C臂X线导航与CT导航系统引导胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术应用对比观察

目的 对C臂X线导航和CT导航系统辅助下行胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的精确性及手术时间进行对比观察。方法c臂x线导航和CT导航系统辅助下分别植入98枚及104枚椎弓根螺钉,记录手术时间;术后进行经椎弓根水平的CT扫描,按Richter分类法评估螺钉位置。结果用C臂x线导航者螺钉植入优良率为96．9％,手术时间为（75．0±15．0）min;用CT导航者分别为100．0％（P〉0．05）和（101．5±21．0）min（P〈0．01）。结论C臂x线导航和cT导航系统辅助下行胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉植入均是安全可行的,且精确度高;与C臂X线导航手术相比,CT导航操作相对复杂,需时间较长。     

经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合极外侧椎体间融合术治疗老年退变性腰椎不稳的近期疗效和安全性

目的比较经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合极外侧椎体间融合术治疗老年退变性腰椎不稳的近期疗效和安全性。方法50例老年退变性腰椎不稳患者随机分为微创组和开放组,各25例,分别行微创极外侧椎体间融合术联合经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定手术和常规后路椎间融合内固定术,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、平均下地时间、术后使用止痛药的比例和围术期并发症发生情况,植骨融合率,术后1年采用Oswesery功能障碍指数(ODI)进行评分,采用改良Macnab标准评价两组临床疗效。结果微创组术中出血量、术后使用止痛药比例、围术期并发症发生率明显低于开放组(P<0.05),平均下地时间明显短于开放组(P<0.05),手术时间两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。微创组术后1年植骨融合率(88.0%)明显高于开放组(60.0%,P<0.05),微创组ODI改善率[(43.7±7.2)%]明显高于开放组[(36.8±8.7)%,P<0.05],微创组临床疗效优10例、良13例、可2例,开放组优4例、良13例、可8例,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合极外侧椎体间融合术治疗退变性腰椎不稳疗效可靠,并发症少,是治疗腰椎退变性不稳的良好术式。     

3D打印技术结合椎弓根螺钉治疗老年胸腰段脊柱骨折的临床效果

目的观察3D打印技术结合椎弓根螺钉治疗老年胸腰段脊柱骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析老年胸腰段脊柱骨折患者(102例的临床资料,行椎弓根螺钉内固定术患者51例为对照组,行3D打印技术结合椎弓根螺钉内固定术患者51例为观察组。观察两组手术相关指标、腰椎复位情况、腰椎功能及术后并发症情况。结果与对照组相比,观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术中X线透视次数低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后6个月,对照组伤椎前后高度比显著低于观察组,矢状位后凸Cobb角显著高于观察组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月、6个月对照组日本骨科协会评估治疗分数(JOA)评分[(19.68±2.86)分、(21.34±3.15)分],均低于观察组[(22.68±3.01)分、(25.64±3.64)分],差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组术后并发症发生率(11.76%)略高于观察组(3.92%),但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 3D打印技术结合椎弓根螺钉治疗可有效减少老年胸腰段脊柱骨折患者术中出血量及X线使用次数,缩短手术治疗时间,利于术后腰椎复位及腰椎功能的恢复,且术后并发症发生率低,具有较高的安全性。     

Orbic-3D导航引导经皮微创椎弓根钉结合椎体成形治疗老年胸腰椎压缩骨折

目的 探讨实时术中Orbic-3D导航引导下经皮微创椎弓根钉内固定结合椎体成形治疗老年骨质疏松胸腰椎压缩骨折的手术特点及临床影像学效果.方法 2011年1月至2012年6月,对24例老年骨质疏松单节段胸腰椎压缩骨折采用实时术中Orbic-3D导航引导经皮微创椎弓根钉内固定结合椎体成形术治疗,其中男9例,女15例,年龄67～ 81岁.分析手术切口、手术时间、出血量、并发症、术后椎弓根钉位置、下地活动时间、住院时间、疼痛视觉模拟VAS评分及患者满意度、手术节段高度和畸形矫正维持情况等.结果 手术切口长度(8.0±0.8)cm,手术时间(56.5±10.5)min,术中出血量(60.5±15.8)ml,无神经损伤等手术相关并发症.植入的96枚椎弓根钉术后CT复查均在椎弓根内,下地活动时间(2.1±0.5)d,平均随访时间14.5个月(6～24个月).椎体高度压缩率及VAS评分术后与手术前相比有明显改善(P＜0.0l),末次随访与术后6个月比较维持稳定(P＞0.05).节段后凸Cobb角矫正度数术后至末次随访基本维持稳定(P＞0.05).末次随访患者满意度95.8％.所有患者随访过程X线检查无内固定松动.结论 老年单节段骨质疏松胸腰椎骨折采用实时术中3D导航引导下经皮微创椎弓根钉结合椎体成形术治疗具有手术微创、安全性高、缩短术后下地活动时间、椎体高度恢复及后凸矫正明显,并能有效维持、临床效果良好、患者满意度高等效果,是治疗该类骨折的有效选择.     

