注意缺陷多动障碍适应行为的研究

目的：比较ＡＤＨＤ患儿与正常儿童的适应行为能力。方法：采用儿童适应行为量表对４０例注意缺陷多动障碍（ＡＤＨＤ）患儿和３４名正常儿童进行了评定。结果：ＡＤＨＤ患儿除感觉运动、生活自理和时空定向项目与正常儿童接近外，其它分量表、因子和适应能力商数均低于正常儿童，男性ＡＤＨＤ患儿社会自制能力较正常儿童为差。结论：ＡＤＨＤ患儿的适应能力评估对ＡＤＨＤ的诊断、干预和预后预测均有重要作用。     

入托与散居儿童社会适应能力调查分析

本文对１８０名入托和散居儿童的社会适应能力进行了调查，结果表明：入托儿童的社会适应能力总分和在生活自理、操作、社会化方面的得分明显高于散居儿童；５岁组的入托儿童在交流方面的得分高于散居儿童、差异显著。提示入托儿童的社会适应能力好于散居儿童，应提倡学龄前儿童入托。     

单纯性肥胖儿童自我意识水平、社会适应能力与行为问题研究

本文采用 Piers-Harris 儿童自我意识量表与 Achenbach 儿童行为调查表对50名7—11岁单纯性肥胖儿童及50名正常对照儿童的自我意识水平、社会适应能力和行为问题进行了研究,结果表明单纯性肥胖儿童有自我意识受损,自我评价差,突出表现为幸福与满足感差。随着肥胖程度的加重,男性儿童内向性、抑郁性及分裂样行为问题增多,社会适应能力降低,提示对单纯性肥胖儿童有必要进行心理干预。     

抽动秽语综合征适应行为的研究

目的 :比较抽动秽语综合征 (TS)患儿与正常儿童的适应行为能力。方法 :采用儿童适应行为量表对 33例 (TS)患儿和 33名正常儿童进行了评定。结果 :TS患儿除感觉运动和时空定向项目与正常儿童接近外 ,其它分量表、因子和适应能力商数均低于正常儿童 ,差异有统计学显著意义 (P <0 0 5～P <0 0 1 )且与该病的严重程度呈负相关。结论 :TS患儿适应能力低于正常儿童 ,且患儿的适应能力评估对TS的严重程度的判断有重要作用 ,并对治疗措施的拟定具有指导作用     

89例儿童孤独症语训练效果分析

目的：本文主要是探讨言语对孤独症儿童训练的效果。方法：对89例随机抽样的孤独症儿童,采用应用行为分析法（Applied Behavior Analysis,ABA）进行语言训练,比较孤独症儿童训练前后言语沟通的康复效果,包括发音吐词、词语表达、情感交流。结果：孤独症患儿系统接受综合康复训练后,言语水平明显优于未接受训练者,且越早干预,效果越好,两者具有非常显著的统计学差异（P〈0.01）。结论：语言培训尤其是早期系统语言干预可明显改善孤独症儿童言语沟通、人际交往及刻板、冲动行为。     

铅中毒儿童运动功能与心理学特点及干预措施的临床研究

目的了解铅中毒儿童的运动功能与心理学特点，探讨干预措施。方法对铅中毒儿童作运动、个性、行为、智力、适应能力测试，进行心理干预，并与健康儿童作比较。结果铅中毒儿童的精细运动、视-动控制评分低于健康组，N质个性高于健康组（P〈0．05）；行为问题发生率为30％，男孩多有攻击行为，女孩表现为抑郁、社会退缩；患儿平均IQ为105．75，与健康组相比无显著差异（P〉0．05），但D、E单元得分低于健康组（P〈0．001），适应能力商数为102．31，健康组为107．83，主要为社会／自制因子得分低于健康组（P〈0．001）；干预后患儿N质个性及行为因子评分降低，与干预前相比P〈0．05。结论儿童运动功能较认识功能更易受到铅毒性作用的损害；铅中毒儿童显示情绪不稳定的个性特点，存在明显的行为问题，且血铅与行为异常存在剂量-效应关系，无可以接受的安全水平；尽管智商差异不显著，但铅中毒儿童的类比推理能力和社会适应能力，尤其是社会／自制因子明显低下，与血铅水平呈极显著负相关；心理干预可改善其个性行为异常。     

学龄儿童智力和适应行为的关系

本研究采用中国修订韦氏儿童智力量表和儿童适应行为量表同时测查９０名农村学龄儿童。结果表明：智力与社会适应能力有中度相关（ｒ＝０．２８～０．６４）；其中适应行为中同认知和语言发展有关的分量表与智力测验成绩的相关较高；智商和适应商数的等级归类一致性较差，完全符合率为２７．７８％。这些结果提示适应行为和智力是两个独立又相关的结构，反映了智力功能的不同侧面。     

Portage早期教育计划在中国精神发育迟滞儿童早期干预中的效果及适用性研究

目的：探讨Ｐｏｒｔａｇｅ计划在中国精神发育迟滞（ＭＲ）儿童干预中的适用性及其效果。方法：采用Ｐｏｒｔａｇｅ早期教育计划对２０名精神发育迟滞儿童智力发展和社会适应技能方面进行干预训练，并用Ｇｅｓｅｌ发展量表和中国幼儿适应技能评定量表对儿童的发展水平及适应技能进行评估。结果：经Ｐｏｒｔａｇｅ计划干预后，ＭＲ儿童的发展水平有明显提高，表现在各领域发育年龄和发育商显著高于对照组；社会适应技能的沟通、运动技能领域也有明显进步，表现在沟通领域分和运动技能分均高于对照组。结论：早期干预在短期对ＭＲ儿童是有显著帮助的，Ｐｏｒｔａｇｅ早期教育计划在中国ＭＲ儿童中有较好的适用性。     

福利院与普通家庭儿童学校社会行为的对比研究

目的：了解福利院儿童的学校社会行为特点，为干预提供依据。方法：选取在同一学校学习的福利院儿童31名，普通家庭儿童31名；使用美国衣阿华州立大学的Kenneth W.Merrell,Ph.D编制的《学校社会行为量表》，对实验对象的学校适应行为进行评定。结果：福利院儿童的社会能力呈现出明显低于普通家庭儿童的趋势，福利院儿童的反社会行为水平显著高于普通家庭儿童。智商，性别是影响社会能力的主要因素，而成长，年级，性别是影响反社会行为的主要因素。     

难治性癫痫的智力及适应行为研究

目的：了解难治性癫痫患者智力及社会适应能力的损害。方法：对11例难治性癫痫患者进行中国修订韦氏智力量表及社会适应能力测试，其中8例3—12岁患者进行儿童适应行为评定量表，3例16岁及以上患者进行成人智残评定。结果：韦氏智力量表评得8例患者均有不同程度的异常，其言语智商（VIQ）平均为56，操作智商（PIQ）57，总智商（FIQ）52；其中总智商处于边界水平1例、轻度智力缺损4例、中度智力缺损2例、重度智力缺损1例，另有3例因不能说话未完成此测验。社会适应行为正常2例，轻度缺损4例，中度缺损3例，重度缺损2例。结论：难治性癫痫患者存在明显的智力及社会适应行为损害。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.