胸部创伤诊治中几个重要问题

现代创伤以多发伤的高发生率为特点，胸部创伤则在多发伤中占50％以上，并且是主要死亡原因之一。一些隐匿而具潜在危险的损伤，如钝性心脏大血管损伤和支气管断裂等，常因未得到早期诊断而延误治疗，导致严重后果。笔者结合最近5年来国内外新动态，就胸部创伤中几个令人关注的问题作一评介。     

严重胸部创伤伴多发伤27例救治体会

严重胸部创伤伴多发伤２７例救治体会武警安徽总队医院胸外科田虎耕，吴一军，宫为一（合肥２３００４１）关键词胸部伤，多发伤，抢救严重胸部创伤常常合并全身多发性损伤，文献报告其发生率为５２％［１］。胸部创伤后正常的呼吸循环生理受到严重干扰，加之并发全身多发...     

连枷胸与肺挫伤的临床诊治

钝性胸部创伤是交通事故中的常见伤类,无论平时或战时,钝性胸部创伤在创伤中都占有非常重要的地位.本文对近年来钝性胸部创伤的有关诊断手段进行了分析和总结,特别对临床常见的连枷胸和肺挫伤的伤情特点和治疗作了重点介绍.     

46例钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤的临床比较研究

目的　分析比较钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤的临床特点和伤情,以指导创伤的救治。　方法　46例胸外伤合并膈肌破裂病人分为穿透伤组和钝性伤组,比较两组的损伤情况,并应用创伤评分系统进行创伤严重度评估。　结果　钝性胸外伤造成膈肌破裂的发生率低,复杂,常合并全身多发伤,但伤情进展相对较慢;穿透性胸外伤造成膈肌破裂的发生率高,伤情进展迅速,早期易出现失血性休克。比较损伤严重度评分(ISS)、修正创伤评分(RTS)和胸部简明损伤定级(AIS),两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但钝性伤组入院时格拉斯哥昏迷指数(GCS)和腹部AIS较低,分别为12.69±2.69,1.62±1.66（P<0.05）。　结论　针对钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤的不同临床特点,应采取相应的治疗措施,减少并发症,改善预后。     

胸部创伤救治进展

随着交通事故和高处坠落等高能损伤日益增多,现代创伤以严重多发伤的高发生率为其特点。其中胸部创伤在多发伤中所占比例通常为５０％以上,是主要死亡原因之一。笔者重点从临床救治出发,对近年胸部创伤诊治进展中引起关注的问题作一综述。一、胸部创伤的诊断诊断分类：国外较少使用闭合性、开放性的提法,而称钝性、穿透性（包括贯通性）胸伤。因后一分类祛较符合两者在致伤机制、病理改变、处理原则和预后上的根本区别。诊断方祛：除Ｘ线透视、Ｘ线片、造影（吞钡、支气管或心血管造影等）以及心电图、超声心动图、心肌酶谱和放射性核素…     

问题l：如何划分胸部创伤的致伤机制？

解答：依据致伤是否导致胸膜腔穿透，将胸部创伤分为钝性（非穿透性）胸部创伤与穿透性胸部创伤，不同致伤机制存在其特有的创伤模式。（1）钝性（或非穿透性）胸部创伤（bluntchesttrauma／non—penetratingchesttrauma）。定义：由钝性物体或工具等机械性暴力作用于机体，或机体与墙壁或地面碰撞所导致的胸部创伤，是由钝性暴力碰撞所致，体表不一定破裂。主要原因：交通事故、坠落伤、斗殴（钝器击伤）或胸壁遭受其他暴力撞击，占胸部创伤的70％-80％。（2）穿透性胸部创伤（pene—tratingchesttrauma）。定义：锐器等致伤物穿透胸壁进入胸膜腔或纵隔的损伤，体表有开放伤口。主要原因：锐器伤或枪弹伤，占胸部创伤的20％～30％。     

影像学诊断在肾脏损伤的应用价值

肾脏损伤是泌尿系统最常见的外伤，平战时均较为多见，约占腹部创伤患者8％～10％，主要见于交通事故、体育运动及刀、枪伤等。腹部钝性伤约占腹部创伤的80％～90％，穿透伤约占10％～20％。严重的肾脏损伤常常合并其他器官的损伤，80％的穿透伤、75％的钝性闭合伤合并多器官损伤。绝大多数肾脏损伤为轻度损伤。肾脏损伤的诊断     

胸部创伤严重度评价与救治结局探讨

目的探讨以简明损伤定级标准（AIS）为基础的ISS与胸部创伤救治结局的关系。方法采用AIS-98最新修订本对我院1995年1月-2005年6月救治的3057例胸部创伤病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果总治愈率93．8％（2866／3057），病死率6．2％（191／3057）。死亡组ISS、GCS、修正创伤评分（RTS）、国人创伤严重度特征评分[ASCOT_CHINA]_生存概率（Ps）、创伤与损伤严重度评分（TRISS）_Ps、ASCOT_Ps与生存组比较，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。穿透伤病死率11．4％（75／655），显著高于钝性伤4．8％（116／2402）（P〈0．01），穿透伤组ISS值显著高于钝性伤组，但穿透伤组TRISS_Ps、ASCOT_Ps和ASCOT_CHINA_Ps明显低于钝性伤组。ISS值越高，RTS值越低，ASCOT_CHINA_Ps越低，病死率越高。ISSt〉20，病死率高达7．2％-28．8％；RTS≤6，病死率高达52．7％以上。TRISS和ASCOT准确性、特异性高，生存误判低，而ASCOT-CHINA灵敏度高，死亡误判低。结论以AIS-98为基础的ISS、TRISS、ASCOT、ASCOT_CHINA_Ps等方法评价胸部创伤或胸伤合并多发伤的严重度及其结局预测是可行的，TRISS、ASCOT和ASCOT_CHINA_Ps的各项预测性指标以及误判性指标趋于合理。     

