耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌在医院的临床分布与耐药性研究

目的探讨辽河油田总医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)临床分布及耐药性特征,指导该院临床合理用药。方法对辽河油田总医院2012年1月至2013年12月临床分离的51株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)标本,运用LIS系统进行回顾性分析。结果 MRSA分离率占金黄色葡萄球菌的20.6%,标本以痰及分泌物检出率最高,主要侧重于ICU及呼吸内科,对临床常用抗菌药物具有多重耐药性。结论辽河油田总医院MRSA的分离率及耐药率均较高,MRSA表现为多重耐药性,临床各科室要合理使用抗菌药物并采取有效措施以预防和控制院内感染。     

153株金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的分析近两年医院住院患者耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）分离株的临床分布及耐药性特点。方法2010年1月-2012年1月从临床标本中分离的153株金黄色葡萄球菌,进行分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果153椿金黄色葡萄球菌主要来自痰液,占66．O％;其次为伤口分泌物占17．O％。153株金黄色葡萄球菌中,检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌75株,检出率为49．O％。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对临床常用杭茼药物具有较高耐药性,其中对膏霉素、氨苄青霉素、苯唑青霉素、红霉素、氯林可霉素、四环素、庆大霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率均高于90％;对万古霉素的耐药率为0。结论临床分离的金黄色葡萄球茼对临床常用抗菌药物均有较高的耐药性,尤其MRSA对常用抗菌药物表现为多药耐药,应引起临床高度重视,合理使用抗生素。     

132株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分布及耐药性变迁分析

目的：了解本院临床标本中分离出的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的科室分布及耐药性变迁情况。方法：收集本院2009年1月-2011年1月共3年间临床分离到的MRSA,统计分析MRSA的分布及药敏试验结果。结果：3年内共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）249株,其中MRSA132株。分离出SA的标本中以呼吸道标本为主,占51．5％,其次为分泌物和脓液。检出率较高的科室是外科,占36．9％,其次为呼吸内科和老年科。除万古霉素、利福平、复方新诺明及呋喃妥因外,MRSA对其余的抗茵药物的耐药率均高于MSSA（对甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌）,耐药率均保持在40％以上,而且耐药率呈逐年上升趋势。结论：MRSA对大部分抗菌药物仍维持较高的耐药率,应定期监测临床标本中分离的MRSA耐药率,合理使用抗茵药物,延缓临床株耐药性的增长,控制医院感染的发生及暴发流行。     

某医院金黄色葡萄球菌流行分布及耐药性调查

目的了解医院住院患者金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染分布及其耐药性状况,为控制医院感染和合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用回顾性调查方法,对某医院住院患者送检标本中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌及其耐药性检测结果进行统计分析。结果该医院在2011-2013年期间从住院患者送检标本中共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌359株,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占18.67%。MRSA感染患者中,呼吸道感染占46.27%,明显高于其他部位感染。临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌对临床常用抗菌药物普遍耐药,MRSA菌株仅对利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感。结论该医院临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌主要来自呼吸道标本,呈现普遍耐药,MRSA菌株耐药率明显高于对甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)菌株。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性分析

目的了解耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的耐药情况。方法对临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌进行耐药性分析。结果共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌137株，MRSA的分离率为37．2％。MRSA和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）对常用抗生素的耐药率明显不同，未发现万古霉素敏感性降低的金黄色葡萄球菌。结论治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染时应筛查MRSA，根据药敏试验结果选择抗菌药物，延缓细菌耐药性的产生，控制耐药菌株的播散和流行。     

某医院临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及其耐药性变迁

摘要 目的 〖HT5"SS〗了解医院临床标本分离金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及其耐药性变化情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 采用细菌分离鉴定和药敏试验方法,对某医院住院患者送检病原学标本检出金黄色葡萄球菌分布及其耐药性进行分析。结果 该医院连续3年从住院患者送检标本中共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌434株,其中耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）82株,占18.89%。在各类标本中以痰液分离率最高,其次是分泌物和脓液。临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌主要分布在耳鼻喉科,其次是重症监护室（ICU)和神经外科。临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素耐药率较高,未发现耐万古霉素菌株,MRSA的耐药率明显高于甲氧西林敏感（MSSA）菌株。结论 该医院在连续3年内金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率和耐药性均无明显变化,这主要得益于严格执行感染防控措施和合理使用抗菌药物。     

