Anterior alveolar dimensions among different classifications of sagittal jaw relationship in Saudi subjects

Sound orthodontic movement of anterior teeth is delineated by the biological dimensions of the anterior alveolus.

Objective

To establish and compare the anterior alveolar dimensions among normal and abnormal sagittal maxillomandibular relationships in a Saudi sample.

Materials and methods

The lateral cephalometric radiographs of 81 Saudi subjects (42 males and 39 females) were used to determine the anteroposterior and vertical dimensions of the anterior alveolus in Class I (N = 30), Class II (N = 24), and Class III (N = 27) cases. The anterior alveolar dimensions were then compared among males and females belonging to the same sagittal classification and between the different sagittal classifications of the same gender.

Results

Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the anterior alveolar dimensions between males and females were demonstrated for the same sagittal jaw classification. Also, significant differences (P < 0.05) were detected between the anterior alveolar dimensions among the different sagittal maxillomandibular classifications of the same gender.

Conclusion

Both the gender and the sagittal maxillomandibular relationship can affect the anteroposterior and vertical dimensions of the anterior alveolus.     

Orthognathic surgical norms for a sample of Saudi adults: Hard tissue measurements

Objective

The aim of the study is to establish hard tissue cephalometric norms for orthognathic surgery for a sample of Saudi adults.

Materials and methods

Sixty-two lateral cephalometric radiographs for 31 females and 31 males, age range of 22–24 years, were analysed. The mean values of the hard and dental measurements were compared with those of European-American adults using Burstone analysis, as well as comparison between Saudi males and females.

Results

Saudi males had an increased cranial base length, the mandible lied more posterior to maxilla, increased mandibular plane angle and backward rotation of the mandible with less prominent chin, shorter maxillary length, and also less proclination of lower incisors compared to those of European Americans. Saudi females had similar cranial base length and shorter maxillary length than European Americans. In both gender; lower anterior and posterior dental heights were smaller when compared with the European-Americans’ values. A significant difference between Saudi males and females was found. Saudi males showed longer cranial base length, larger vertical skeletal proportion, increased dental values, longer maxillary and mandibular length than the female group.

Conclusion

This study may be useful in providing racially specific cephalometric norms for diagnosis and treatment planning for orthognathic surgery for a sample of Saudi adults.     

Dental age assessment of Western Saudi children and adolescents

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and Eruption for age estimation in Saudi Arabian children and adolescents (aged 2–20 years), for forensic odontology application.

Materials and methods

This cross-sectional survey analyzed orthopantomograms (OPGs) of the complete dentition (including root development) to estimate the deviation from chronological age. Each OPG was de-identified and analyzed individually and classified into age-groups by the lead author, using the methods of the Atlas of Tooth Development.

Results

OPGs from a total of 252 patients [110 (44%) males, 142 (56%) females] aged 2–20 years (24–240 months) were examined in this study. The average estimated and chronological ages of subjects differed significantly p < 0.001 (143 ± 55.4 vs. 145 ± 57.9 months). Most (65.5%) estimates were within 12 months of subjects’ chronological ages; 19% overestimated and 15.5% underestimated age by >12 months.

Conclusion

This study, conducted in a sub-population of different origin than the UK sample used for the development of the London Atlas, identified variation in age estimates that may have significant impacts on results. The establishment of a composite international repository of atlas-based data for diverse ethnic sub-populations would be of great value to clinicians across the globe.     

Changes in quality of life after orthognathic surgery in Saudi patients

Aim

This study was conducted to measure the impact of orthognathic surgery on quality of life in Saudi patients.

Materials and methods

Patients with a discrepancy of 5 mm or more who underwent orthognathic surgery either single jaw or bimaxillary at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, between September 2007 and June 2013 were included in the study. They were asked to complete the Arabic version of the 22-item Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ) preoperatively and postoperatively. Responses at these two timepoints were compared using paired t-tests, with the significance level set to P < 0.05.

Results

Seventeen patients participated in the study. Total OQLQ scores and those in the instrument’s four domains (oral function, facial aesthetics, awareness of dentofacial aesthetics, and social aspects) indicated that quality of life was significantly improved by orthognathic surgery (all P < 0.001).The social aspect domain was shown to be more important for patients than were facial aesthetics and oral function.

Conclusion

The present study revealed highly significant improvement in Saudi patients’ quality of life following orthognathic surgery. This improvement was evident in all four OQLQ domains.     

