亚铁盐溶液辐射变色剂量学研究

目的:在电离辐射导致溶液PH值变化基础上,尝试使用色度学原理技术进行液体辐射变色剂量学研究。方法:分别配制不同浓度的二甲基酚橙-七水合硫酸亚铁复合溶液和二甲基酚橙-氯化亚铁四水合物复合溶液,在辐射场接受0Gy～80 Gy不同剂量的60Coγ射线照射,采集样品应用色度分析技术测定记录其三基色色度值变化,进行数据统计学处理,绘图分析。结果:实验显示随照射剂量增加,硫酸亚铁复合溶液红色(R)色度值强度略微下降,色度值与辐射剂量呈线性趋势;绿色(G)强度值在受照射剂量范围内变化不明显;蓝色(B)强度值略微增加,与红色呈相反趋势变化。氯化亚铁溶液的绿色(G)色度值强度略微增加,色度值与辐射剂量呈线性趋势;红色(R)强度值在受照射剂量范围内变化不明显;蓝色(B)强度值略微下降,与绿色呈相反趋势变化。结论:化学复合呈色体系可以检测数十Gy较低范围的电离辐射剂量,是一种值得关注的新的化学辐射剂量研究方法。     

超微型阵列滤光分光技术研究γ射线辐射剂量学效应

目的:应用超微型阵列滤光分光技术研究γ射线辐射剂量学效应。方法:分别配制一定浓度的硫酸亚铁、氯化亚铁辐射呈色溶液体系,以γ线进行不同剂量的照射,采集样品应用超微型阵列滤光分光技术测定记录其不同波长吸光度变化,数据处理,绘图分析。结果:显示随着辐射呈色物质浓度及照射剂量的变化,受照射溶液400 nm~900 nm范围内不同波长的透光率值出现了相应规律性变化,其中吸光度(T)与波长的关系均大致呈"S"关系,波长600 nm～700 nm范围透光率迅速增加,而较长和较短波长范围的吸光度变化较为平缓。结论:超微型阵列滤光分光技术可能作为一种新的辐射计量学研究手段。     

IL-2对辐射损伤后小肠上皮细胞生长影响的实验研究

目的: 观察电离辐射对体外培养的IEC -6细胞株生长的影响及IL- 2对其损伤后增殖和恢复的作用, 并进一步探讨肠黏膜免疫与肠上皮辐射损伤及修复的关系。方法: 用 4、8、12Gy的γ射线照射IEC- 6细胞株, 并于照后 3、6、9、12h及 1、2、3d, 用MTT比色法、光镜、电镜、DNA凝胶电泳和流式细胞术等, 检测受照射后IEC- 6细胞的增殖活力、形态和死亡方式的改变; 用不同浓度IL 2 ( 25×103、5×104、1×105U/L)处理 8Gyγ射线照射的IEC 6细胞, 并于照射后 3、6、9、12、24h, 采用MTT比色法检测其增殖活力的变化。结果: 在 0~12Gy的范围内, IEC 6细胞的增殖活力随γ射线照射剂量的增加而降低。8. 0γ射线照后 24h, 凋亡的IEC- 6细胞明显增多, DNA凝胶电泳显示有梯状带形成。IL- 2可促进照射后的IEC- 6细胞增殖且呈一定的剂量 效应关系, 尤以1×105U/L组的作用更明显。结论: 在一定剂量范围内, γ射线照射可降低IEC 6细胞增殖活力, 且存在剂量 效应关系;可导致IEC 6细胞发生凋亡。IL- 2可促进受照射的IEC- 6细胞增殖, 增强其抗辐射的作用。     

