多节段ProDisc-C人工颈椎椎间盘置换5年临床随访报道

目的初步评估多节段ProDisc-C人工颈椎间盘置换术的安全性和有效性。方法回顾分析2010年10月~2011年10月在我院行多节段ProDisc-C人工颈椎间盘置换术患者21例的临床和影像资料,采用VAS评分、日本骨科协会(JOA)脊髓功能评分及颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)评估患者术后临床疗效,测量患者颈椎整体活动度和置换节段活动度,观察评估患者术后假体位置、颈椎曲度、异位骨化、吞咽功能等情况。结果最终纳入21例多节段ProDisc-C人工颈椎间盘置换术患者,男性13例,女性8例,其中20例行双节段置换,1例患者行三节段置换。术后患者临床症状有明显缓解,JOA、NDI、VAS评分较术前有明显改善,值均0.05,术后3个月患者颈椎整体活动度以及置换节段平均活动度在术后3个月较术前略下降,值均0.05,随后历次随访患者颈椎整体活动度以及置换节段平均活动度较术前无明显差异,值均0.05。未发生假体材料过敏、人工椎间盘假体移位脱出、置换节段过度活动、术后颈椎生理曲度变直以及术后反弓等并发症。结论本研究结果初步表明多节段ProDisc-C人工颈椎间盘置换术是一种安全有效的可以选择的治疗多节段颈椎病的手术方式,能够明显改善患者临床症状,保留置换节段活动度以及颈椎整体活动度,维持颈椎生理曲度,且无假体移位脱出、过度活动、反弓等严重并发症。     

《IFOMPT颈椎国际标准：骨科手法干预前颈部潜在血管疾病检查》的要点解读

背景：颈椎手法前颈部血管疾病的评估和管理对于降低手法操作风险、保证患者利益、促进最佳临床决策意义重大，但目前国内对该领域的研究探索仍处于起步阶段。2020年国际骨科手法物理治疗师联合会(IFOMPT)发布了《IFOMPT颈椎国际标准：骨科手法干预前颈部潜在血管疾病检查》，该标准对国内颈椎手法临床实践具有重要的借鉴和指导价值。目的：整合该标准的核心内容并对其进行解读，以期为国内颈椎手法临床实践提供建议。方法：作者在充分研读该标准的基础上，从临床推断、病史、计划体格检查、体格检查、风险与效益等8个方面详细解读该标准的核心内容。同时计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统7个数据库，筛选有关颈痛的临床实践指南和专家共识，通过纵向对比多个高质量指南和共识，结合国内的手法临床实际展开讨论和分析。结果与结论：该标准从多维度对颈椎手法前颈部血管疾病评估的管理策略和实施路径进行阐述，提示国内应提高临床医生对手法操作前颈部血管疾病评估的重视程度，构建具有中国临床特色的评估标准和实施路径，同时运用多学科交叉技术深入开...     

颈椎的解剖结构及变异

颈段脊柱由7个颈椎、6个椎间盘（第l、第2颈椎间无椎间盘）和所属韧带构成。上连颅骨,下接第1胸椎,周围为颈部肌、血管、神经和皮肤等组织包绕。从侧方观察,颈椎排列呈前凸弧度。虽然颈椎在脊椎椎骨中体积最小,但它的活动度和活动频率最大,而且解剖结构、生理功能复杂,所以容易引起劳损和外伤,导致颈椎病。本对颈椎的正常解剖结构以及变异情况作一综述。     

颈椎在体运动学研究方法的进展

背景：颈椎在体运动学研究能够通过侵袭性或非侵袭性方法获取生理载荷下活体颈椎的活动特性,可为颈椎疾病的诊断和治疗提供指导和参考。 目的：对目前有关颈椎在体运动学的研究方法和各自特点进行归纳总结。 方法：应用计算机检索Pubmed数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/)及万方数据库(http://www. wanfangdata.com.cn),英文检索词为“Spine,cervical,in vivo motion”,中文检索词为“脊柱,颈椎,测量,活动度”。检索文献总计238篇,最终选取30篇作为综述文献。 结果与结论：颈椎在体运动学研究可获取活体颈椎各个关节6个自由度(6DOF)的量化数据,对提高生理载荷下颈椎运动状况的认识水平,进一步了解颈椎退变的运动学特点,以及优化临床颈椎疾患的诊疗方案有重要作用,同时可为人工椎间关节及内固定器尤其是非融合内固定物的研制提供不可或缺的参考数据。其主要通过X射线、CT、MRI、超声、电磁等方法实现,但目前仍缺乏颈椎各节段在体运动范围公认的数值,颈椎在体运动学研究仍需不断深入。     

利用非接触测量技术研究颈椎活动度

目的颈椎的转动范围较大,传统的数字图像相关(digital image correlation,DIC)算法不能准确测量颈椎的活动度。提出一种改进的DIC算法,可以实现大转角的变形测量。方法采用一种子区窗口旋转的相关匹配法,通过引入子窗口的旋转角作为一个新的迭代量,和传统的位置参数(x,y)一起进行Newton-Rapshon迭代运算。在初始时只需提供位置和角度的迭代初值,即可求出精确的位移和角度值,同时通过平动和转动实验验证该方法的精度和可靠性。结果平动实验证实,本文方法与传统的DIC具有相同的效果,位移测量精度在0.5%以内;转动实验证实,本文方法可以测量任意转角的变形,角度误差与旋转量无关,角度误差在0.5°以内。将该方法用于颈椎的压缩实验,准确地测量了颈椎在压缩过程中的活动度。结论对比传统的DIC,子区窗口旋转的相关匹配法实现了颈椎在各种载荷作用下大范围活动度的测量,为颈椎的生理稳定和生理活动的测量判断提供了有效的方法。     