术中CT导航和单纯术中CT扫描辅助下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术的对比研究

目的探讨使用术中CT导航和单纯术中CT扫描辅助下进行下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的临床效果。方法总结诊断为颈椎病、颈椎外伤、颈椎肿瘤而行CT辅助颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的65例老年患者的临床资料。根据术中是否采用CT导航将患者分为术中CT导航组和术中非CT导航组。术后进行经椎弓根螺钉水平的CT平扫,观察椎弓根螺钉置入的精确性。对2组椎弓根螺钉置钉的准确率、翻修率、置钉时间和术中CT的扫描数据进行比较。结果术中CT导航组椎弓根螺钉的穿破率和平均置钉时间显著低于非CT导航组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。2组病例均未出现明显的神经、血管损伤并发症。在2组中均没有因内置物位置不佳而行二次手术的病例。结论术中CT导航系统辅助进行颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定是可行的,能够显著提高后路颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉的精确性,同时医护人员无X射线暴露。     

导航模板辅助和徒手置钉在寰椎椎弓根螺钉置入中的应用

目的比较导航模板辅助和徒手置钉在寰椎椎弓根螺钉置入中的应用价值。方法将32例拟行寰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定手术患者随机分为两组,观察组(17例)在3D导航模板辅助下行切开复位椎弓根螺钉内固定术,对照组(15例)采用徒手椎弓根螺钉内固定。观察两组手术时间、术中出血量、置钉时间、置钉准确性,术后疼痛程度及颈椎神经功能恢复情况。比较观察组于术前后设计寰椎钉道内倾角、头倾角与实际钉道的差异。结果观察组手术时间、置钉时间明显短于对照组(P0.05),置钉优良率明显高于对照组(P0.05),术后3个月视觉模拟评分(VAS)评分明显低于对照组(P0.05),日本骨科协会(JOA)评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组术后寰椎钉道内倾角和头倾角与术前设计均无显著差异(P0.05)。结论导航模板辅助寰椎椎弓根螺钉置入与术前预设钉道吻合度高,提高置钉准确性,并有效缓解临床症状,优于徒手置钉。     

经椎间孔椎体间融合联合椎弓根螺钉固定治疗老年退行性腰椎侧凸疗效观察

目的：观察经椎间孔椎体间融合（ TLIF）联合椎弓根螺钉固定治疗老年退行性腰椎侧凸的临床效果。方法老年退行性腰椎侧凸患者35例,均采用TLIF联合椎弓根螺钉固定治疗。统计手术时间、手术出血量,比较术前及术后随访腰部 VAS、下肢VAS、腰椎JOA评分、ODI评分、侧凸Cobb 角、椎间倾斜角。结果随访时间（27．85±8．25）个月,手术时间（184．38±60．98） min,估计术中出血量（619．23±387．05） mL,固定融合（4．62±0．87）个椎体。与术前比较,术后随访时腰部VAS、下肢VAS、ODI评分降低,侧凸Cobb角、椎间倾斜角变小腰椎JOA评分增加（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。结论 TLIF联合椎弓根螺钉固定治疗老年退行性腰椎侧凸临床疗效较好。     

单侧椎弓根螺钉固定TLIF术治疗老年退行性腰椎滑脱的疗效分析

目的 回顾性评价单侧椎弓根螺钉固定经椎间孔椎体间融合(transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)术或合并对侧经椎板关节突螺钉(translaminar facet screw,TLFS)治疗老年患者退行性腰椎滑脱中期随访的临床效果.方法 2009年1月至2012年6月,收集65岁及以上罹患腰椎退行性滑脱伴腰椎管狭窄的患者29例,男性11例,女性18例;年龄65～ 81岁,平均(73.1±6.1)岁;其中单节段患者16例,双节段患者13例;平均随访时间为39.4±9.8个月(24 ～ 54月).单节段患者采用旁正中入路行单侧椎弓根螺钉固定TLIF术,双节段患者在进行单侧双节段椎弓根置钉固定TLIF术后合并对侧TLFS术.记录手术时间、出血量、住院时间及相关并发症;评价手术前后ODI、VAS及JOA评分;使用X线摄片及三维CT评价节段融合情况及矢状位队列情况.结果 平均手术时间为99.5±32.3 min(单节段86.3±25.5 min,双节段115.8±32.4 min),平均住院为12.9±3.7d(单节段12.8 ±2.0d,双节段13.1±5.1d),平均出血量为210.3±181.0 mL(单节段195.0±192.0 mL,双节段229.2±164.5 mL),并发症发生率为10.3％,24个月时滑脱节段融合率为89.7％.术后ODI、VAS及JOA评分改变较术前有统计学差异,术后腰椎前凸角及滑脱节段前凸角较术前增加(32.0±13.8)°vs (36.5±11.6)°;(4.9±5.5)°vs(6.5±4.4)°,差异有统计学意义;但相关前凸角及其改变与临床各评分及其改变无明确相关性.结论 单侧椎弓根螺钉固定TLIF术治疗老年单节段腰椎退行性滑脱安全有效,并发症低;在此基础上合并使用对侧TLFS术治疗老年双节段腰椎退行性滑脱患者,效果同样良好.     

