军队离退休老干部人格类型与心理健康水平

目的 :探讨和分析军队离退休老干部人格类型和心理健康状况。方法 :采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和症状自评量表 (SCL -90 )对 178名军队离退休老干部人格类型和心理健康水平的关系进行了测评。结果 :( 1)稳定型人格尤其是内向稳定型人格是军队离退休老干部典型的人格类型 ;( 2 )SCL -90各因子得分均低于全国常模 ,除了抑郁感随年龄增加而明显增强外 ,其它因子得分不存在显著年龄差异。 ( 3)不同人格类型老干部的心理健康水平存在明显差异 ,稳定型人格老干部心理健康水平要明显好于不稳定型老干部。结论 :军队离退休老干部的心理健康状况良好 ,人格类型以内向稳定型性格为主。     

研究生心理健康状况分析与个性特征的相关研究

目的探讨在校硕士研究生心理健康与个性特征的关系,为有针对性地开展心理健康教育提供依据和参考。方法运用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）对2007级研究生新生进行心理健康测查。结果研究生SCL-90各项因子分均低于全国常模,差异有统计学意义。EPQ评分总体人格特征属于中间型。EPQ的N分和P分与SCL-90各项因子存在正相关,而E分和L分与SCL-90各项因子存在负相关。有明显心理健康问题者的N分与P分均较高,且与不同个性类型间问题检出率的差异有统计学意义。结论硕士研究生心理健康状况总体较好,其个性特征与心理健康状况关系密切,高神经质、高精神质和性格内向明显者出现不良心理问题的倾向性较大。     

公职人员的人格与心理健康研究

目的：针对政府公职人员群体的人格和心理健康状况及其相互间的关系进行研究。方法：抽取某市2142名政府机关公务员和985名公安民警，采用艾森克人格量表(EPQ)与症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行测量。结果：全体被试的SCL-90总分和除躯体化之外的各因子得分均显著低于全国常模，其中警察的总分又低于机关公务员。SCL-90分数存在年龄和性别差异。机关公务员与警察的人格无显著差异。被试SCL-90总分和各因子得分与其人格显著相关，其中与神经质的关联性最大。结论：公职人员整体的心理健康水平较好，但男性机关公务员及年长者的心理健康值得关注。神经质与心理健康高度关联。     

高三教师心理健康状况与人格特征的相关分析

目的：研究天津高三教师的心理健康、人格特征状况。方法：应用SCL-90、EPQ测评了337名高三教师。结果：教师的心理健康水平在躯体化、抑郁、精神病性和阳性项目数显著高于全国常模（P〈0.05，P〈0．01）；EPQ中的N量表和P量表与SCL-90总分及多项因子分明显相关。结论：良好的人格特征对教师提高工作效率非常重要。     

广州地区出国留学生心理健康水平评估分析

目的了解广州出国留学生的心理健康状况及心理健康与性格的相关性,为提高留学生心理健康水平提供科学依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ),对236名出国留学生进行心理测量。结果 SCL-90各因子分均低于对照组和1986年全国常模(P<0.001),留学生心理异常率为14.40%,女学生强迫、抑郁、焦虑3项因子均分高于男生(P<0.01)。性格特点总体为外向且稳定,各项心理症状因子分与神经质N呈正相关,与内外向E呈负相关(P<0.01)。结论出国留学生心理健康水平好于对照组和全国常模,但个别心理问题应引起家长和社会的高度重视。     

警察院校大学生心理健康水平与人格特征的研究

目的探讨警察院校大学生心理健康水平和人格特征。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)及艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)．对浙江、四川所警察院校403名在校学生进行测查。结果①有轻度以上心理问题的学生占55．830;②学生的神经质、精神质与内外向人格特征为中间型,但较为纯朴;③SCL-90与EPQ得分的相关分析表明,学生中情绪越不稳定和精神质越明显者,倾向于出现更多的心理健康问题,性格越内向心理健康问题越突出。结论 ①警察院校大学生存在程度较轻,怛较为广泛的心理健康问题;②警察院校大学生的人格是健全的;③必须重视警察院校大学生心理健康教育和良好的人格培养。     

现阶段医学院校本科生心理卫生状况调查与分析

目的 了解现阶段医学院校本科生的心理健康状况，为提高医学生整体素质，加强心理健康教育提供参考。方法 随机抽查475名在校本科生为研究时象，采用SCL-90进行测试和评定；运用EPQ进行心理特征的测试与评定，并与全国常模比较。结果 SCL-90中强迫、焦虑、精神病性等因子较高于全国常模；EPQ的P量表和N量表分较高于全国常模。结论 医学院校本科生群体的心理健康状况总体上与正常人没有明显差异，但仍有相当一部分学生存在明显的轻度或中度以上心理问题。     

消防员艾森克人格量表问卷结果分析

目的 探讨全国基层消防员个性心理特征及其影响因素.方法 通过分层比例抽样在全国消防基层中队抽取1637名官兵进行艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)测试.结果 不同年龄段的消防员EPQ 4个分量表P、N、E、L的均值与全国常模和军人常模都存在显著差异(μ=-25.97～24.59,P＜0.05),消防员P、N、L量表得分较低而E量表得分较高.军龄对EPQ量表得分有显著影响,军龄较短(军龄≤5年)的消防员在N、L量表上得分较低,而在E量表上得分较高,与军龄较长组(军龄＞6年)差异达到统计显著水平(F=4.21～7.34,P＜0.05).年龄、职别、学历等因素对EPQ量表得分的影响不显著.结论 基层消防员个性外向、稳定、自信,消防职业生涯影响消防员的个性特征.     

医院护士心理特征分析

目的　了解医院护士心理健康状况和心理特征。方法　应用 SCL-90对 2 46名护士进行评定并与全国常模比较 ;应用 EPQ进行人格特征评定并与北京地区常模比较。结果　 SCL-90强迫症状、恐怖、偏执、精神病性因子分均较全国常模高 ;EPQ的 P量表分和 N量表分较常模高。结论　医院护士的心理健康状况低于一般人群     

劳教人员的人格特征及其心理因素的相关分析

目的对劳教人员的人格和心理卫生状况的影响因素进行研宛。方法216名劳教人员进行一般情况、EPQ（艾森克人格问卷）和SCL-90（症状自评量表-90）的调查。结果与常模比较，劳教人员的E，P，N因子分及SCL-90的10个因子分均高且有统计学意义。不同的人格类型其心理状况不尽相同。劳教人员心理健康相关关系的多元回归分析显示躯体化、强迫、人际敏感、抑郁、敌对、偏执、P因子、父亲文化程度及家庭经济情况是影响劳教人员心理健康的九大因素。结论劳教人员的人格及心理健康状况均有问题，心理健康受到多方面因素的影响。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.