金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染分布及耐药性调查

目的调查医院临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性,为临床医生合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法对166株金黄色葡萄球菌的分布和耐药性进行调查分析,使用WHONET5.4软件进行数据的统计学分析。结果医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离率为62.0%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对抗菌药物的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌。未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌株。结论加强金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的监控工作,是预防医院感染的有效措施。     

2007—2009年青岛地区部分医院MRSA感染耐药性分析

目的了解青岛地区部分医院临床分离耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）对抗菌药物的耐药性及趋势。方法对青岛市中心医疗集团所属各医院及周边社区医院2007年1月1日—2009年12月31日分离的金黄色葡萄球菌进行耐药性检测及分析。结果共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌281株,其中MRSA 81株（28.83%）,2007—2009年MRSA分离率分别为33.33%、29.47%、27.71%。不同标本之间MRSA检出率差异均无显著性;病区之间、年龄组之间MRSA分离率存在明显差异（χ2=3.54~18.47,P〈0.05）,但没有性别差异。MRSA对β内酰胺类、克林霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素、四环素、环丙沙星等抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）（χ2=5.91~281.00,P〈0.05、0.01）;MRSA与MSSA对氯霉素、复方磺胺甲唑耐药率均较低;未发现对万古霉素耐药或中介的菌株,MRSA对利奈唑胺和替考拉宁均敏感。结论 MRSA分离率呈逐年下降趋势,但耐药率仍很高;未发现对万古霉素耐药或中介的菌株。     

147株金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现状分析

目的 研究金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)临床分离株的耐药性,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 采用VITEK 2 Compact型全自动微生物分析系统进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验,统计分析147株SAU的标本分布及耐药率.结果 分泌物标本SAU检出率最高;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离率达40.1%(59/147).SAU对多种抗菌药物具有不同程度的耐药性,对呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺、奎努普汀/达福普汀、替加环素、万古霉素敏感率为100.0%.结论 SAU临床分离株耐药现状严重,MRSA的耐药情况更为严重,临床微生物实验室应加强MRSA监测工作.     

2009年至2013年肿瘤医院金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解贵州省肿瘤医院（下称该院）金黄色葡萄球菌（SAU）及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的临床分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法回顾性统计分析该院肿瘤住院患者2009年至2013年临床送检标本中所分离的SAU监测资料。结果5年共分离468株SAU,MRSA检出率为25．0%,标本均以分泌物检出最多,其次是呼吸道及血液等;科室以肿瘤内科检出最多。未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑酮菌株,MRSA除了对利福平耐药率为35．0%外,余均>50．0%。结论该院SAU和MRSA均以分泌物和肿瘤内科检出最多,MRSA呈多药耐药性,应加强SAU及MRSA的耐药性监测,有效控制感染。     

Identifying Injection Drug Users at Risk of Nonfatal Overdose

Objectives: Drug overdose is the second leading cause of accidental deaths among U.S. adults aged 15–64 years. Emergency physicians have a unique opportunity to provide overdose prevention interventions, because habitual drug users are in frequent need of medical care. The authors evaluated associations between individual-level risk factors and experiencing an overdose in the past six months to determine which characteristics and behaviors may be most predictive of overdose.
Methods: The authors used data from a sample of street-recruited habitual drug users who participated in face-to-face interviews about overdose from November 2001 to February 2004. This analysis was restricted to 772 respondents who had been injecting for at least one year and who had injected heroin within the past two months.
Results: A total of 16.6% of participants had overdosed in the past six months. Characteristics and behaviors that were independently associated with an increased risk of a recent overdose were having had a prior overdose (odds ratio [OR], 28.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.10 to 57.96), using cocaine/crack in the past six months (OR, 2.07; 95% CI = 1.25 to 3.45), using alcohol in the past six months (OR, 1.90; 95% CI = 1.01 to 3.57), experiencing serious withdrawal symptoms in the past two months (OR, 2.70; 95% CI = 1.58 to 4.61), and younger age.
Conclusions: Drug users who have previously experienced a nonfatal overdose are at very high risk of experiencing future overdoses. Further longitudinal studies are needed to identify robust predictors of overdose risk over time in habitual drug users, but these data suggest that drug users who have overdosed warrant aggressive prevention efforts such as agonist maintenance treatment or provision of take-home naloxone.     

