军事飞行人员颈痛的风险因素与康复研究进展

综述了军事飞行人员颈痛的风险因素和康复治疗研究进展.军事飞行人员颈痛年患病率在50％～82％之间,不同国家地区、不同机型飞行员颈痛患病率存在一定差异,但以战斗机飞行员患病率最高,其次为直升机,飞行后颈痛高于飞行中颈痛.战斗机、高G暴露频率和时间、使用头盔类设施、肩痛、腰痛是颈痛独立风险因素,高G下颈部异常姿势、颈部旋转...     

边防部队官兵健康教育需求调查评估

目的：掌握边防部队官兵健康教育需求。方法采用自编问卷调查边防官兵主观健康教育需求、健康“知－信－行”现状,采集最近1年的边防官兵的住院疾病谱,进行综合评估。结果边防官兵认为应加强的健康教育知识排在前3位的是心理卫生（63．605％）、生活方式（53．829％）、军人职业防护知识（41．375％）,最喜爱的健康教育形式是光盘录像和集中授课,分别为69．368％和42．936％;边防官兵健康知识总知晓率为64．156％、健康态度总持有率为80．765％、健康行为总持有率为49．113％;边防官兵住院疾病谱列位前3类的疾病是椎间盘疾患,关节炎和其他损伤（脱位、扭伤、劳损）,均与军人职业防护有关。结论边防官兵对于健康教育突出的主观需求是心理卫生、生活方式、军人职业防护知识及其健康教育录像光盘、健康教育课;客观上更应该加强军人职业防护意识及知识教育,养成健康行为。     

飞行人员高尿酸血症的认知情况调查及分析

目的：了解飞行人员对高尿酸血症相关知识的了解情况,指导疗养期间高尿酸血症的健康教育。方法：采用自行设计的问卷调查表对389位飞行人员进行高尿酸血症相关知识的调查。结果：50%以上的受调查飞行人员对高尿酸血症的相关知识不了解。结论：大部分飞行人员对高尿酸血症的相关知识仍十分欠缺,仍有必要在高尿酸血症的健康教育上制定合适的教育方案,进行有效的健康教育,提高飞行人员对高尿酸血症相关知识的知晓率,从而有效预防和治疗高尿酸血症。     

二师30团不同职业人群口腔保健知识干预前后知晓率及卫生行为改变情况调查

目的:了解二师30团不同职业人群通过口腔保健知识、健康教育宣传干预前后知晓率及行为改变情况,为制定口腔卫生保健措施及口腔疾病防治提供依据。方法:采用单纯随机抽样方法,干预前后分别调查不同职业人群377人和367人。结果:干预前后口腔卫生知识知晓率分别为37.34%和71.10%,口腔卫生行为形成率提高百分点为33.01。讨论:健康教育宣传干预后口腔卫生知识知晓率及行为形成率有明显提高。     

飞行人员HBsAg携带者的健康鉴定

目的 了解飞行人员HBsAg的携带率及知晓率,探讨飞行人员HBsAg携带者的健康鉴定及日常航卫保健原则。方法 1992～1993年到我院健康疗养的512名飞行人员,采用ELISA法检测乙肝病毒感染的血清标志物HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe和抗-HBc。结果 HBsAg的携带率为6.84％,其中有4名主动要求检测,知晓率为0.78％。结论HBsAg携带者的飞行健康鉴定,在关注症状、体征及肝功能的同时,应考虑病毒复制的状况。病毒性肝炎治愈后,地面观察的时间应视疾病过程决定,不宜统一限定在一年左右。     

