MAPK通路在瑞芬太尼预处理减轻心衰大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用

目的探讨MAPK信号通路在瑞芬太尼预处理减轻心力衰竭大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用。方法成年♂SD大鼠,尾静脉注射阿霉素,制备慢性心力衰竭模型,通过随机数字表将54只模型大鼠分为9组(n=6):假手术组(sham)、缺血/再灌注组(IR)、瑞芬太尼预处理组(RPC)、ERK抑制剂PD98059+RPC组(RPD)、p38抑制剂SB203580+RPC组(RSB)、JNK抑制剂SP600125+RPC组(RSP)以及抑制剂对照组(PD、SB和SP)。化学比色法检测再灌注5min和10 min时冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性,再灌注末行TTC染色并计算心肌梗死面积,通过Power Lab系统记录血流动力学。结果与IR组相比,RPC可以明显降低梗死面积与缺血危险区的比值(IS/AAR),同时,也可以降低再灌注5 min及10 min LDH活性;而JNK抑制剂SP600125几乎完全取消RPC的保护作用,明显增加IS/AAR,并升高再灌注5 min LDH活性;ERK抑制剂PD98059也可部分阻断RPC的保护作用;而p38抑制剂SB203580对RPC的保护作用则无明显影响。血流动力学结果显示,与IR相比,RPC及加入MAPK抑制剂后对离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤后心功能影响差异无统计学意义。结论 JNK和ERK信号通路可能在瑞芬太尼预处理减轻心力衰竭大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤中发挥重要作用。     

中枢吗啡预处理对心脏缺血后大鼠海马CaM、血浆CGRP以及下丘脑室旁核和心肌P物质表达的影响

目的探讨侧脑室内注射吗啡预处理对在体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响及可能的信号机制。方法建立模型大鼠,随机分为两个部分:①分为4组,每组6只:对照组(CON组),在缺血/再灌注前30 min内,侧脑室内微量泵注射0.9%生理盐水5 min,停止注射5 min,重复3次;预处理组(MPC组),在缺血/再灌注前30 min内,侧脑室内注射吗啡(1μg.kg-1)5 min,停止5 min,重复3次;钙调蛋白抑制剂三氟拉嗪(trifluoperazine,TFP)+预处理组(TFP+MPC组),在吗啡预处理前10 min一次侧脑室内给予TFP(浓度为20 g.L-1)5μl;另设TFP自身对照组(TFP组)。②分为3组,每组6只:假手术组(Sham组),CON组和MPC组均同第一部分。观察指标包括:平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR),计算平均动脉压和心率乘积(RPP);心肌缺血危险区(AAR)、梗死区(IS)的体积、心肌梗死面积以IS/AAR表示;检测血浆降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene related peptide,CGRP);测定海马组织钙调蛋白;测定下丘脑室旁核、心肌缺血区和非缺血区P物质的表达。结果与CON组相比,MPC组的IS和IS/AAR均明显下降(P<0.01),TFP+MPC组分别与TFP组和CON组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05),而均明显高于MPC组(P<0.01);CON组分别与Sham组和MPC组相比,其下丘脑室旁核、心肌缺血区和非缺血区P物质表达均明显增高(P<0.01,P<0.05);MPC组血浆降钙素基因相关肽CGRP水平与海马钙调蛋白的表达均明显高于其它各组(P<0.01)。结论侧脑室内注射吗啡预处理对在体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与钙调蛋白介导释放CGRP和痛觉的干预有关。     

脊髓腺苷受体介导侧脑室吗啡预处理对大鼠缺血后心肌的保护作用

目的探讨脊髓腺苷受体在侧脑室吗啡预处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用中的介导作用以及与心肌缺血/再灌注损伤所引起的炎症反应的关系。方法健康♂SD大鼠54只,随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、对照组(CON组)、吗啡预处理组(MPC)、腺苷体阻断剂茶碱(theophylline,THE)+吗啡预处理组(MPC+THE组)、另设茶碱自身对照组,除茶碱自身对照组(6只)外,其他每组12只。每组观察指标包括:平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR),计算平均动脉压和心率乘积(RPP);心肌缺血危险区(AAR)、梗死区(IS)的体积,心肌梗死面积以IS/AAR表示;免疫组化测定心肌组织细胞间黏附分子(ICAM-1)的表达水平。结果与CON组相比,MPC组的IS和IS/AAR均明显下降(P<0.01),MPC+THE组分别明显低于CON组(P<0.01),高于MPC组(P<0.01),THE自身对照组与CON组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05);CON组心肌中的ICAM-1的表达水平明显高于Sham组(P<0.01),MPC组心肌组织中的ICAM-1的表达水平明显低于CON组(P<0.01),而MPC+THE组心肌组织中的ICAM-1的表达水平高于MPC组(P<0.01),低于CON组(P<0.01)。结论侧脑室吗啡预处理可以上调大鼠脊髓腺苷受体的激动水平,后者通过抑制心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的炎症反应,部分介导了侧脑室吗啡预处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。     