Risk factors for maxillofacial injuries in a Brazilian emergency hospital sample

Background

Maxillofacial injuries occur in a significant number of trauma patients. Epidemiological assessments are essential to reaffirm patterns, identify new trends and develop clinical and research priorities for effective treatment and prevention of these injuries.

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiological profile and risk factors associated with maxillofacial trauma treated at a referral emergency hospital for the Public Health System in the State Capital of Goiás, Brazil.

Material and Methods

A cross-sectional study was designed including 530 patients with maxillofacial trauma, 76% male, with a mean age of 25.5±15.0 years. Data were collected between May 2003 and August 2004 over weekly shift-working periods. Results: The main causes of trauma were traffic accidents (45.7%) and physical assaults (24.3%), and differences in etiological factors were identified according to gender (p<0.001). The distribution of patients according to age and etiology showed significant differences for traffic accidents (p<0.01), physical assaults (p<0.001), falls (p<0.001) and sport injuries (p<0.01). In the multinomial logistic regression analysis (R² = 0.233; p<0.05), age was associated with injury in traffic accidents and falls (p<0.01), sports-related accidents were associated with males (p<0.05), and alcohol consumption with assaults and traffic accidents (p<0.001). Facial soft tissue lesions were found in 98% of patients and facial fractures in 51%.

Conclusions

The significant association of maxillofacial trauma with young males and alcohol consumption reinforces the need for educational strategies and the development of policies for the prevention and reduction of associated damage in this specific risk group.     

Perceptions of Pre- to Postsurgical Profile Changes in Orthognathic Surgery Patients and Their Correlation with Photogrammetric Changes: A Panel Study

Purpose

The objective was to compare the pre- and postsurgical profile changes after surgical correction of prognathism and maxillary hypoplasia, as perceived by panels of orthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, laypersons and patients and to identify photogrammetric changes that might be related to preferred ratings.

Materials and methods

Each panel consisted of six males and six females who rated sets of pre- and postsurgical lateral photographs of 20 female and 20 male patients using a five-point scale. Patients rated their own set of photographs. Pre- to postsurgical differences of photogrammetrically assessed landmarks were recorded as a surgical change.

Results

No significant differences in ratings between panels and patients could be detected. Significant correlation coefficients (r) were obtained between the ratings of all panel groups and between the ratings and changes in facial convexity (r = 0.351–0.542). Correlations with changes of the mentolabial angle were found to be significant for old orthodontists, male laypersons, and male patients (r = 0.332–0.609). Ratings of female and young laypersons were correlated with the horizontal changes in the lower face (r = 0.324–0.379).

Conclusion

Information gathered from this study will support the cooperation of the medical staff and might assist in treatment planning.     

Comparative study of oral health among trisomy 21 children living in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia: Part 2, gingival condition

Background

Trisomy 21 (T21) is a congenital disorder characterized by triplication of Chromosome 21 components. Patients with T21 have an increased risk of acquiring periodontal disease due to their inability to maintain good oral hygiene. Consequently, it is important to determine an approach for disease prevention in this population.

Aim

The purpose of the study was to assess the periodontal health, through the prevalence of gingivitis and plaque, among children with T21 living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Subjects and method

This study included 93 children with T21 and 99 age- and gender-matched children without T21 between the ages of 7 and 15 years. Parents were informed about the study and provided informed consent. Trained examiners using standardized tools assessed the prevalence rates of gingivitis and plaque in all children.

Results

Gingivitis prevalence was elevated among T21 children (46.9%) compared to controls (34%) in all arch sextants except the mandibular middle (P < 0.01). Comparing the two groups, the prevalence of plaque was higher in the maxillary right sextant of the T21 group and the mandibular middle sextant of the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

T21 children have significantly elevated plaque levels, resulting in greater prevalence of gingivitis, compared to healthy children. Preventive measure, such as oral health awareness programs, should be delivered early to parents and continued at school to encourage and motivate children.     

The short-term skeleto-dental effects of a new spring for the intrusion of maxillary posterior teeth in open bite patients

Background

The technology surrounding temporary skeletal anchorage devices has improved in leaps and bounds. However, no specific auxiliary exists for the intrusion of molars in conjunction with these devices and currently clinicians are forced to make do with available force delivery materials. A new intrusion auxiliary, the Sydney Intrusion Spring (SIS), was designed to facilitate intrusion without frequent need for reactivation or tissue irritation.