大剂量γ线照射对小鼠免疫功能近期、远期的影响

目的 :观察大剂量γ线照射对小鼠免疫功能近期、远期的影响。方法 :将 2 2 5只清洁级C5 7小鼠 ,随机分为 0、6、9、12、15和 2 0Gy 6个剂量组 ,经γ线全身 1次照射后 ,于照后 1～2 8d和 3～ 12月活杀取材 ,用原位末端标记 (TUNEL)和May Grunwald Giemsa(MGG)染色 ,检测细胞凋亡并观察其与照射剂量的关系。用流式细胞仪检测外周血T细胞亚群的变化。结果 :(1)照后早期 (1～ 14 )d外周血淋巴细胞的凋亡率即出现明显升高 ,随着照射剂量的增加凋亡率的升高更为显著 ;而T细胞亚群经不同剂量照射后持续下降 ,剂量为 2 0Gy时降至最低 ,其中以CD8 T细胞对辐射的敏感性最高 ,因而推测早期的严重损伤是急性辐射免疫损伤的重要特点之一。 (2 )照射后 1月淋巴细胞的凋亡率降低 ,T细胞及其亚群也逐渐恢复。然而直至照后 6～ 12月 ,无论是淋巴细胞的凋亡率还是CD3 T细胞及CD8 T细胞亚群 ,均未恢复到对照的水平 ,提示大剂量辐射对机体免疫系统的损伤呈现较重的远期效应。 (3)本实验还发现 ,12≤Gy照射后 ,外周血淋巴细胞的凋亡率与照射剂量呈明显的剂量效应关系 ,15～ 2 0Gy照射后未观察到明显的量效关系。结论 :照射后早期外周血淋巴细胞的大量凋亡 ,可能是导致T细胞亚群的百分率急剧下降和后期免疫功能受损的重要原     

γ射线辐照对血液中肝癌肿瘤细胞的影响

目的:通过体外模拟肝癌患者血液,观察经不同剂量γ射线辐照后血液中肿瘤细胞的数量是否发生改变。方法:用吸收剂量分别为0Gy～40Gy的γ射线对混有肿瘤细胞的悬浮红细胞进行照射,计数存活肿瘤细胞。结果:照射后细胞存活数明显减少,不同照射剂量对细胞数量影响存在显著差异。结论:γ射线辐照能有效去除血液中的肿瘤细胞。     

纳米铁核素靶向治疗肿瘤的辐射效应研究

目的:综合考察纳米铁核素(59Fe)的照射剂量率和照射时间对杀死肿瘤细胞的影响,为低剂量率的β粒子放射性核素靶向疗法提供指导。方法:采用的三个肿瘤细胞系为:SKBR-3乳腺癌、U-118MG神经胶质瘤和A-431宫颈癌;实验模型为:在每一个样品中取103个肿瘤细胞,用低剂量率的β粒子照射;初始剂量率为:0.1 Gy/h～0.8 Gy/h;持续照射时间为:1天、3天或者7天。结果:分别用0.2 Gy/h～0.3 Gy/h和0.4 Gy/h～0.6 Gy/h的剂量率连续照射肿瘤细胞7天和3天,能够将所有肿瘤细胞样品中的细胞杀死。细胞的总辐射剂量为30 Gy～40 Gy。而用0.8 Gy/h的剂量率照射24小时后,仅SKBR-3细胞被杀死,其它肿瘤细胞系的所有细胞都能自动修复。结论:在低剂量率的β粒子放射性核素靶向疗法中,该实验结果为照射剂量率和照射时间的确定提供了指导。     

60Co照射法饲养细胞的制备

目的 :选择合适的60 钴 (60 Co)照射剂量制备饲养细胞。方法 :采用 0Gy、2Gy、5Gy、1 0Gy、2 0Gy、30Gy的60钴 (60 Co)照射人的外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC) ,然后将其继续培养 ,加入CD3 单克隆抗体 (OKT3 )、白细胞介素 - 2(IL - 2 )、植物血球凝集素 (PHA)等 ,观察照射后第 1天、第 7天及第 1 5天细胞的凋亡情况及活细胞的细胞周期分布情况。结果 :γ射线照射剂量的加大会导致PBMC增殖能力的下降、存活细胞 (Annexin -V-/PI-)的减少、凋亡 (Annexin -V /PT-)与死亡 (Annexin -V /PT )的细胞数增加。结论 :采用60 Co照射法制备饲养细胞时 ,1 0Gy的照射剂量可能是最佳照射剂量     

