高原出血性休克羊的氧运送,氧耗量及心功能变化

本文探讨高原邮血性休克氧运送，氧耗量及血流动力学变化特征。出生生长于３６５８米高原绵羊以Ｗｉｇｇｅｒ氏方法引起出血休克。其结果如下：（１）在低血压期及再输血后５ｈ氧运送量，氧耗量及心输出量减少，但动脉－混合静脉血氧含量差增加，ＰａＯ２及动脉血含氧无明显变化。这些结果表明氧耗量下降是心输出量减少的结果。（２）两侧心室的心泵血功能和等容收缩及弛张期功能降低，回输血后所有上述指标恢复正常，这表明心功能障     

维生素C对实验性高原出血性休克的治疗作用

目的：探讨氧自由基在高原出血性休克发生的作用及大量维生素Ｃ的抗休克作用。方法：１６只山羊减压至模拟４０００ｍ高原２４ｈ，然后放血引起休克，将动物分为对照组和维生素Ｃ治疗组。结果：（１）失血期注入少量生理盐水后休克进一步加重；相反，注入维生素Ｃ后，心指数、左室收缩压、ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ、氧运送量、氧耗量和ｐＨ明显增加，而脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）明显降低。（２）输血输液后，对照组仅短暂改善心血管功能，其后血压下降，动物存活时间仅７ｈ３８ｍｉｎ。而维生素Ｃ治疗组，较好保持心血管功能、ＬＰＯ含量正常，活存时间为２０ｈ９ｍｉｎ。结论：氧自由基可能在高原出血性休克发生中起着重要作用，维生素Ｃ有明显抗休克作用     

淋巴管壁、血管壁氧耗量的测量

应用OBN—Ⅲ型生物组织氧耗仪,测量了大鼠新鲜淋巴管壁、腔静脉管壁、腹主动脉管壁1min的氧耗量。结果征明:15只大鼠腹主动脉壁内膜面氧耗量明显高于淋巴管壁和腔静脉管壁内膜面氧耗量(P<0.001);淋巴管壁氧耗量高于腔静脉管壁(P<0.001);而腔静脉管壁氧耗量最低。结果说明腹主动脉管壁氧耗量高与它在执行功能过程中内皮细胞与平滑肌细胞耗能大有关,而淋巴管壁耗氧量高于腔静脉管壁是与淋巴管保证淋巴液回流,及淋巴结产生免疫球蛋白等物质与淋巴管内皮细胞直接接触需要消耗能量有关。     

三种莨菪类药物对失血性休克大鼠不同组织氧耗量的影响

氧耗是正常组织细胞生命活动的一个基本标志,不同组织氧耗又不尽相同。失血休克后不同组织细胞氧耗量的测量,文献报道甚少,应用莨菪类药物对失血性休克大鼠不同组织氧耗量的测量亦未见文献报道,故此本文着重探讨莨菪类药物对失血性休克大鼠不同组织氧耗量的影响,为休克的防治提供依据。１　材料和方法１．１　实验动物、药品及仪器由本院动物实验室提供Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠,体重２２０～２５０ｇ,雌雄不拘,分组如下：（１）正常对照组（１０只）,（２）失血休克组（１０只）,（３）盐酸莨菪碱组（１０只,简称６５４２）,（４）溴…     

rhIL—1β对四氧嘧啶型糖尿病大鼠胰腺损伤的保护作用

采用ＡＢＣ免疫组织化学染色及体视学技术，观察了白介素－１β（ｒｈＩＬ－１β）对四氧嘧啶引起的大鼠胰腺Ｂ细胞损伤的保护作用，皮下注射四氧嘧啶（１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）的大鼠４８ｈ后，其血浆胰岛素浓度显著下降，血糖浓度显著升高，ＡＢＣ免疫组织化学以及体视学技术测得其胰岛素免疫反应阳性胰岛的数密度和体密度均为０，预先皮下注射ｒｈＩＬ－１β的大鼠在皮下注射四氧嘧啶４８ｈ后，尽管其血浆胰岛素浓度显著下降，但其血糖     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术中血流动力学和氧供需变化及麻醉处理

目的 观察非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术中处理三支主要冠状动脉分支引起的血流动力学和氧供需改变，并对原因作初步分析，为麻醉处理提供依据。方法 选择我院2004年1月-2005年12月择期行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路秽植术符合标准的60倒病人。手术开始后，记录以下5点的血流动力学数值：（1）开胸始；（2）暴露和固定前降支后；（3）暴露和固定左回旋支冠状动脉后；（4）暴露和固定右冠状动脉后；（5）术毕。记录（1），（4），（5）点血气。结果 血流动力学发生了明显的改变，平均动脉血压、心指数下降，而心率、中心静脉压升高，平均肺动昧压、肺动脉楔压升高。动脉血气改变，动脉血乳酸水平升高。结论 本组病人行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植时，血流动力学发生了变化，经及时处理完成手术。氧供逐渐减少，氧耗量没有明显的改变，氧代谢紊乱及缺氧程度较轻。     