Methods

The subjects consisted of 16 adolescent patients (12 females and 4 males) with an average age of 13.1 years (range 12.2 to 14.3 years). All patients were in the permanent dentition with an anterior open bite of ≥2 mm. Four self-drilling miniscrews were placed into the posterior maxillary buccal alveolar bone. The intrusion appliance consisted of a bonded acrylic appliance and the SIS, activated to produce an initial intrusive force of 500 g. Cone beam computed tomograms were taken after miniscrew placement and at the end of active intrusion. Rendered lateral cephalograms were produced and measurements were taken and compared.

Results

All study objectives were achieved in 4.91 months (range 2.5 to 7.75 months). The mean molar intrusion was 2.9 ± 0.8 mm (P < .001), resulting in over bite increase of 3.0 ± 1.5 mm (P < .001). The intrusion led to a 2.6° ± 1.3° (P < .001) clockwise occlusal plane rotation and a 1.2° ± 1.3° (P < .01) counter-clockwise rotation of the mandible. Dental measurements showed a significant uprighting and elongation of the incisors. There was no significant extrusion of the lower molars.

Conclusion

The SIS is an effective appliance for the intrusion of maxillary posterior teeth, in conjunction with miniscrews.     

MAXIMUM INHIBITORY DILUTION OF MOUTHWASHES CONTAINING CHLORHEXIDINE AND POLYHEXAMETHYLENE BIGUANIDE AGAINST SALIVARY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro maximum inhibitory dilution (MID) of two chlorhexidine-based oral mouthwashes (CHX): Noplak®, Periogard®, and one polyhexamethylene biguanide-based mouthwash (PHMB): Sanifill Premium® against 28 field Staphylococcus aureus strains using the agar dilution method.

Materials and Methods:

For each product, decimal dilutions ranging from 1/10 to 1/655,360 were prepared in distilled water and added to Mueller Hinton Agar culture medium. After homogenization, the culture medium was poured onto Petri dishes. Strains were inoculated using a Steers multipoint inoculator and dishes were incubated at 37°C for 24hours. For reading, MID was considered as the maximum dilution of the mouthwash still capable of inhibiting microbial growth.

Results:

Sanifill Premium® inhibited the growth of all strains at 1/40 dilution and of 1 strain at 1/80 dilution. Noplak® inhibited the growth of 23 strains at 1/640 dilution and of all 28 strains at 1/320 dilution. Periogard® showed inhibited growth of 7 strains at 1/640 dilution and of all 28 strains at 1/320 dilution. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, showing significant differences between the mouthwashes evaluated (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between Noplak® and Periogard® (p>0.05). Sanifill Premium® was the least effective (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

It was concluded that CHX-based mouthwashes present better antimicrobial activity against S. Aureus than the PHMB-based mouthwash.     

Knowledge and attitude of tobacco use and cessation among dental professionals

Aim

Smoking is the one of the most preventable causes of death worldwide. Dental professionals may play an important role in anti-smoking campaigns. The aim of this study was to evaluate current knowledge of and attitudes toward smoking and its cessation among dental professionals.

Materials and methods

This questionnaire-based study was carried out among general dental practitioners (GDPs) and dental students in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes toward tobacco use and cessation. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 18.0; IBM) and the Mann–Whitney U-test, with a significance level of p < 0.001.

Results

A total of 342 participants (130 GDPs, 212 dental students) with the mean age of 24 (standard deviation, 5) years participated in the study. One-third (33.8%, n = 44) of GDPs and 30.2% (n = 64) of dental students were smokers; small percentages (GDPs, 9.1% [n = 4]; dental students, 7.8% [n = 5]) were heavy smokers. The majority of participants rated both smoking cessation and prevention together as a very important preventive measure. Families were rated as the most important factor responsible for smoking cessation, whereas general practitioners were rated as the most important factor for providing assistance with cessation.

Conclusion

More meaningful participation of dental professionals in tobacco cessation is needed, with implications for related curriculum changes.     

Perception of Saudi dentists and lay people to altered smile esthetics

Aim

To evaluate and compare the perceptions of Saudi dentists and lay people to altered smile features.