^60Coγ射线全身照射后大鼠空肠亮脑啡肽的变化

应用免疫细胞化学(ICC)和放射免疫分析(RIA)方法观察了大鼠4、25Gy~(60)Coγ射线照射后24,48和,72h空肠亮脑啡肽(L-ENK)样免疫反应性神经的分布和L-ENK含量的变化。结果:4Gy照射后24h以及25Gy照射后24,48和72h光镜下见空肠L-ENK样免疫反应性神经的分布密度稍有增加,4Gy照射后24h以及25Gy照射后24,48和72h空肠L-ENK含量分别为29.81±0.84pg/mg,34.96±4.38pg/mg,40.71±3.62pg/mg和38.93±2.31pg/mg,与正常对照组(18.26±1.95pg/mg)相比明显升高(P<9.01)。     

~(60)Co-γ射线照射对小鼠SVZ神经干细胞增殖的影响

目的:探讨60Co-γ射线照射对成体小鼠侧脑室室管膜下区(SVZ)神经干细胞增殖的影响。方法:28只昆明小鼠随机分成4组,每组7只,分别以0 Gy、5 Gy(小剂量)、15 Gy(中剂量)、30 Gy(大剂量)剂量进行照射,于照射后1周观察侧脑室室管膜下区(SVZ)的5-溴脱氧核苷尿嘧啶(BrdU)阳性细胞形态和数目。结果:照射后1周,各照射组SVZ的BrdU阳性细胞形态与对照组无差别,呈圆形、椭圆形以及梭形等;15 Gy、30 Gy照射组SVZ的BrdU阳性细胞数明显降低(P<0.01),5 Gy照射组SVZ的BrdU阳性细胞数无差别(P>0.05)。结论:大中剂量60Co-γ照射会抑制SVZ神经干细胞的增殖分裂能力。     

X线电离辐射通过上调c-Myc表达促进肺癌A549细胞上皮间质转化

目的:探讨电离辐射对肺癌A549细胞上皮间质转化(EMT)的影响及其可能机制。方法:采用不同剂量(0 Gy、1 Gy、2 Gy、4 Gy和8 Gy)的X射线分别照射肺癌A549细胞不同时间,通过倒置显微镜观察X射线照射12 h、24 h和48 h时肺癌A549细胞形态的改变;Western blot检测X射线照射12 h与24 h时EMT相关蛋白vimentin、N-cadherin及E-cadherin和转录因子c-Myc的表达。结果:照射后肺癌A549细胞轮廓不清,突起增多,边缘不规则且呈煎蛋样塌陷,以8 Gy X射线照射48 h时肺癌A549细胞上皮间质化形态最明显。与0 Gy照射剂量对照组相比,vimentin虽然于4 Gy剂量照射12 h时下调,但是处理24 h时各剂量照射组vimentin均表现为上调,其中2 Gy剂量照射组其上调最明显(P0.01);与0 Gy照射剂量对照组相比,1 Gy、2 Gy及4 Gy照射组照射肺癌A549细胞24 h后其N-cadherin表达上调(P0.05);各照射剂量对肺癌A549细胞E-cadherin表达没有显著影响。照射24 h后肺癌A549细胞c-Myc表达上调,以4 Gy剂量照射组表达差异最明显(P0.01)。结论:X线电离辐射可能通过上调c-Myc表达促进肺癌A549细胞发生上皮间质转化。     