社区结核病防治健康促进效果观察

目的：对社区结核病防治健康的促进效果进行观察研究。方法随机抽取200例社区居民作为研究对象,对其进行结核病健康教育,分别于宣教前和宣教后以问卷的形式调查居民对结核病相关知识知晓程度,并将调查结果作比较。结果在所有调查内容中,“结核病是传染病”的知晓率（59.9％）最高,其次为“正确对待结核病患者”（59.4％）和“开窗通风能降低结核病传染”（58.4％）,“咳嗽、咳痰两周应考虑得了肺结核”的知晓率最低（26.9％）,经健康宣教,各知识点知晓率均有明显提高,且与宣教前比较差异显著（P均＜0.05）,具有统计学意义,宣教后,其中“得了结核病去哪里看”、“咳嗽、咳痰两周应考虑得了肺结核”及“结核病可以治愈”的知晓率提高幅度最大。结论开展结核病健康教育知识的宣传活动,可有效提高社区居民对结核病相关知识的知晓程度,对预防结核病具有重要意义。     

武警某部战士艾滋病健康教育现状与需求分析

 目的 了解武警部队战士艾滋病健康教育现状和健康教育需求.方法 采用多阶段抽样对4个地区3154名武警战士进行现场自填问卷调查,内容包括基本情况、艾滋病知识、态度信念、行为和艾滋病健康教育需求5项内容.结果 本次调查结果 显示,战士对艾滋病基本知识和传播途径总体掌握较好,艾滋病流行状态的相关信念持有率为79.5%,对部队应加强艾滋病健康教育的信念持有率为95.1%;对自身感染艾滋病的应对的行为持有率为93.1%,自愿进行艾滋病检测的行为持有率为92.0%,而非理性性行为中,使用安全套(54.6%)的行为持有率则较低.战士对艾滋病的基本概念和传播途径有着较高的需求.结论 武警部队基层战士艾滋病健康教育有待加强、需求较高,应大力开展健康教育.     

护理干预对飞行人员高血压病的影响及效果评价（摘要）

目的通过健康教育干预飞行人员高血压患者,评价干预后飞行人员高血压控制效果。方法采用自身前后对照的方法,对39例飞行人员高血压患者进行高血压病相关知识宣教,并通过对患者合理的生活指导,改变他们的生活方式,增强患者的药物依从性,结果护理干预后飞行人员对高血压病基础知识掌握情况以及高血压并发症的严重后果的认识明显提高,干预后患者的各种生活行为方式也得到明显改善。     

飞行人员航空卫生知识水平的调查

目的 为了解军事飞行人员掌握航空卫生知识的情况,帮助有针对性地开展健康教育。方法 调查对象为165名轰炸机、歼击机飞行人员,采用问卷调查法,共35题。结果 对于接受航空卫生知识的途径,有71.5％的人回答由飞行学院和部队的航空卫生课得知;对航空卫生知识掌握程度的调查表明,对“间断航空卫生课的最长时间”和“夜航前补充维生素A的时间”两个问题答错者最多,均达87.9％,而对其他问题的掌握情况较好;对航空卫生知识的应用不足,相当数量的人自我保健意识和能力不强。结论 飞行人员的航空卫生知识水平与航卫保障的要求不相适应。要依靠部队航卫人员和医院、疗养院医务人员开展有航空医学特色的健康教育。     

空军飞行人员飞行疲劳状况调查与分析

目的：调查了解空军飞行人员飞行疲劳状况。方法：随机整群抽取空军飞行人员510例,采用自行设计的飞行人员飞行疲劳状况调查表,对其飞行疲劳状况进行调查。结果：飞行结束后飞行人员神经精神症状阳性率居前3位为腰酸痛（78.5%）,全身倦懒（71.7%）和打哈欠（64.2%）;全身倦懒、腰酸痛、肩酸痛、头沉头晕、头痛、思维不集中厌于思考、不爱动不爱说话、困倦、打哈欠、眼疲劳无神、听觉迟钝或耳鸣等症状阳性率显著或非常显著高于飞行中（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。歼击机飞行人员在各科目中主诉体力疲劳、脑力疲劳、眼部不适的阳性率均较高,强击机次之,直升机、运输机、轰炸机、高性能战斗机等较低。歼击机飞行人员出现飞行疲劳的飞行时间最短,轰炸机出现飞行疲劳的飞行时间最长;噪声是引发飞行疲劳的诱因;非飞行日飞行人员睡眠质量评估优于飞行日。结论：不同机种不同飞行条件下,飞行人员飞行疲劳阳性率不同,应进行有针对性的综合干预。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