Methods

Thirty-six digital smile photographs with altered features were used. Altered features included the following: crown length, width, gingival level of the lateral incisors, gingival display, midline diastema, and upper midline shift. The photographs were presented to a sample of 30 dentists and 30 lay people with equal gender distribution. Each participant rated each picture with a visual analogue scale, which ranged from 0 (very unattractive) to 100 (very attractive).

Results

Dentists were more critical than lay people when evaluating symmetrical crown length discrepancies. Compared to lay people, Saudi dentists gave lower ratings to a crown length discrepancy of >2 mm (P < 0.001), crown width discrepancy of ⩾2 mm (P < 0.05), change in gingiva to lip distance of ⩾2 mm (P < 0.01), and midline deviation of >1 mm (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between dentists and lay people towards alterations in the gingival level of the lateral incisors or towards a space between the central incisors. No significant sex difference was seen across the groups.

Conclusion

In this sample, Saudi dentists gave significantly lower attractiveness scores to crown length and crown width discrepancies, midline deviations, and changes in gingiva to lip distance compared to Saudi lay people.     

The effect of commonly used types of coffee on surface microhardness and color stability of resin-based composite restorations

Objective

This study assessed the influence of commonly used types of coffee, in Saudi Arabia, on surface microhardness and color stability of microhybrid resin-based composite (Filtek Z250), nanofilled resin-based composite (Filtek Supreme) and organic modified ceramic composite (Ormocer).

Materials and methods

A total of 75 disk-shaped specimens were fabricated (25 discs from each type of material). After initial color and microhardness recording, samples were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5). Four groups of specimens from each material were immersed in 1 of 4 types of coffee (American, Arabic, Turkish and Espresso coffee) and the fifth group was stored in saline to serve as control. The specimens were immersed in the different types of coffee for 3 weeks. At the end of the test period, surface microhardness and color were measured again.

Results

It was observed that there is no significant difference in microhardness of the three tested materials after immersion in the different types of coffee. However, all resin-based materials showed significant color change when compared to control (saline). Filtek Z250 showed the least color change among the three materials followed by Ormocer. On the other hand, Filtek Supreme was the most common material prone to discoloration. Espresso coffee caused the most change in color followed by Turkish then American coffee. Nevertheless, Arabic coffee caused the least color change of the three materials.

Conclusions

Color stability of resin-based materials is affected by their different material composition.     

Bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to tooth structure

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength of the bond between newly introduced self-adhesive resin cements and tooth structures (i.e., enamel and dentin).

Methods

Three self-adhesive cements (SmartCem2, RelyX Unicem, seT SDI) were tested. Cylindrical-shaped cement specimens (diameter, 3 mm; height, 3 mm) were bonded to enamel and dentin. Test specimens were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The shear bond strength (SBS) was tested in a Zwick Roll testing machine. Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and t-test. Statistically significant differences were defined at the α = 0.05 level. Bond failures were categorized as adhesive, cohesive, or mixed.

Results

The SBS values ranged from 3.76 to 6.81 MPa for cements bonded to enamel and from 4.48 to 5.94 MPa for cements bonded to dentin (p > 0.05 between surfaces). There were no statistically significant differences between the SBS values to enamel versus dentin for any given cement type. All cements exhibited adhesive failure at the resin/tooth interface.

Conclusions

Regardless of their clinical simplicity, the self-adhesive resin cements examined in this study exhibit limited bond performance to tooth structures; therefore, these cements must be used with caution.     

Surface properties of multilayered,acrylic resin artificial teeth after immersion in staining beverages

Objective

To evaluate the effect of staining beverages (coffee, orange juice, and red wine) on the Vickers hardness and surface roughness of the base (BL) and enamel (EL) layers of improved artificial teeth (Vivodent and Trilux).

Material and Methods

Specimens (n=8) were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h and then submitted to the tests. Afterwards, specimens were immersed in one of the staining solutions or distilled water (control) at 37°C, and the tests were also performed after 15 and 30 days of immersion. Data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α=0.05).

Results

Vivodent teeth exhibited a continuous decrease (p<0.0005) in hardness of both layers for up to 30 days of immersion in all solutions. For Trilux teeth, similar results were found for the EL (p<0.004), and the BL showed a decrease in hardness after 15 days of immersion (p<0.01). At the end of 30 days, this reduction was not observed for coffee and water (p>0.15), but red wine and orange juice continuously reduced hardness values (p<0.0004). Red wine caused the most significant hardness changes, followed by orange juice, coffee, and water (p<0.006). No significant differences in roughness were observed for both layers of the teeth during the immersion period, despite the beverage (p>0.06).