NO/cGMP信号通路在鞘内吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用

目的探讨NO/cGMP信号通路在鞘内吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用。方法大鼠建立鞘内置管的模型。随机分为9组,每组6只:SHAM组(假手术组)、CON组(对照组,生理盐水)、ITMP组(鞘内吗啡预处理,3μg·kg-1)、L-NAME+ITMP组(一氧化氮合酶阻断剂+鞘内吗啡预处理)、ODQ+ITMP组(鸟苷酸环化酶阻断剂+鞘内吗啡预处理)、KT5823+ITMP组(蛋白激酶G阻断剂+鞘内吗啡预处理)、L-NAME组、ODQ组、KT5823组。ITMP组于心脏缺血前,鞘内注射吗啡10μl 5 min,间断5 min,重复3次;CON组以相同的方式注射生理盐水;L-NAME+ITMP组、ODQ+ITMP组、KT5823+ITMP组分别于吗啡预处理前10 min鞘内注射L-NAME(30 nmol,10μl)、ODQ(11nmol,10μl)、KT5823(20 pmol,10μl);L-NAME组、ODQ组、KT5823组为阻断剂自身对照组。除SHAM组行假手术操作不做其他处理,其余各组大鼠均行左冠状动脉缺血30 min,再灌注120 min诱导心肌缺血/再灌注损伤。观察指标包括:血流动力学指标;心肌缺血危险区(AAR)、梗死区(IS)的体积、心肌梗死面积以IS/AAR表示。结果与CON组相比,ITMP组的IS和IS/AAR均明显下降(P<0.01);与ITMP组比较,L-NAME+ITMP组、ODQ+ITMP组、KT5823+ITMP组的IS和IS/AAR均升高(P<0.01)。与SHAM组比较各组MAP和RPP在缺血30 min降低(P<0.05),与基础值比较,除SHAM组外,其余各组MAP和RPP在缺血30 min降低(P<0.05)。结论 NO/cGMP的信号通路可能参与介导鞘内吗啡预处理,对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。     

七氟烷后处理对大鼠缺血/再灌注损伤心功能和ERK1/2表达的影响

目的研究七氟烷后处理对细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)活性的影响,探讨其对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注保护作用的机制。方法 (1)64只SD大鼠,随机分为8组(n=8):假手术组(Sham),缺血/再灌注组(Control),缺血后处理组(Post),七氟烷后处理组(Sevo),二甲基亚砜(PD98059溶剂)后处理组(DMSO),PD98059(ERK1/2抑制剂)后处理组(PD),缺血+PD98059后处理组(Post+PD),七氟烷+PD98059后处理组(Sevo+PD)。采用Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型,记录平衡灌注末,再灌注30、60、90 min心功能指标,灌注结束时,TTC法计算心肌梗死面积百分比。(2)48只SD大鼠,分组同上(n=6),复灌15 min,Westernblot法半定量测定心室胞质磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)及其下游靶点70 000核糖体S6蛋白激酶磷酸化(p-p70S6K)表达水平。结果平衡灌注末各组间心功能指标(基础值)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Sevo组和Post组可改善缺血/再灌注心脏的各项心功能指标和减少心肌梗死面积(与Control组比较,P均<0.05)。复灌15 min时,Sevo组和Post组p-ERK1/2、p-p70S6K的表达高于Control组(P<0.05)。PD98059完全拮抗了七氟烷诱导的p-ERK1/2的表达同时抵消了其心肌保护效果。结论七氟烷后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用,其保护强度与缺血后处理相当,机制可能与心肌细胞p-ERK1/2活性的增加有关。     