钝性胸部伤早期救治中64排螺旋CT的应用

目的 探讨64排螺旋CT在钝性胸部伤早期救治中的作用.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月以来收治的170例钝性胸部伤,单纯胸部伤74例,多发伤96例,胸部伤AIS 2～4分,平均3.2分;多发伤 ISS 11～34分,平均24.6分.其中到院后3小时内64排螺旋CT检查160例,平均8分钟.结果 诊断肺挫伤117例,肺挫裂伤及肺内血肿19例,肺不张24例,血胸67例,气胸45例,血气胸52例,纵隔血肿7例,纵隔积气8例,皮下气肿25例,膈疝17例,肋骨骨折103 例,连枷胸34例.143例(84.1%)经非手术处理,其中43例行胸腔闭式引流术,22例行机械呼吸支持.紧急剖胸手术27例(15.9%).治愈161例,死亡9例(5.3%).结论 胸部钝性伤初次评价在有条件时应首选采用64排螺旋CT扫描.     

连枷胸与肺挫伤的临床诊治

钝性胸部创伤是交通事故中的常见伤类，无论平时或战时，钝性胸部创伤在创伤中都占有非常重要的地位。本文对近年来钝性胸部创伤的有关诊断手段进行了分析和总结，特别对临床常见的连枷胸和肺挫伤的伤情特点和治疗作了重点介绍。     

Urogenital trauma: imaging upper GU trauma

OBJECTIVES: This article will define the current controversies and concepts in the classification, clinical presentation, imaging approaches and management of upper urinary tract trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS: This review will include the experience of the authors in the field of renal trauma over a 32-year period. Current thinking accepts the view that significant renal trauma is generally present when there is gross hematuria, signs of shock, or other clinical signs of severe injury. In most patients, suspected renal injury will be evaluated as a part of the overall assessment of the patient for suspected intraperitoneal injury. The authors will stress some exceptions to the rule. CONCLUSIONS: Most trauma experts now advocate conservative management, unless the patient is unstable or a renal vascular thrombosis or avulsion is suspected. Similarly, penetrating trauma to the kidney in and of itself no longer requires mandatory surgery. In the United States, computed tomography (CT), especially spiral CT, is considered the best diagnostic study, if available. Intravenous pyelography (IVP) is adequate if this is the only imaging modality available and if no concomitant injuries to the abdominal structure are suspected. Ultrasound, although strongly advocated in some countries, can lead to some significant false negatives. The diagnosis and management of unusual problems such as the traumatic AV fistula, the patient with an absent kidney or injury to the congenitally abnormal kidney, the serendipitous renal tumor in a patient with trauma, or serious bleeding after an apparent minor injury (i.e., spontaneous hemorrhage) are also reviewed in this article.     

Neonatal trauma

A variety of traumatic lesions can occur during the neonatal period. Some of those lesions are clearly birth injuries due to delivery and others are caused by necessary procedures during intensive care in critically ill neonates. As usual patient history must be known and knowledge about the typical complications is necessary in order to select the appropriate imaging modality and thus enabling correct interpretation of those investigations by the radiologist. The purpose of this article is to present typical neonatal injuries, describe the underlying pathomechanisms and aetiology as well as the imaging findings.     

Spine trauma

Spinal fractures represent 3% to 6% of all skeletal injuries. Spine trauma is a complex diagnostic area in which the radiological assessment is crucial. Plain radiography is often used as the initial diagnostic modality. However, stabilization of the acutely injured spine is a primary concern. In this respect, computed tomography (CT) is vastly superior to plain film in terms of speed and accuracy. In many trauma centers, CT has replaced plain film as the primary modality for evaluation of spinal trauma. Magnetic resonance imaging is not indicated for all cases of spinal trauma but provides detailed information about soft tissue structures including the intervertebral disc, the ligaments, the epidural space, the blood vessels, and the spinal cord. MR imaging provides information on these structures not obtained from other modalities. Patients with spinal cord injury may suffer devastating long-term neurologic deficits, so prompt and efficient spinal imaging guidelines are necessary in all trauma centers.     

Ankle trauma

Fractures and dislocations about the ankle joint are common injuries. The radiographic findings produced by these injuries are type-specific--that is, directly related to the mechanism that produced the injury. It is important for radiologists to recognize all of the aspects of a particular injury and to communicate this information to the orthopedic surgeon because treatment is predicated upon recognition of all the components of the injury. Treatment also depends upon restoration of anatomic contour to the articular surface of the ankle joint as well as to reestablishment of stability. Plain films, polydirectional tomography, CT, and MR imaging are useful for evaluating these abnormalities.     

Spinal trauma

Spinal trauma is classified according to the mechanism of injury and the presence or absence of stability. A variety of imaging modalities, including radiography, conventional tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are available for assessment of the injured spine. This article discusses the role of these various methods in evaluating osseous, ligamentous, and neural damage. Common injuries are described at the upper and lower cervical, thoracic, and thoracolumbar regions.     

Cerebrovascular trauma

Vascular injury of the head and neck region is a rare and often life-threatening complication of head or neck trauma and is due to two major pathomechanisms: penetrating or blunt trauma. Both the arterial and the venous site of the CNS vasculature can be involved, the latter one being often overlooked. Concerning arterial lesions, depending on how many layers of the arterial vessel are affected and on the spatial relationship to adjacent structures, dissections, false aneurysms or arteriovenous fistulae may develop. On the venous side, dural tears, compressive effects on pial veins and a deranged clotting system may lead to delayed venous thrombosis. In this review we describe clinical and imaging findings, as well as diagnostic and treatment strategies in these lesions.