术中持续腹腔热灌注对人体氧供需平衡和动脉血气的影响

本文观察了胃肠道肿瘤切除后应用腹腔热灌注（Ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｈｙｐｅｒｔｈｅｒｍｉｃｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅａｌｐｅｒｆｕｓｉｏｎ，ＣＨＰＰ）对人体氧耗、氧供和动脉血气的影响。结果表明，ＣＨＰＰ使体温升高的同时，明显增强机体代谢，且存在轻度混合性酸中毒。作者认为，ＣＨＰＰ开始前适当降低体温，可有助于减轻这些改变。     

大鼠脑线粒体UCPs活性改变对缺氧过程中氧化磷酸化效能的影响

 目的：通过观察GDP对缺氧大鼠离体脑线粒体UCPs活性的影响，探讨UCPs活性改变在高原缺氧大鼠脑线粒体氧化磷酸化效能改变中的作用。方法： 健康成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、急性缺氧组和慢性缺氧组，分别于模拟海拔5 000米高原环境连续缺氧暴露0 d、3 d和30 d，分离脑线粒体，通过体外GDP干预后采用［3H］-GTP结合法测定UCPs的活性（以Scatchard作图法计算两者结合的解离常数Kd和最大结合量Bmax），采用Rhodamine123法和Clark氧电极法分别测定线粒体膜电位（MMP）和线粒体呼吸氧耗。结果：急、慢性缺氧使大鼠脑组织线粒体UCPs与［3H］-GTP的最大结合量（Bmax）均显著升高，而解离常数（Kd）、线粒体膜电位（MMP）和呼吸控制率（RCR）均显著降低，但解偶联呼吸氧耗增加。给予GDP干预后，各组UCPs的活性均被显著抑制，表现为Kd升高，Bmax降低；而MMP和RCR则升高，其中急性缺氧组的变化最显著。结论： 模拟高原缺氧条件下GDP能通过抑制UCPs的活性提高大鼠脑线粒体呼吸活性和膜电位，提示UCPs的活性改变是高原缺氧条件下脑线粒体氧化磷酸化效率改变的原因之一。     

参附注射液对低血容量休克血流动力学及氧输送的影响

目的：观察参附注射液对低血容量休克病人血流动力学参数和氧输送的作用，探讨其对低血容量休克的治疗机理。 方法： 以32例低血容量休克的病人为研究对象，经食道放置Hemosonic100TM多普勒超声仪。观察病人推注参附注射液50ml前及推注后(5、10、20、30、60、120 min)的血流动力学参数：包括主动脉血流量（ABF）、主动脉每搏输出量（SVa）、血流加速度（Acc）、左室射血时间（LVETi）、与主动脉内全身循环阻力（TSVRa）。并在相同时点监测平均动脉压（MAP）。分别于实验开始及30 min后测量动静脉血气值并计算氧输送(DO2), 氧耗量(VO2)及氧摄取率(ERO2)进行前后比较。 结果： 与用药前相比较，静脉推注参附注射液后Acc、ABF、 SVa及 MAP、脉压值逐渐增加，10 min时达到最高（P＜0.01），以后逐渐下降，60 min后恢复至用药前水平。TSVRa 值在用药后逐渐下降，10 min时达到最低（P＜0.01）后逐渐升高，120 min后恢复至用药前水平。用药后氧输送(DO2)、氧耗量(VO2)明显增加（P＜0.01），氧摄取率(ERO2)降低（P＜0.05）。 结论： 用参附注射液治疗低血容量休克能够明显增加心肌收缩力，降低外周循环阻力，改善组织灌注及氧代谢能力。     

胃癌根治术全身麻醉期间机体氧耗的变化

目的无创监测胃癌根治术麻醉期间病人机体氧耗的变化,并探讨其临床意义。方法对胃癌根治术病人32例常规快速诱导插管,行机械呼吸。术中吸入笑气/氧气（50：50）混合气体和1.5%左右氟醚维持麻醉。记录手术开始前5min和手术开始后30、60、90、120、150、180、210、240min时F1O2、FETO2、PETCO2、MV等参数。结果随着手术时间的延长,VO2逐渐升高,术毕时的VO2与术前或手术开始后30min时比较均有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。而二氧化碳排出量变化不大。结论在麻醉手术期间,机体氧耗量随着手术时间的延长而增加。因此临床上应尽量缩短手术时间以减轻对机体的刺激,进而减轻机体的应激反应,降低机体氧耗,有利于术后机体的康复。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.