β-内啡肽在中枢吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血后损伤中的作用

目的观察中枢与外周β-内啡肽对缺血后心肌的影响及其在侧脑室吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中的含量变化,探讨β-内啡肽在中枢吗啡预处理在体大鼠缺血后心肌保护作用中的角色。方法66只♂SD大鼠,分别建立侧脑室微量注射和心肌缺血/再灌注损伤动物模型。随机分为假手术(Sham)组、缺血对照(CON)组、缺血预处理(IPC)组、中枢和外周β-内啡肽激动剂(Icv/Iv-EP)组、中枢吗啡预处理(MPC组)、中枢β-内啡肽阻断剂(Icv-MPC-Anti-EP/Icv-Anti-EP-MPC)组、外周β-内啡肽阻断剂(Icv-MPC+Iv-Anti-EP)组、中枢和外周β-内啡肽阻断剂自身对照(Icv/Iv-Anti-EP)组。观察平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、压力心率乘积(RPP)、缺血危险区(AAR)、梗死区(IS)体积、IS/AAR等的变化;同时以免疫组化观察下丘脑弓状核(arcuate nucleus,ARC),中脑导水管周围灰质(periaque-ductalgray,PAG)及左室心肌(myocardium of left ventricle,MC)β-内啡肽的阳性表达。结果与CON组相比,IPC、MPC、Icv-EP、Iv-EP、Icv-Anti-EP-MPC、Icv-MPC+Iv-Anti-EP组均明显降低IS/AAR(P<0.01);Icv-MPC-Anti-EP组虽然取消MPC的保护效应(P<0.01),但较CON组差异仍有统计学意义(P<0.05);与CON组相比,MPC组减弱了ARC中β-内啡肽的阳性表达(P<0.05),同时明显增强PAG和左室心肌的免疫反应强度(P<0.05;P<0.01)。结论中枢与外周β-内啡肽对缺血后心肌损伤有保护作用;侧脑室吗啡预处理后可能促进下丘脑弓状核释放β-内啡肽,后者作为神经递质部分参与了中枢吗啡预处理介导的心肌保护效应。     

瑞芬太尼预处理对心力衰竭大鼠心肌的保护作用

目的探讨瑞芬太尼预处理对阿霉素心衰大鼠离体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用。方法 60只成年♂SD大鼠(250±20)g,尾静脉注射阿霉素2μg·g-1,每周1次,共6周,制成阿霉素心衰大鼠模型。随机将阿霉素心衰大鼠分为6组:对照组(Sham组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)、缺血预处理组(IPC组)、10μg·L-1瑞芬太尼预处理组(RPC 1组)、30μg·L-1瑞芬太尼预处理组(RPC 2组)、60μg·L-1瑞芬太尼预处理组(RPC 3组)。采用Langendorff离体大鼠心肌灌注模型。除Sham组为持续灌注165 min外,所有心脏予以30 min缺血,90 min再灌注。IPC组在缺血前结扎左冠状动脉5 min,松开5 min,共3个循环。RPC组在缺血前给予含浓度分别为10、30、60μg·L-1的瑞芬太尼的K-H液灌注5 min后改用不含瑞芬太尼的K-H液灌注5 min,共3个循环。记录各组心脏在平衡末、再灌5 min、再灌30 min、再灌90 min时的心率(HR)、左室发展压(LVDP)和左室压力升高或降低最大速率(±dp/dtmax)、冠脉流量(CF)并测定冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性。再灌末TTC法计算心肌缺血梗死区(IS/AAR)。Western blot半定量检测p-Akt和总Akt的含量。结果平衡灌注末各组间心功能指标(基础值)差异未见统计学意义(P>0.05)。再灌5、30、90 min时,RPC 2组和RPC 3组的LVDP、±dp/dtmax、CF较I/R组高,LDH值较I/R组低(P<0.05)。灌注结束后,见RPC 2组、RPC 3组的IS/AAR较I/R小,p-Akt表达水平升高(P<0.05),而IPC组和RPC 1组的各项指标较I/R组无差异。结论 RPC在一定程度上减轻阿霉素心衰大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤,而缺血预处理对阿霉素心衰大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤无明显保护作用。     

CGRP、K_(ATP)通道和脊神经在鞘内注射吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血后损伤中的作用