正常人全颈椎(C0～T1)三维有限元模型的建立与验证

研究人体颈椎及相关疾病生物力学机制,创建一个解剖精细、非线性的正常人全颈椎(C0~T1)三维有限元模型。模型基于1例女性健康志愿者颈椎CT数据建立,采用MIMICS13.1、Hypermesh11.0、Abaqus 6.12-1等有限元软件依次创建、预处理、运算和分析。在生理静态载荷下分别模拟颈椎活动(前屈、后伸、侧弯和旋转),观察应力集中部位;测量相邻椎体相对活动度(ROM)。本模型经文献中ROM结果验证可靠;预测生理载荷下枕骨大孔前部及侧部是上颈椎的应力集中点;中下段颈椎的应力集中点大部分为活动方向对侧的椎弓根和小关节突。全颈椎(C0~T1)非线性有限元模型的建立,可以为深入了解颈椎及其相关疾病的生物力学机制提供更理想的理论研究平台。     

人工颈椎间盘假体的应用研究进展

目前前路颈椎减压融合术（ACDF）已经广泛地应用于治疗神经根病和脊髓性颈椎病,生物力学研究发现行脊柱融合术后。手术临近节段退变加速。一些学者考虑该现象可能是由于融合术后导致临近关节活动度丢失造成,长期临床对比研究也发现颈椎间盘置换术与前路颈椎减压融合术相比,能够改善患者的临床症状。通过回顾国内外颈椎间盘置换术和关节成形术的研究进展,表明颈椎间盘置换术是一种新型的技术。与传统的融合术相比较,它具有保留节段活动度、改善临近节段载荷传递的目的。目前椎间盘置换的初步临床结果十分令人满意。     

颈椎病手法按摩治疗体会

颈椎病又称"颈椎综合征".是由于外伤、劳损、外感风寒湿邪所致的颈部曲度的改变,以及椎间盘、关节、韧带的退行性改变,一起颈椎的内外平衡失调,刺激或压迫颈部血管、神经、脊髓而产生的一系列症状.多发于40岁以后,男女均可发生.     

颈椎融合器的研究历史与现状

颈椎前路减压融合术(ACDF)一直是治疗颈椎退变性疾病的有效的经典的手术方式。随着颈椎前路钢板、Cage等内植物的应用,ACDF手术的临床疗效不断提高、并发症逐渐降低。理想的椎间融合器不仅应当具有良好的即可稳定性、足够的支撑强度、合适的弹性模量,还需要维持和纠正颈椎曲度、提供适宜的生物力学和生物学环境促进植骨融合。目前新型复合材料、可降解材料等多种材料融合器与理想的椎间融合器仍存在一定差距,下一步研究应当仍然关注融合器材料的革新。本文就颈椎椎间融合器的历史沿革、设计目的、分类以及目前研究热点的几类融合器进行了文献综述。     

颈椎人工间盘置换与前路减压融合修复单节段颈椎间盘突出症:3年随访

背景:前路减压融合是修复颈椎退行性椎间盘突出症的良好选择,但有报道显示融合可使颈椎邻近阶段的运动受到影响。人工椎间盘置换不仅能发挥缓解颈椎病神经症状和体征的作用,还能保持颈椎的稳定和节段活动,减少邻近节段继发性退变。而目前两种方法应用于颈椎退行性椎间盘突出症仍存在争议。目的:探讨颈椎人工间盘置换与前路减压融合修复单节段颈椎间盘突出症的近期效果。方法:纳入因颈椎间盘突出导致单节段神经根型或脊髓型颈椎病而需手术治疗并且获得了3个月以上随访的48例患者进行回顾性分析。根据修复方案分为两组,置换组21例采用Prestige LP人工颈椎间盘置换,融合组27例采用强生椎间融合器或异体腓骨环行椎间盘融合。患者治疗后1周及3,6,12,24,36个月医院门诊随访,记录随访过程中并发症发生情况。采用颈部和上肢疼痛目测类比评分评估患者的疼痛情况,治疗效果评价采用日本骨科学会(JOA)评分法,治疗后临床症状改善和日常功能状态采用颈椎功能障碍指数评价。结果与结论:末次随访融合组融合率为93%(25/27)。组内比较,治疗后1周及末次随访时,颈部及上肢目测类比评分、颈椎功能障碍指数均低于治疗前,J OA评分高于治疗前(P0.05);末次随访时颈部及上肢目测类比评分、颈椎功能障碍指数均低于治疗后1周,JOA评分高于治疗后1周(P0.05)。治疗后各时间点两组上述指标差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。置换组治疗后颈椎活动度及手术节段活动度明显高于融合组,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。两组均未出现严重并发症,两组患者并发症发生率差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。提示颈椎人工间盘置换与前路减压融合修复单节段颈椎间盘突出症在患者症状缓解方面效果相同。人工椎间盘置换相对于融合技术具有保持颈椎稳定和置换节段活动度的优势。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.