Effect of dose rate on the radiation-induced bystander response

Radiation-induced biological bystander effects have become a well-established phenomenon associated with the interaction of radiation with cells. These so-called bystander effects have been seen across a variety of end points for both high and low linear energy transfer (LET) radiations, utilizing a variety of dose rates and radiation sources. In this study, the effect of dose rate and different low LET sources on the bystander cell survival fraction (SF) was examined. The cell line investigated was the human keratinocyte HPV-G. The bystander response was measured via clonogenic assay after medium transfer protocol. Cells were irradiated using (60)Co gamma-rays and 20 MeV electrons at doses of 0.5, 5 and 10 Gy with varying dose rates. Both gamma and electron irradiation decreased recipient SF at 0.5 Gy and 5 Gy, respectively. Subsequent recovery of the SF to control levels for 10 Gy was observed. There was no dose rate dependence for (60)Co irradiation. A significant difference in the survival fraction was observed for electron irradiation at 10 Gy and a high dose rate. Furthermore, survival fractions were compared between (60)Co and 20 MeV electron irradiations. This showed a significant increase in the survival fraction 'recovery' at 10 Gy for a (60)Co dose rate of 1.1 Gy min(-1) compared to 20 MeV electrons at 1.0 Gy min(-1). No such difference was observed when comparing at higher dose rates. Lastly, increases in survival fraction at 10 Gy were abolished and the SF decreased by the plating of increased numbers of recipient cells. Such evidence may help gain insight into the nature and mechanism(s) surrounding bystander signal production, how these phenomena are tested and their eventual application in a clinical setting.     

Uncertainties in alanine/ESR dosimetry at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

In radiation therapy, the effect of ionizing radiation is quantified in terms of the absorbed dose to water. Dosimetry with alanine and readout via electron spin resonance (ESR) is a method which is used as a secondary standard by several national metrology institutions. The advantages of the method are the good water-equivalence of the probes, their small size and the very weak dependence of the response on the radiation quality for MV x-rays and high-energy electrons used in radiation therapy. For radiation therapy, a small uncertainty of the applied dose is required. The present publication describes the determination of the uncertainty budget for the alanine/ESR dosimetry system of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), which relies on the use of a reference sample. A method is also presented which allows a reduction of the influence of fading or other changes of the ESR amplitude of irradiated alanine probes with time. If certain conditions are met which are described in detail, a relative uncertainty of less than 0.5% can be reached for probes irradiated with (60)Co in the 5-25 Gy dose range, including the uncertainty of the primary standard. First results for dose values between 2 Gy and 10 Gy are presented as well. From the high accuracy achievable with alanine dosimetry, we conclude that this method has great potential to solve measurement problems for modern methods of radiation therapy such as intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or tomotherapy.     

Energy dependence of response of new high sensitivity radiochromic films for megavoltage and kilovoltage radiation energies

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the energy dependence of the response of two new high sensitivity models of radiochromic films EBT and XR-QA. We determined the dose response curves of these films for four different radiation sources, namely, 6 MV photon beams (6 MVX), Ir-192, I-125, and Pd-103. The first type (EBT) is designed for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dosimetry, and the second type (XR-QA) is designed for kilovoltage dosimetry. All films were scanned using red (665 nm) and green (520 nm) light sources in a charge-coupled device-based densitometer. The dose response curves [net optical density (NOD) versus dose] were plotted and compared for different radiation energies and light sources. Contrary to the early GAFCHROMIC film types (such as models XR, HS, MD55-2, and HD810), the net optical densities of both EBT and XR-QA were higher with a green (520 nm) than those with a red (665 nm) light source due to the different absorption spectrum of the new radiochromic emulsion. Both film types yield measurable optical densities for doses below 2 Gy. EBT film response is nearly independent of radiation energy, within the uncertainty of measurement. The NOD values of EBT film at 1 and 2 Gy are 0.13 and 0.25 for green, and 0.1 and 0.17 for red, respectively. In contrast, the XR-QA film sensitivity varies with radiation energy. The doses required to produce NOD of 0.5 are 6.9, 5.4, 0.7, and 0.9 Gy with green light and 19, 13, 1.7, and 1.5 Gy with red light, for 6 MVX, Ir-192, I -125, and Pd-103, respectively. EBT film was found to have minimal photon energy dependence of response for the energies tested and is suitable for dosimetry of radiation with a wide energy spectrum, including primary and scattered radiation. XR-QA film is promising for kilovoltage sources with a narrow energy spectra. The new high sensitivity radiochromic films are promising tools in radiation dosimetry.     

