatial relation information of pixels. For modeling global image information difference, a seed information comparison function is developed using an energy preserve strategy. Then, a texture information comparison function is proposed for considering local image difference in different regions, which is helpful for handling blurry boundaries. Moreover, two neighborhood systems (von Neumann and Moore neighborhood systems) are integrated as the evolution environment, and a similarity-based criterion is used for suppressing noise and reducing computation complexity. The proposed method was applied to 205 clinical BUS images for studying its characteristic and functionality, and several overlapping area error metrics and statistical evaluation methods are utilized for evaluating its performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can handle BUS images with blurry boundaries and low contrast well and can segment breast lesions accurately and effectively.     

左心室壁平面应变分析

介绍了利用磁标记技术对心脏左心室壁上的点进行追踪，继而计算出左心室壁各部位位移、主应变，通过对四位健康人左心室壁心基部的应变解析，发现其周向主应变的大小在14-19％之间变化。     

Automated cardiac MR image segmentation: theory and measurement evaluation

We present a new approach to magnetic resonance image segmentation with a Gradient-Vector-Flow-based snake applied to selective smoothing filtered images. The system also allows automated image segmentation in the presence of grey scale inhomogeneity, as in cardiac Magnetic Resonance imaging. Removal of such inhomogeneities is a difficult task, but we proved that using non-linear anisotropic diffusion filtering, myocardium edges are selectively preserved. The approach allowed medical data to be automatically segmented in order to track not only endocardium, which is usually a less difficult task, but also epicardium in anatomic and perfusion studies with Magnetic Resonance. The method developed proceeds in three distinct phases: (a) an anisotropic diffusion filtering tool is used to reduce grey scale inhomogeneity and to selectively preserve edges; (b) a Gradient-Vector-Flow-based snake is applied on filtered images to allow capturing a snake from a long range and to move into concave boundary regions; and (c) an automatic procedure based on a snake is used to fit both endocardium and epicardium borders in a multiphase, multislice examination. A good agreement (P<0.001) between manual and automatic data analysis, based on the mean difference+/-SD, was assessed in a pool of 907 cardiac function and perfusion images.     

磁共振图像中非均匀场的校正

缓慢变化的非均匀场使磁共振图像的局部统计特性发生变化 ,不同生理组织的亮度交叠分布 ,使磁共振图像的分割比其他医学图像分割困难的多。磁共振图像中的非均匀场是磁共振图像自动分割的主要障碍。人们提出了众多的磁共振图像非均匀场的校正方法 ,其中有传统的图像处理方法 ,如图像模糊、平滑、滤波 ,也有新的方法 ,如基于分割的方法 ,基于直方图的方法等。本文对这些方法进行了综述和讨论