抗心律失常药导致室性心律失常187例临床分析

目的分析抗心律失常药导致室性心律失常的原因。方法应用动态心电图分析187例抗心律失常药致室性心律失常。结果各种抗心律失常药都有不同程度致心律失常不良反应,尤其Ic类抗心律失常药致室心律失常作用较强。结论当左室射血分数降低(LVEF40%),联合应用利尿剂及/或地高辛,和/或应用抗精神类药物,用药后QT间期离散度增加等都可出现致室性心律失常不良反应。     

1641株临床分离病原菌的分布及耐药分析

目的了解重庆市涪陵中心医院2006～2008年临床分离病原菌的分布情况及常见细菌的耐药现状。方法对2006～2008年临床科室送检的培养标本,采用MicroScan A/s-4自动细菌鉴定及药敏测试仪进行鉴定和药敏试验,并对其结果进行统计分析。结果 4621份标本共分离出的病原菌占34.93%,其中以革兰阴性杆菌为主。检出前5位的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。送检标本主要以痰、血液、脓、尿液为主。耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率为55.74%;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为36.55%、26.38%;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌是多重耐药菌株,对多种抗菌药物耐药。结论本院分离的细菌耐药水平高且多重耐药,加强病原菌的耐药性监测,有利于合理使用抗菌药物和减缓多重耐药菌株的形成。     

635株鲍曼不动杆菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的分析南京第一医院鲍曼不动杆蒯的分布及对抗菌药物的耐药情况,指导临床合理用药。方法时南京第一医院2006年10月至2009年5月检出的635株鲍曼不动杆菌的分布及药敏结果作回顾性分析。结果共分离到革兰阴性非发酵菌2472株,其中鲍曼不动杆菌635株,占25．69％,是非发酵菌中仅次于铜绿假单胞菌位于第2位的感染菌,标本主要来源于痰液（85．04％）,病房集中于ICU（51．34％）。该菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的敏感性较高,而对其他抗菌药物耐药严重,并出现多重耐药的菌株。结论南京第一医院鲍曼不动杆菌所占比例越来越大,应定期监测其分布和耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。     

Drug Design and Discovery: Translational Biomedical Science Varies Among Countries

Drug design and discovery is an innovation process that translates the outcomes of fundamental biomedical research into therapeutics that are ultimately made available to people with medical disorders in many countries throughout the world. To identify which nations succeed, exceed, or fail at the drug design/discovery endeavor—more specifically, which countries, within the context of their national size and wealth, are “pulling their weight” when it comes to developing medications targeting the myriad of diseases that afflict humankind—we compiled and analyzed a comprehensive survey of all new drugs (small molecular entities and biologics) approved annually throughout the world over the 20‐year period from 1991 to 2010. Based upon this analysis, we have devised prediction algorithms to ascertain which countries are successful (or not) in contributing to the worldwide need for effective new therapeutics.     