In vivo Characterization of the Radiosensitizing Effect of a Very Low Dose of BrdU in Murine Cells Exposed to Low-Dose Radiation

The aim of the present study was to characterize the in vivo radiosensitizing effect of a very low dose of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in mice exposed to low-dose radiation by establishing the following: (1) the radiosensitizing effect during DNA synthesis using single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) in murine bone marrow cells, and (2) the number and timing of the mechanisms of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, as well as the correlation of both end points, using flow cytometry analysis of the kinetics of micronucleus induction in reticulocytes. Groups of mice received intraperitoneal injections of 0.125 mg/g of BrdU 24 h prior to irradiation with 0.5 Gy of ⁶⁰Co gamma rays. DNA breaks measured using SCGE were determined at 30 min after exposure to radiation. The kinetics of micronucleated reticulocyte (MN-RET) induction was determined every 8 h after irradiation up to 72 h. The results from both experimental models indicated that low-level BrdU incorporation into DNA increased the sensitivity to 0.5 Gy of radiation, particularly in the S phase. The formation of micronuclei by gamma rays was produced at three different times using two main mechanisms. In the BrdU-substituted cells, the second mechanism was associated with a high cytotoxic effect that was absent in the irradiated BrdU-unsubstituted cells. The third mechanism, in which micronucleus formation was increased in irradiated substituted cells compared with the irradiated nonsubstituted control cells, was also related to an increase in cytotoxicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:534–545, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Micronuclei in binucleated lymphocytes of mice following exposure to gamma radiation

Experiments were designed to investigate the induction of micronuclei (MN) in mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) after in vitro or in vivo exposure to 60Co gamma radiation. For the in vitro experiments, 4 ml of blood from male C57BL/6J mice were either irradiated in 6 ml Falcon culture tubes as whole blood or isolated to obtain mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs) that were pelleted by centrifugation and then irradiated in RPMI 1640. For the in vivo analysis, mice received whole body irradiation, blood was obtained by cardiac puncture, and the MNLs were isolated for each mouse. Exposures were at a rate of 0.82 to 0.90 Gy/min to yield doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4 Gy. MNLs were cultured using cytochalasin B for MN analysis in binucleated PBLs. There was a significant dose-dependent increase in MN observed at all doses. Dose-response curves for the in vivo and in vitro whole blood experiment were not significantly different. However, for isolated pelleted MNLs irradiated in vitro, the MN frequency at 4 Gy was less than one-half that seen in the in vivo experiment. The large difference in MN response is thought to be due to the radioprotective effect of hypoxia.     

Characteristics of the adaptive response in cultured salmon cells exposed to ionizing radiation

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of "priming" doses of ionizing irradiation on salmon cell survival in vitro prior to being challenged with subsequent higher doses. A radiation-induced adaptive response (AR) was examined in the Chinook salmon embryo cell line (CHSE-214). Cells were initially irradiated with a range of priming (conditioning) doses of (60)Co gamma (gamma) rays (0.25-0.75 Gy), followed by a challenge dose of 7.50 Gy at intervals of 24, 48, and 72 hr. The AR was assessed using a colony-forming assay. Cell survival was determined by counting the number of colonies (viable clones) after 40 days of culture. This study revealed that cells that received a priming dose of 0.50 Gy before delivering the higher challenge dose became more radiation resistant with an increase in cell survival of 29% over cells receiving the challenge dose alone. The cells showed maximum resistance to ionizing radiation when the priming dose was given 72 hr prior to the higher challenge dose. This study is one of the first to demonstrate an AR using an in vitro piscine system, and is generally consistent with other studies of both in vitro and in vivo systems across the taxa.     