目的探讨降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、ATP敏感性钾离子通道(KATP通道)和脊神经在鞘内注射吗啡预处理对在体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中的保护作用。方法♂SD大鼠60只,建立鞘内置管和心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,随机分为10组,每组6只:对照组(CON,生理盐水)、二甲亚砜组(DMSO,GLI的溶剂)、CGRP8-37组(CGRP受体阻滞剂,3nmol.kg-1)、格列苯脲组(GLI,KATP通道阻滞剂,0.3 mg.kg-1)、利多卡因组(LID,1%盐酸利多卡因10μl)、鞘内注射吗啡预处理组(MPC,3×1μg.kg-1)、CGRP8-37+MPC组、GLI+MPC组、LID+MPC组、GLI+LID组。观察指标包括:平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR),计算平均动脉压和心率乘积(RPP);心肌缺血危险区(AAR)、梗死区(IS)的体积、心肌梗死面积以IS/AAR表示。结果与CON组比较,MPC组、LID组、LID+MPC组和GLI+LID组的IS和IS/AAR均明显下降(P<0.05,P<0.01);与MPC组比较,CGRP8-37+MPC组、GLI+MPC组和LID+MPC组的IS和IS/AAR均明显增加(P<0.01)。结论外周CGRP的释放、KATP通道和脊神经可能参与了鞘内注射吗啡预处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血后损伤的作用。     

内源性硫化氢参与缺血后处理减轻离体大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注损伤

目的探讨内源性硫化氢是否参与缺血后处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤。方法Sprague Dawley(SD)大鼠离体心脏Langendorff灌流,平衡20min,全心缺血30min,复氧灌注60min,在复灌即刻给与短暂停灌15s/复灌15 s循环4次造成心肌缺血后处理模型。预先给予胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶(cystanthionine-γ-lysase,CSE)抑制剂炔丙基甘氨酸(L-propargylglycine,PAG),以及给予PAG后加用外源性硫化氢供体NaHS后处理,观察它们对缺血后处理的影响。记录心率(HR)、左室发展压(LVDP)、冠脉流出量(CF);检测灌流液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、心肌组织CSE活性、硫化氢的含量以及心肌梗死面积。结果缺血/再灌注组LVDP下降、冠脉灌流液中LDH活性明显增加、心肌梗死面积增加(vsControl组,P<0.05)。缺血后处理组LVDP升高、冠脉灌流液中LDH活性下降、心肌梗死面积缩小(vsIR组,P<0.05)。PAG加缺血后处理组心肌CSE活性及H2S生成下降、并且逆转了缺血后处理的作用,而外源性硫化氢供体NaHS后处理组H2S生成回升、LVDP升高、心肌梗死面积缩小(vsIR组,P<0.05)。结论内源性硫化氢参与大鼠心肌缺血后处理减轻缺血/再灌注损伤。     

中枢阿片受体介导鞘内注射吗啡对大鼠缺血后心肌的保护作用

目的探讨鞘内注射吗啡预处理对缺血/再灌注心肌的影响及中枢神经系统阿片受体在其中的作用。方法建立大鼠鞘内注射和心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的动物模型。分为对照组(NS)和鞘内注射吗啡预处理组(M),M组分4个剂量组(M1,10μg·kg-1;M2,1μg·kg-1;M3,0.1μg·kg-1;M4,0.01μg·kg-1)。鞘内注射吗啡的方法是分别在缺血/再灌注前30 min鞘内注射吗啡5 min,间隔5 min共3次。在M2组鞘内注射吗啡前鞘内注射3种选择性阿片受体拮抗剂Naltrindole(NTD,δ阿片受体阻断剂,15 nmol(nM),NTD+M2组)、nor-Binaltorphimine(nor-BNI,κ阿片受体阻断剂,15 nmol.L-1,nor-BNI+M2组)和CTOP(μ阿片受体阻断剂,15 nM,CTOP+M2组)。观察指标包括:平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、计算平均动脉压和心率乘积(RPP);缺血危险区(AAR)、梗死区(IS)的体积、心肌梗死面积以IS/AAR来表示。结果M1组、M2组和M3组的IS/AAR均低于NS组(P<0.05,P<0.01),M4组与NS组的IS/AAR相似(P>0.05);NTD+M2组、nor-BNI+M2组和CTOP+M2组与自身对照组(NS+NTD组,NS+nor-BNI组和NS+CTOP组)及NS组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05),而均高于M2组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。各组在各时点的MAP、HR和RPP差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论鞘内注射吗啡对在体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用,中枢神经系统的δ,κ和μ三种阿片受体都参与介导了其保护作用。     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。