An analysis and comparison of commonly available United Kingdom prescribing resources

Background and objective: Safe prescribing requires accurate and practical information about drugs. Our objective was to measure the utility of current sources of prescribing guidance when used to inform practical prescribing decisions, and to compare current sources of prescribing guidance in the UK with idealized prescribing guidance. Methods: We developed 25 clinical scenarios. Two independent assessors rated and ranked the performance of five common sources of prescribing guidance in the UK when used to answer the clinical scenarios. A third adjudicator facilitated review of any disparities. An idealized list of contents for prescribing guidance was developed and sent for comments to academics and users of prescribing guidance. Following consultation an operational check was used to assess compliance with the idealized criteria. The main outcome measures were relative utility in answering the clinical scenarios and compliance with the idealized prescribing guidance. Results: Current sources of prescribing guidance used in the UK differ in their utility, when measured using clinical scenarios. The British National Formulary (BNF) and EMIS LV were the best performing sources in terms of both ranking [mean rank 1·24 and 2·20] and rating [%excellent or adequate 100% and 72%]. Current sources differed in the extent to which they fulfilled criteria for ideal prescribing guidance, but the BNF, and EMIS LV to a lesser extent, closely matched the criteria. Discussion: We have demonstrated how clinical scenarios can be used to assess prescribing guidance resources. Producers of prescribing guidance documents should consider our idealized template. Prescribers require high‐quality information to support their practice. Conclusion: Our test was helpful in distinguishing between prescribing resources. Producers of prescribing guidance should consider the utility of their products to end‐users, particularly in those more complex areas where prescribers may need most support. Existing UK prescribing guidance resources differ in their ability to provide assistance to prescribers.     

尼群地平对阿替洛尔在健康志愿者体内药代动力学影响

目的探讨在健康人体内联用尼群地平和阿替洛尔时，尼群地平对阿替洛尔药代动力学的影响。方法24名健康受试者随机分成A、B、C三组，每组8人，A组口服阿替洛尔片40mg，B组同时口服尼群地平片20mg和阿替洛尔片40mg，C组口服复方尼群地平片4片（每片含尼群地平5mg，阿替洛尔10mg）。用高效液相色谱法测定血浆阿替洛尔的浓度。结果A组与B组比较，尼群地平使阿替洛尔的AUC0-∞降低了11．7％，Cmax降低了8．6％；A组与C组比较，尼群地平使阿替洛尔的AUC0-∞升高了4．4％，Cmax升高了8．4％；其余药代动力学参数均无明显变化。结论在健康受试者体内单次服药时，尼群地平未对阿替洛尔的药代动力学参数产生显著性影响。     

Trends in carisoprodol abuse and misuse after regulatory scheduling: a retrospective review of California poison control calls from 2008 to 2015

Background: In January 2012, carisoprodol was classified as a Schedule IV substance under the controlled substances act from a previously non-controlled, non-scheduled classification. Carisoprodol is marketed as a skeletal muscle relaxant and is commonly cited for its abuse potential.

Objectives: We aimed to compare volume of calls involving carisoprodol abuse or misuse to a statewide poison control system before and after the scheduling change.

Methods: Data were extracted from poison control calls coded as “misuse/abuse” involving carisoprodol from four years before (2008 to 2011) and four years after (2012 to 2015) the scheduling change. The volume of calls from pre- and post-scheduling change was compared after adjusting for yearly California census data.

Results: The number of calls related to carisoprodol abuse or misuse was significantly decreased in the four years following the change compared to the four years before.

Conclusion: Scheduling of carisoprodol was temporally related to decreased exposures as reported to California Poison Control Centers. Governmental regulation may impact a drug’s potential for abuse.     

256株非发酵菌临床分布和耐药性分析

目的了解医院感染常见非发酵菌的临床分布和耐药情况。方法常规方法进行细菌培养和鉴定,用kirby-Bauer法进行体外药物敏感试验。结果 256株非发酵菌中分离率居前3位的依次为铜绿假单胞菌占51.6%,不动杆菌属占18.0%,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌占10.2%,铜绿假单胞菌耐药率为6.8%~70.0%,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星耐药率低;不动杆菌属的耐药率和铜绿假单胞相似;嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌耐药率为19.2%~84.6%,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟耐药率低,其他均存在较高耐药率。结论铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌属、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌是引起医院感染主要的非发酵菌,对多种抗菌药物存在高耐药率,应加强临床病原学检测,根据药敏结果合理用药,减少医院感染发生。