老年人护理保健的体会

目的改善和维护老年人健康状况。方法采取各种积极有效的心理护理和生活护理。结果在住院期间老年人建立了健康的生活方式。结论护理保健可促进我国老年人健康水平的提高。     

更年期妇女460名健康状况调查

随着我国医疗卫生事业改革的深入发展，社区卫生服务正成为城镇医疗卫生改革的重要内容。为了解更年期妇女的健康需求，探索社区卫生服务中更年期妇女保健的模式和方法，我们于2006年5月至10月对太原市杏花岭区社区460名妇女的更年期健康状况进行调查。     

浅谈护理程序在整体护理中的临床应用

随着人民生活水平的日益提高，健康保健意识的逐渐增强，社会医疗保健需求在不断增加，要求护理人员必须树立整体护理的观念，把单一护理的观念，改变为整体护理的观念，纠正和克服过去对患者“头痛医头、脚痛医脚”的护理做法，全盘考虑，综合计划，集医院、家庭、社会等各方面力量，对患者实施全身心、全方位、全过程、多渠道的护理，促进护理事业的发展。     

小儿常用药物的合理应用

为了保障和进一步提高医疗质量，防止医源性疾病，减少药物的毒副作用，合理准确的药物剂量对治疗疾病，提高医疗质量起着很大的作用。尤其是儿童，随着社会经济及儿童保健事业的发展，儿童健康状况得到了不断的改善，但由于儿童淋巴系统发育未成熟，防御能力差，体液免疫及细胞免疫也不如成人强，所以容易被细菌、病毒等侵犯，难免要使用药物进行对症治病。但是由于儿童各系统均未发育成熟，     

社区卫生服务概况

随着社会、经济、技术的发展，卫生保健事业已进入综合保健时代。综合保健是指全人群多维健康着眼、预防保健、合理治疗到康复的全面保健措施，组织发动社会支持和参与，以达到延长健康寿命、提高和维护人的生活质量的目标。社区卫生服务是社区发展建设的重要组成部分，是在政府领导、社区参与、上级卫生机构指导下，     

社区卫生服务概况

随着社会、经济、技术的发展，卫生保健事业已进入综合保健时代。综合保健是指全人群多维健康着眼、预防保健、合理治疗到康复的全面保健措施，组织发动社会支持和参与，以达到延长健康寿命、提高和维护人的生活质量的目标。社区卫生服务是社区发展建设的重要组成部分，是在政府领导、社区参与、上级卫生机构指导下，     

社区老年人的居家护理与保健

目的 随着医疗技术水平的提高和人民生活水平的不断改善,老年人数在迅速增多,我国已成为老年型社会.做好老年的保健护理,有利于老年人健康长寿.方法 通过对老年人居家护理和健康指导,充分发挥老年人的主观能动性,做到自我保健、家庭保健、社区保健相结合,促进老年人身心健康.结果 老年人在家庭环境里得到了基本的护理保健指导,生活质量有了明显提高,结论老年人在家庭中接受保健护理,能发挥主观能动性,提高改善健康状况的动力,促进身心健康.     

健康信念模式在孕前妇女口腔健康教育中的应用

目的：探索健康信念模式在孕前妇女口腔健康教育中的应用。方法选择220例孕前优生健康体检妇女随机分为对照组（110例）和研究组（110例）。对照组采用常规口头的口腔卫生指导;研究组采用健康信念模式口腔健康教育。分别在健康教育前、健康教育后3个月、妊娠3个月、产后2个月进行问卷调查和口腔健康检查,比较两组妇女口腔保健行为依从性和口腔健康状况。结果健康教育前两组妇女口腔保健行为依从性和口腔健康状况差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;健康教育后3个月、妊娠3个月、产后2个月,研究组妇女口腔保健行为依从性高于对照组,口腔健康状况好于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论运用健康信念模式对孕前妇女进行口腔健康教育是可行和有效的,能提高妇女围孕期、妊娠期及产褥期口腔保健行为依从性,改善其口腔健康状况,减少妊娠期口腔疾病的发生,有利于优生优育。     

社区老年人的保健和护理

随着现代医学的迅速发展,人口死亡率明显下降,同时也促进了人类寿命的增加。人日老龄化对社会的影响是多方面的,但影响最大的还是卫生保健事业。社区医疗保健机构,是做好老年人医疗预防保健服务的基本医疗保健机构,社区护理是社区保健工作的重要组成部分,维护老年人的健康是社区护理工作的重点。我国是世界上老龄人口绝对数最多的国家,又是世界上人口老龄化速度最快的国家之一。研究和关注老年人健康状况是保健事业的重要内容,这就需要通过社区护理保健工作来完成。老年人的保健工作与护理有多方面,例如饮食、睡眠、安全等。本章是通过探讨老年人各社区护理保健,以提高老年人的生存质量。     

医院在社区预防保健中的作用和地位

当前，随着社会经济的发展和人民生活水甲的不断提高．预防保健得到了迅速的发展，在社会医学、公共卫生学、生态环境保护、健康促进、疾病防治等方面都显示出预防和保健的先导作用。特别是在改革预防保健体系，建立综合性预防保健体系时，医院应该发挥更大作用。     

The Prevalence and Characteristics of Dual PharmD/MPH Programs Offered at US Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy

Objective. To assess the prevalence and characteristics of curriculum in dual doctor of pharmacy (PharmD)/master of public health (MPH) degree programs offered by US pharmacy programs.Methods. An 18-item survey instrument was developed and distributed online to faculty members at US colleges and schools of pharmacy.Results. Of the 110 colleges and schools that responded, 23 (21%) offered a PharmD/MPH degree. Common characteristics of these 23 programs included current PharmD program structure (3 + 1 year), early curricular recruitment, small enrollment, and interdisciplinary coursework occurring online and in the classroom. The impact of the dual degree on the curriculum and longevity of the dual-degree programs varied. About 55% of responding programs without a formal dual-degree program reported that additional public health training was available.Conclusion. Twenty-one percent of colleges and schools of pharmacy offer a combined PharmD/MPH dual degree. Most programs required an additional 1 or 2 semesters to complete both degrees.     