粗江蓠多糖对辐射损伤小鼠NK细胞的影响

目的：研究粗江蓠多糖（Gracilaria Gigas Harvey Polysaccharides,GHPS）对辐射损伤小鼠NK细胞的影响。方法：采用60Coγ射线5Gy全身照射小鼠制造辐射损伤模型,通过乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测不同剂量（10mg/kg,20mg/kg,40mg/kg）的GHPS对辐射损伤小鼠NK细胞杀伤靶细胞能力的影响。结果：辐射对照组小鼠接受60Coγ射线5Gy照射后,NK细胞的活性显著低于正常对照组（P〈0.01）。经腹腔注射（10、20、40）mg/kg GHPS,再接受γ射线5Gy照射后,小鼠NK细胞活性明显高于辐射对照组（P〈0.01）,并有剂量依赖性。结论：5Gyγ射线可以抑制小鼠NK细胞杀伤靶细胞的活性,而GHPS对辐射损伤小鼠的NK细胞有保护作用。     

Dose response characteristics of new models of GAFCHROMIC films: dependence on densitometer light source and radiation energy

This paper presents a systematic study of the dose response characteristics of two new models and one commonly used model of GAFCHROMIC film: HS, XR-T, and MD55-2, respectively. We irradiated these film models with three different radiation sources: I-125, Ir-192, and 6 MV photon beam (6 MVX). We scanned the films with three different densitometers: a He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 633 nm, a spot densitometer with a wavelength of 671 nm, and a CCD camera densitometer with interchangeable LED boxes with wavelengths of 665 nm (red), 520 nm (green), and 465 nm (blue). We compared the film sensitivities in terms of net optical density (NOD) per unit dose in Gy. The sensitivity of each film model depends on radiation energy and the densitometer light source. Using He-Ne laser based densitometer as a reference standard, we found the sensitivities (NOD/Gy) for the red lights of wavelengths, 671 nm and 665 nm, are higher by factors of about 2.5 and 2, respectively. The sensitivities for green (520 nm) and blue (465 nm) lights are lower than that for He-Ne laser (633 nm) by factors of about 2 and 4, respectively. The energy dependence of the sensitivity varies with the film model, but is similar for all densitometer light sources. Comparing I-125 to Ir-192 and 6MVX, we note that (a) model XR-T is about eight times more sensitive, and (b) models HS and MD55-2 are about 40% less sensitive. Relative to MD55-2, XR-T is 12 times more sensitive for I-125 but comparable for Ir-192 and 6MVX, whereas HS is 2 to 3 times more sensitive in all cases. This set of results can serve as useful information for making decisions in selecting the film model and compatible densitometer to achieve the best accuracy of dosimetry in the appropriate dose range.     

Enhancement of radiation cytotoxicity in murine cancer cells by electroporation: in vitro and in vivo studies.

Increasing evidence has accumulated in recent years to suggest that the cell membrane forms the vital common target for action by ionizing radiation and electroporation. The present work describes the use of electric pulses for enhancement of radiation-induced cytotoxicity of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro: low dose rate (0.37 Gy/min) Co60 gamma-rays (2 Gy) in combination with electric pulses of square wave (2 kV/cm, 200 micros duration, 8 pulses/burst, 10 times) significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC), probably through enhanced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS).The intracellular generation of ROS and changes in oxidative damage-mediated membrane fluidity were determined by fluorescence using DCH-FDA and DPH, respectively, as probes. Both radiation and electroporation, separately, have been observed to produce ROS in a dose-dependent fashion. We show that the combined treatment of cells with radiation and electroporation significantly increased intracellular ROS and changed membrane fluidity of EAC cells as compared to the effects by each individual treatment. In vivo studies have been carried out with murine fibrosarcoma as a model system. The localized treatment of a fibrosarcoma tumor, grown in the right hind leg of Swiss mice, had been carried out using radiation (Co60 gamma-rays, 2 Gy, dose rate: 0.37 Gy/min) and electric pulses (1 kV/cm, 200 micros, 8 pulses/burst, 10 times). Studies on tumor growth kinetics have shown a significant growth delay (by 50% to that of control) 7 days after treatment of tumor with radiation and electroporation. The results suggest that radiocytotoxicity of tumor cells in vitro as well as in vivo were enhanced significantly by electric pulses, which may offer a potentially improved treatment of cancer.