轻，中、重度慢性牙周炎多种等位基因的检测

目的：探讨轻度慢性牙周炎个体和中、重度慢性牙周炎个体携带不同数目牙周炎易感基因的差异。方法：对纳入的慢性牙周炎个体和健康对照组进行牙周临床检查,并抽取外周静脉血,提取基因组DNA,应用限制性内切酶,采用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性的方法检测HLA-DRB1＊1501、TNF-A-308、IL-1B＋3953、雌激素受体、维生素D受体5种基因的多态性。结果：中、重度慢性牙周炎个体携带3种以上易感等位基因的百分比为56.6%,轻度慢性牙周炎个体携带3种以上易感等位基因的百分比为12.5%,健康对照组携带3种以上易感等位基因的个体百分比为7.5%,经方差分析中、重度慢性牙周炎组与轻度慢性牙周炎组和健康对照组间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,轻度慢性牙周炎组与健康对照组间差异不具有统计学意义。中、重度慢性牙周炎组携带VDR-TT、ER-XX基因型的个体临床附着丧失重于携带VDR-tt和ER-xx基因型的个体,经t检验二组差异具有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论：多种等位基因的共同携带有助于慢性牙周炎的进展;VDR-TT和ER-XX基因型可能是牙周骨组织丧失的危险因素。     

Periodontitis

The purpose of this review was to assess the scientific and clinical bases for the proposed classification of periodontitis. The clinical and histopathological signs and the etiology of periodontitis were described. Cross-sectional studies were analyzed to determine when onset of periodontitis most frequently occurs in adults. In addition, the progression rates of periodontitis have been assessed from longitudinal studies. No clinical, histopathological, or microbiological features could be identified that would characterize different disease entities of chronic periodontitis. The prevalence, extent, and severity of periodontitis were found to increase continually with higher age and there was no age when onset of disease would most likely occur. The rate of periodontitis progression varies largely between patients and there is no natural threshold for distinguishing various rates of disease progression. The incidence of periodontitis unresponsive to treatment depends on pretreatment progression rate, extent and severity of disease, tooth type, smoking, high levels of putative periodontal pathogens, a deficient immune response, and the type of therapy provided. There is no scientific basis for the classification "adult periodontitis" and "refractory adult periodontitis." Extensive clinical examinations are required for the diagnosis of "rapidly progressive adult periodontitis." It appears unrealistic that these examinations can be performed routinely in clinical practice. Therefore, the classification proposed by the Organizing Committee to define adult, rapidly progressive, and refractory periodontitis as specific disease entities was replaced with a simplified classification of periodontitis based on the scientific data available.     

Periodontitis in children

In children with a healthy periodontal condition the pocket depth may vary between 1 to 2 mm. In the mixed dentition it may increase up to 3 mm and in the permanent dentition the pocket depth usually decreases again to between 1 and 2 mm. If a pocket of 5 mm or more is diagnosed one should be aware of periodontal breakdown, i.e. periodontitis. Periodontitis is usually defined on the basis of age, localisation and the presence of systemic diseases. Frequent periodontal probing is necessary to detect periodontal breakdown in an early stage and enables subsequent periodontal treatment. Involvement of the parents in the treatment is important. Their major contribution in the treatment is daily careful cleaning of the dentition of the child.     

Periodontitis progession in patients subjected to supportive maintenance care

The maintenance care following the initial active therapy phase plays an essential part in periodontal treatment to prevent disease progression and includes supportive periodontal therapy based on the patient's individual needs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal proximal alveolar bone loss and tooth loss in periodontitis-prone patients during the active treatment and maintenance phase. In addition, the effect on disease progression of potential predictors was investigated. The investigation was conducted as a retrospective longitudinal study over a period of at least 10 years on a randomly selected population of patients referred for periodontal treatment in a specialist periodontal clinic. The mean number of teeth lost between baseline and the first re-evaluation was 2.4 and another 2.3 teeth were lost between the first and last re-evaluation. More than 50% of the periodontal pockets > or = 6 mm were reduced to < or = 5 mm at the re-evaluations. The mean longitudinal bone loss was 9% of the root length, corresponding to a mean annual marginal bone loss of about 0.09 mm. Smoking was significantly correlated to an increased longitudinal tooth loss, while the number of periodontal pockets > or = 6 mm at baseline was significantly correlated to an increased longitudinal bone loss. The magnitudes of marginal bone loss and tooth loss during a maintenance phase of 10-26 years were in accordance with the results from longitudinal studies performed on normal populations in Sweden.     

Prevalence of HIV-associated Periodontitis and Chronic Periodontitis in a Southeastern US Study Group

OBJECTIVES: This study estimates factors associated with the prevalence of HIV-associated periodontal diseases (HIV-P) and the severity and extent of periodontitis in HIV-infected adults from North Carolina (NC). METHODS: Data are derived from a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected adults (total n = 326, dentate n = 316) treated at the University of North Carolina Hospitals. Outcomes were a diagnosis of HIV-P and measures of probing pocket depth (PPD), recession (REC), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Immunosuppression was measured by peripheral blood CD4+ cells/mm3. RESULTS: In addition to persons with HIV (non-AIDS), this study included 10 percent of the AIDS cases in North Carolina. Median age was 37 years (range = 19-67); 78 percent were male and 60 percent were black. Sixty-two percent of persons had a probing pocket depth > or = 5 mm; 46% had recession > or = 3 mm, and 66 percent had attachment level > or = 5 mm in one or more sites. Cases of HIV-P (n = 15) were rare. Persons taking HIV-antiretroviral medication were one-fifth (OR = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.07, 0.63) as likely to have HIV-P as those not taking those medications, controlling for CD4+ cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected persons in this study group from North Carolina exhibited severe and extensive measures of adult periodontitis. A small proportion experienced a severe form of HIV-P, which was attenuated by antiretroviral therapy.     

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提要：牙周病（牙周炎）主要是由细菌引起的牙周组织炎症性疾病,其发生发展受多因素影响,咬合性创伤就是一个重要的因素。磨牙症在临床可以引起最常见的咬合性创伤,磨牙症对牙周炎的转归有着很重要的影响。因此,在牙周炎治疗时对磨牙症的检查、诊断、治疗是非常必要的。目前对牙周病学的研究仍以炎症性破坏为主流,对磨牙症等咬合性创伤的研究还很少。本文将对咬合性创伤与牙周炎关系的研究进展和磨牙症的检查诊断做一简单阐述。