经皮微创与传统开放椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗老年胸腰段脊柱压缩性骨折患者的对比研究

目的对比经皮微创与传统开放椎弓根螺钉内固定技术治疗老年胸腰段脊柱压缩性骨折患者的疗效。方法入选2013年6月至2017年2月解放军总医院海南分院骨科收治的老年胸腰段脊柱压缩骨折患者245例。依据手术方式分为2组:微创手术组(n=126)和传统手术组(n=119)。比较2组患者的手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量、住院费用、切口长度等围术期参数。术后随访至少6个月并测量伤椎前缘高度、Cobb角和矢状位指数。采用SPSS 18. 0软件进行数据处理。依据数据类型,组间比较分别采用t检验或χ2检验。结果与传统手术组患者相比,微创手术组患者的手术时间[(95. 2±16. 3) vs(126. 5±39. 0) min]和住院时间[(10. 8±4. 0) vs (22. 5±13. 6) d]显著缩短,术中出血量[(82. 7±39. 9) vs (327. 2±143. 1) ml]、术后引流量[(33. 5±15. 8) vs (301. 5±110. 8) ml]、住院费用[(5. 1±0. 3)×104vs (5. 7±0. 2)×104RMB yuan]和切口长度[(9. 3±0. 6) vs (12. 8±1. 9) cm]也显著减小,差异均有统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。与手术前相比,2组患者手术后的伤椎椎体前缘高度[微创手术组:(11. 2±7. 3) vs (20. 1±3. 3) mm;传统手术组:(12. 2±7. 6) vs (21. 7±2. 4) mm]、Cobb角[微创手术组:(14. 0±6. 8)°vs (4. 3±1. 8)°;传统手术组:(14. 8±7. 0)°vs (4. 6±2. 8)°]和矢状位指数[微创手术组:(64. 5±12. 6)%vs (93. 8±13. 9)%;传统手术组:(63. 8±13. 8)%vs (95. 0±9. 6)%]均得到显著改善(均P 0. 05)。结论与传统开放椎弓根螺钉内固定技术相比,采用经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗老年胸腰段脊柱压缩性骨折患者的疗效确切,且手术时间短、住院时间短、手术切口小、术中出血量少和住院费用少,值得临床推广。     

两种不同手术方法治疗退变性腰椎不稳的疗效对比

目的探讨经皮椎弓根螺钉和切开复位内固定术治疗退变性腰椎不稳的临床疗效。方法该院2010年1月至2013年1月收治的69例腰椎不稳患者,随机分为三组,每组23例,分别采用经皮椎弓根螺钉合并植骨融合术(弓根螺钉组)、切开复位内固定合并植骨融合术(内固定组)和切开复位椎间融合器融合术(融合器组)治疗,比较三组的住院费用、术中出血量、手术时间,术前、术后及出院前分别检测血沉和C反应蛋白(CRP)浓度,末次随访采用JOA评分系统评价脊柱功能,定期复查X线片判断融合效果。结果弓根螺钉组在住院费用、术中出血量和手术时间方面明显低于内固定组和融合器组(P<0.05)。随访1年后,弓根螺钉组、融合器组无1例未融合,内固定组3例未融合,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。内固定组术后血沉为28 mm/h,CRP为1.36 ng/L,明显高于弓根螺钉组和融合器组;末次随访弓根螺钉组JOA评分(87.8±1.8)分,内固定组(80.1±2.9)分,融合器组为(89.1±1.9)分。结论经皮椎弓根螺钉合并植骨融合术和切开复位椎间融合器内固定均是治疗退变性腰椎不稳的可靠方法,但是前者还具有廉价、微创的优点,值得临床推广。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.