Conclusions

Hardness of the two brands of acrylic teeth was reduced by all staining beverages, mainly for red wine. Roughness of both layers of the teeth was not affected by long-term immersion in the beverages.     

A clinical investigation of the relationship between the quality of conventional complete dentures and the patients’ quality of life

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the clinical quality of conventional complete dentures and patient quality of life.

Materials and methods

This study included a random sample of 32 completely edentulous patients (15 males and 17 females) who were treated with conventional complete dentures. Using a validated questionnaire, three investigators evaluated the dentures independently on the basis of seven clinical parameters: esthetics (lip support and lower lip line), retention and stability of the maxillary and the mandibular dentures, and occlusion. Patients completed the validated Oral Health Impact Profile-20 (OHIP-20) questionnaire. Correlations were determined by using the point-biserial correlation coefficient.

Results

Clinicians rated the overall clinical quality of the dentures satisfactory in 80.3% of patients. The mean (±standard deviation) total OHIP-20 score was 56.3 ± 15.9 out of a possible 120 maximum. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between the stability of the maxillary and mandibular dentures and the total OHIP-20 score (p = 0.009 and 0.0023, respectively). A negative correlation between the total OHIP-20 score and the retention of the mandibular denture approached significance (p = 0.092). Esthetics, retention of the maxillary denture, and occlusion were not correlated with patient quality of life (p > 0.169).

Conclusion

Stability of the maxillary and mandibular dentures is the denture quality parameter that can most significantly affect patient quality of life.     

Effect of abutment angulation in the retention and durability of three overdenture attachment systems: An in vitro study

PURPOSE

This in vitro study investigated and compared the durability and retention of three types of attachments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three commercially available attachments were investigated: Clix®, Dalbo-Plus® and Locator®. In total, 72 samples of these attachments were placed in the acrylic resin forms and subjected to mechanical testing (5400 cycles of insertion and removal) over the respective ball or Locator abutments immersed in artificial saliva at pH 7 and 37℃. The abutments were placed at angulations of 0°, 10° and 20°. The retention force was recorded at the beginning and after 540, 1080, 2160, 3240, 4320 and 5400 insertion-removal cycles.

RESULTS

The results revealed that there were significant differences in the average values of the insertion/removal force due to angulation (F _(2.48) = 343619, P<.05) and the type of attachment (F _(7.48) = 23.220, P<.05).

CONCLUSION

Greater angulation of the abutments was found to influence the retention capacity of the attachments, and the fatigue test simulating 5 years of denture insertion and removal did not produce wear in the metal abutments.     

Analysis of radiopacity,pH and cytotoxicity of a new bioceramic material

Objective

RetroMTA^® is a new hydraulic bioceramic indicated for pulp capping, perforations or root resorption repair, apexification and apical surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the radiopacity, pH variation and cytotoxicity of this material to ProRoot^® MTA.

Material and Methods

Mixed cements were exposed to a digital x-ray along with an aluminum stepwedge for the radiopacity assay. pH values were verified after incubation period of 3, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours. The cytotoxicity of each cement was tested on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts using a multiparametric assay. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc in GraphPad Prism.

Results

ProRoot^® MTA had higher radiopacity than RetroMTA^® (p<0.001). No significant differences were observed for the pH of the materials throughout experimental periods (p>0.05) although pH levels of both materials reduced over time. Both ProRoot^® MTA and RetroMTA^® allowed for significantly higher cell viability when compared with the positive control (p<0.001). No statistical difference was observed between ProRoot^® MTA and RetroMTA^® cytotoxicity level in all test parameters, except for the ProRoot^® MTA 48-hour extract media in the NR assay (p<0.05).

Conclusion

The current study provides new data about the physicochemical and biological properties of Retro^® MTA concerning radiopacity, pH and cytotoxic effects on human periodontal ligaments cells. Based on our findings, RetroMTA^® meets the radiopacity requirements standardized by ANSI/ADA number 57², and similar pH values and biocompatibility to ProRoot^® MTA. Further studies should be performed to evaluate additional properties of this new material.     