Meeting the Needs of Underserved Patients in Western Kenya by Creating the Next Generation of Global Health Pharmacists

Objective. To describe a novel training model used to create a sustainable public health-focused pharmacy residency based in Kenya and to describe the outcomes of this training program on underserved populations.Design. The postgraduate year 2 residency was designed to expose trainees to the unique public health facets of inpatient, outpatient, and community-based care delivery in low and middle-income countries. Public health areas of focus included supply chain management, reproductive health, pediatrics, HIV, chronic disease management, and teaching.Assessment. The outcomes of the residency were assessed based on the number of new clinical programs developed by residents, articles and abstracts written by residents, and resident participation in grant writing. To date, six residents from the United States and eight Kenyan residents have completed the residency. Eleven sustainable patient care services have been implemented as a result of the residency program.Conclusion. This pharmacy residency training model developed accomplished pharmacists in public health pharmacy, with each residency class expanding funding and clinical programming, contributing to curriculum development, and creating jobs.     

Professional and educational initiatives, supports, and opportunities for advanced training in public health

The United States is facing a public health workforce shortage and pharmacists have the opportunity and obligation to address this challenge in health care. There have been initiatives and supports from within and beyond the profession for the pharmacist's role in public health. This article identifies existing professional and educational initiatives for the pharmacist's expanded role in public health, as well as postgraduate and other advanced educational opportunities in public health. Recommendations also are provided on how to further engage pharmacists in public health activities to alleviate the public health workforce challenge.     

A Public Health Pharmacy Course at a Malaysian Pharmacy School

Objectives

To develop and implement a new course on public health into the bachelor of pharmacy (BPharm) curriculum in Malaysia.

Design

A required 2-credit-hour course was designed to provide an overview of public health pharmacy roles and the behavioral aspects of human healthcare issues. Graded activities included nursing home visits, in-class quizzes, mini-projects, and poster sessions, and a comprehensive final examination.

Assessment

The majority of the students performed well on the class activities and 93 (71.5%) of the 130 students enrolled received a grade of B or higher. A Web-based survey was administered at the end of the semester and 90% of students indicated that they had benefited from the course and were glad that it was offered. The majority of students agreed that the course made an impact in preparing them for their future role as pharmacists and expanded their understanding of the public health roles of a pharmacist.

Conclusions

A public health pharmacy course was successfully designed and implemented in the BPharm curriculum. This study highlighted the feasibilities of introducing courses that are of global relevance into a Malaysian pharmacy curriculum. The findings from the students'' evaluation suggest the needs to incorporate a similar course in all pharmacy schools in the country and will be used as a guide to improve the contents and methods of delivery of the course at our school.     

National Substance Abuse Epidemiology Initiatives in the United States:

Data concerning the epidemiology of drug abuse in the United States are presented in this paper. The paper includes an integrating approach from various data sources: national, state, and local level; surveillance systems; and outbreak investigations. An analysis of trends and patterns of drug abuse are discussed, both from the perspective of historical development and the current situation. Analyses focus on changes in levels of use for different drugs as well as changes in user characteristics and consequences of use. Current studies concerning epidemiology of drug abuse in special populations and findings from recent field investigations are presented. Future research directions in the field of epidemiology from a national perspective are outlined.     

Harm reduction: what it is and is not

The meaning of the term “harm reduction” has changed over the decades of its existence but it is now increasingly being aligned with public health approaches. An agreed meaning for the term would be helpful and should be sought. Antecedents are easy to find. Emphasis on small achievable steps is an important element; neither inherently supportive of prohibition nor of legalization, harm reduction is essentially pragmatic and tends to favour regulatory approaches. HIV has focused attention on harm reduction but even in the illicit drug field, a strong tradition of research and policy with an identical philosophical framework can be traced back well before the AIDS era. Harm reduction primary prevention educational approaches are more open, honest and respectful of responsible decision making processes. With current illicit drug users, harm reduction emphasizes the need to understand existing individual control mechanisms. The concept can be well understood if contrasted with prevailing approaches to drugs which generally emphasize punishment, lack of regulation and often augment harm.     

Overview of Substance Use and Treatment from Australia

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to provide an overview of drug and alcohol issues and their management in Australia. Overall, Australia has good health relative to the United States and other similar nations and generally similar rates of substance use disorders. A whole-of-government strategic approach has been developed for managing drug and alcohol problems, with a National Drug Strategy that has adopted a pragmatic approach to substance use problems through 3 “pillars”—demand, supply, and harm reduction. This approach has been attributed to Australia's remarkably low human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among people who inject drugs (<2%). Most community primary health care is provided through Australia's universal health care scheme, which provides a rebate for nearly all medical services according to a scheduled fee. Inpatient and outpatient care, including drug and alcohol services, delivered at public hospitals are currently provided with no patient co-payments. The health of Australia's first peoples, Australian Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders, remains challenging primarily due to the transgenerational impacts of dispossession, social and economic disadvantage, and some cultural differences. Although substance use is a key issue for Australian Aboriginals, there are currently insufficient dedicated drug and alcohol services for this group. Notwithstanding this important exception, Australia's health and substance use is favorable relative to other developed nations, offering universal health care and a pragmatic drug and alcohol strategy.