Staging and surgical management of pancreatic and biliary cancer and inflammation

Management of benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, liver, and biliary tract has made remarkable progress in the last two decades. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, interventional radiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy have changed the treatment of common diseases such as cholelithiasis and more serious diseases such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in biliary tract and pancreatic surgery have paralleled the advances in ultrasonographic imaging, CT, and MR imaging. This article outlines the surgeon's perspective on radiologic imaging and preoperative staging of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic disease.     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生发展

自噬是真核生物中一种高度保守的胞内降解途径.其主要通过溶酶体或液泡进行饥饿状态下的营养动员,清除受损蛋白质、细胞器和胞内病原体.自噬主要包括巨自噬、分子伴侣介导自噬(CMA)和微自噬.自噬已被证实与多种人类疾病相关,其在肿瘤发生发展中具有重要意义.近年研究中,对于自噬和肿瘤关系有了进一步的认识,该文就自噬分子机制、调控...     

The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings

Thyroid imaging approach is based on the preliminary clinical evaluation. Lesions that are smaller than 2 cm should be assessed with US, which is capable of discriminating masses as small as 2 mm and distinguishing solid from cystic nodules. US-guided FNAB provides tissue for cytologic examination of thyroid nodules. CT and MR imaging are indicated for larger tumors (greater than 3 cm diameter) that extend outside the gland to adjoining structures, including the mediastinum, and retropharyngeal region. Metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and invasion of the aerodigestive tract are also in the realm of CT and MR imaging. Thyroid nodules are categorized on scintigraphy as hot or cold nodules. Hot nodules are rarely malignant, whereas cold nodules have an incidence of 10% to 20% of malignancy. Calcifications (amorphous, globular, nodular, and linear) occur in adenomas and carcinomas and have no differential diagnostic features except for psammomatous calcifications, which are a pathognomonic finding in papillary carcinomas and a small percentage of medullary carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor (80%) followed by follicular (20% to 25%); medullary (5%); undifferentiated; anaplastic carcinomas (< 5%); lymphoma (5%); and metastases. Lymph node metastases are common in papillary carcinoma, 50% at presentation, and less common in follicular carcinomas. The metastatic nodes in papillary carcinoma may enhance markedly (hypervascular); show increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images (increased thyroglobulin content or hemorrhage); and reveal punctate calcifications. Localized invasion of the larynx, trachea, and esophagus occurs predominantly in papillary and follicular carcinomas; the incidence is less than 5%. Ectopic thyroid tissue may be encountered in the tongue (foramen cecum); along the midline between posterior tongue and isthmus of thyroid gland; lateral neck; mediastinum; and oral cavity. Goiter and malignant tumors, notably papillary carcinoma, may develop in ectopic thyroid tissue. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Other types of inflammatory disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, and Riedel's struma display no specific imaging features. Imaging studies may, however, be indicated to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and assess compromise of the airway (Riedel's struma). HPT is a clinical diagnosis in which hypercalcemia is the most important finding. Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma represent underlying lesions. To relieve the patient's symptoms surgical extirpation is indicated. The surgical success rate without imaging is 95%. The indications for imaging studies vary but it is generally agreed that reoperation after a previous failed surgical attempt and suspicion of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma should be investigated by imaging. These consist of US, nuclear medicine studies, CT and MR imaging. US and technetium sestamibi scanning have the highest accuracy rate for localizing an adenomatous gland at and near the thyroid gland. Ectopic adenomas, particularly if they are located in the mediastinum, are preferrably investigated with CT and MR imaging with gadolinium and fat suppression. Carcinomas and parathyroid cysts are optimally evaluated by CT and MR imaging. On MR imaging adenomas are low in signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high in signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and enhance post introduction of gadolinium.