The use of povidone–iodine and hydrogen peroxide mixture as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment of slight to moderate chronic periodontitis

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of the adjunctive use of povidone–iodine with or without hydrogen peroxide as coolant and disinfectant during ultrasonic scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Materials and methods

Sixteen patients initially participated in the study. Thirteen patients (8 males and 5 females) completed the 3-month follow-up period. Their mean (±SD) age was 42.92 ± 7.55 years. In each experimental subject, the mouth was split into four quadrants. A randomly selected quadrant was chosen to receive one of the three treatment group modalities which were: Group 1 – ultrasonic scaling and root planing plus irrigation with 1% povidone–iodine and 3.0% hydrogen peroxide mixture; Group 2 – ultrasonic scaling and root planing plus irrigation with 1% povidone–iodine; Group 3 – ultrasonic scaling and root planing plus irrigation with normal saline. The fourth quadrant served as a control group.

Results

At the 3-month evaluation, there was no significant difference between the three treatment groups in terms of probing depth reduction, clinical attachment gain, gingival recession increase, reduction in the bleeding upon probing or plaque score reduction (P > 0.05). However, the three treatment groups had statistically significant higher mean reduction in the probing depth, gain in the clinical attachment level and reduction in the bleeding upon probing than the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

There were no added benefits of using a mixture of povidone–iodine and hydrogen peroxide or povidone–iodine as disinfectants during ultrasonic scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.     

A Prospective,Randomized, Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy of Anti-edema Drugs for Edema Control in Orthognathic Surgery Using Digitizer 3-D to Measure Facial Swelling

Introduction

Orthognathic surgery involves making several osteotomies. Any osteotomies leads to varying degrees of post-operative swelling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-edema drugs for the control of edema, using Digitizer 3D™ for measuring soft-tissue thickness, in patients who underwent bimaxillaryorthognathic surgery.

Materials and Methods

In this double-blinded, randomized, control trial, 24 patients (study group: 12 patients, control group: 12 patients) in whom bimaxillary orthognathic surgery was indicated, were included in this study. All swelling measurements were expressed as total 3-D area of the landmarks (cm²) in T0 pre-operative, T1 first day after surgery, T2 fourth day after surgery, T3 4 months after surgery. For each patient we compared, by adding left and right area, the increase of swelling between T1–T0, T2–T0 and T1–T3.

Results

The differences T0–T1 are highly significant (p < 0.01) between group 1 or study group (treated with Venoplant^®) and group 2 (control group); the differences T0–T2 are significant (p < 0.05) between group 1 (treated with Venoplant^®) and group 2 (control group). The differences T1–T3 are significant (p < 0.05) between group 1 (treated with Venoplant^®) and group 2 (control group).

Discussion

The present study suggests that Venoplant^® significantly decreases postoperative edema in orthognathic surgery, thus precluding long-term corticosteroid use.     

Assessment of Oro-Maxillofacial Trauma According to Gender,Age, Cause and Type of the Injury

Objectives

The occurrence and causes of maxillofacial trauma varies in different regions of the world. The aim of this study was to identify the occurrence, types and causes of maxillofacial injuries according to the age and gender differences in patients treated at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Center Osijek, between January 2011 and December 2013.

Materials and methods

A total of 64 patients, 41 males (64.1%) and 23 females (35.9%), aged from 18 to 86 years (mean age 42) participated in the study. Data collected and analyzed included gender, age, cause of injury and the type of maxillofacial injuries.

Results

The most common cause of injuries in both gender groups was falling down (39% males; 65% females). The second leading cause of injuries in males was interpersonal violence (29%) and in females traffic accident (26%) (p<0.05). The most common type of injury in both gender groups was bone injury (50%; in males zygomatic bones 55%, in females mandible 40%) (p>0.05). The most common causes of injuries in the youngest patients was violence (43%), and in others fall (50-70%; p<0.05). The most common reported type of injury in all age groups was bone injury (more than 50%; p>0.05). The majority of the falls and violence caused bone tissue injuries, and soft tissue and dentalveolar injuries were detected in traffic and sports accidents (p>0.05).

Conclusion

Falling down was the most common cause of oro-maxillofacial injuries in both men and women and in all three age groups. The leading type of injury was bone injury. The data obtained from this study provide important information for future prevention from injuries.Key words: maxillofacial trauma, soft-tissue injury, bone injury, dento-alveolar injury