高职生主观幸福感的特点及其影响因素

目的了解高职生主观幸福感的特点及其影响因素。方法采用主观幸福感量表对714名高职生的主观幸福感进行问卷调查。结果边疆地区高职生的主观幸福感高于发达地区的高职生,存在显著差异(t=-12.311,P<0.001);生活满意度、积极情感方面,不同生源(F=32.142,13.42;P<0.001)、专业(F=5.288,P<0.01;F=9.497,P<0.001)、年级(F=15.536,4.868;P<0.001)及父母职业(F=32.19,5.605;P<0.001)差异显著;消极情感方面,不同性别(t=2.789,P<0.01)、生源(F=3.589,P<0.05)及父母职业(F=3.503,P<0.001)差异显著。结论高职生的主观幸福感状况良好,但程度不强,且存在较大的个体差异。     

高中生心理韧性与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的探讨高中生心理韧性与主观幸福感的关系。方法采用中学生心理韧性量表和主观幸福感量表对510名高中生施测。结果高中生的心理韧性、主观幸福感处于中等程度以上,3个年级在心理韧性5个维度及其总分和主观幸福感的得分均存在显著差异(F=3.22,P<0.01),表现为高三年级学生心理韧性各维度及其总分和主观幸福感得分最高,一年级次之,二年级最低。在心理韧性,主观幸福感总分上,男生与女生并没有显著差异。而在心理韧性的情绪控制维度上,男生得分显著高于女生(F=7.53,P<0.01);人际协助维度,女生得分显著高于男生(F=6.90,P<0.01)。结论心理韧性和主观幸福感呈非常显著正相关,表明心理韧性对主观幸福感有一定的预测作用(R2=0.441,P<0.05)。     

大学生成就动机与主观幸福感的关系:时间管理倾向的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生成就动机,主观幸福感与时间管理倾向三者之间的关系。方法:采用成就动机量表(AMS)、主观幸福感量表(SWB)和青少年时间管理倾向量表(ATMD)对308名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:1不同性别大学生在成就动机、主观幸福感和时间管理倾向上无显著差异;不同年级大学生在时间价值感维度上存在显著差异(F=4.288,P<0.001);2成就动机与主观幸福感显著正相关(r=0.144,P<0.01),与时间管理倾向各维度均显著正相关(r=0.210,0.312,0.408;P<0.01);主观幸福感与时间监控观,时间效能感显著正相关(r=0.237,0.261;P<0.01),但是与时间价值感的关系不显著;3时间管理倾向的时间监控观和时间效能感对成就动机和主观幸福感的关系起完全中介作用,而时间价值感的中介效应不显著。结论:成就动机,主观幸福感和时间管理倾向三者之间关系密切,时间管理倾向在成就动机和主观幸福感关系之间起中介作用。     

大学生积极心理资本与主观幸福感的关系

目的探讨大学生积极心理资本与主观幸福感的关系。方法采用积极心理资本问卷和主观幸福感问卷,对重庆市3所大学的235名大学生进行调查。结果①大学生积极心理资本状况总体较好,自我效能因子存在显著生源地差异(F=15.38,P<0.001);自我效能因子存在显著专业类型差异(F=5.07,P<0.05);希望因子存在显著专业类型差异(F=12.71,P<0.001);希望因子存在显著年级差异(F=3.84,P<0.05),进一步多重比较表明,四年级大学生的希望水平显著高于三年级大学生;②大学生主观幸福感状况总体不够理想,生活满意度因子存在显著生源地差异(F=11.22,P<0.01);消极情感因子存在显著专业类型差异(F=8.27,P<0.01);③大学生的积极心理资本和主观幸福感正相关,前者对后者各因子有显著的预测作用(预测效应介于16.2%～29%之间)。结论大学生积极心理资本对主观幸福感有积极影响。     

服刑人员的社会支持与主观幸福感关系

目的:本文旨在研究服刑人员的社会支持与主观幸福感的关系。方法:以肖水源的社会支持评定量表和LuLuo的中国人幸福感量表为工具,对285名服刑人员施测。结果:不同刑期的服刑人员在主观幸福感上差异显著(F=3.130,P0.05),受教育程度不同的服刑人员在主观幸福感上差异显著(F=5.357,P0.05);社会支持和主观幸福感呈显著的正相关(r=0.605,P0.001);社会支持的不同方面对主观幸福感及其维度的预测力是不同的。结论:服刑人员的社会支持与主观幸福感密切相关。加强对服刑人员的教育改造和主观支持有利于提高服刑人员的主观幸福感和改造的积极性。     

护理人员成就动机与主观幸福感

目的探究护理人员主观幸福感与成就动机的关系。方法采用主观幸福感量表和成就动机量表对3所医院232名护理人员进行问卷调查。最后运用SPSS l7.0统计软件对数据进行方差分析、相关分析。结果 1护理人员主观幸福感平均标准分为(30.50±10.548);2年龄、婚姻、子女状况、职称、编制在主观幸福感水平的差异存在统计学意义(F=5.782,P0.01;t=-4.578,P0.001;F=5.025,P0.01;F=5.741,P0.01;t=3.648,P0.001);3护理人员成就动机强度与主观幸福感水平呈显著正相关(r=0.336,P0.01);结论护理人员的主观幸福感水平较高,且主观幸福感水平及其各个维度在不同程度上受到性别、年龄等人口统计学因素的影响;护理人员成就动机强度与主观幸福感水平呈显著正相关。     

学业自我效能感、社交焦虑对大学生主观幸福感的影响研究

目的探讨大学生学业自我效能感、社交焦虑和主观幸福感的关系。方法采用主观幸福感量表、学业自我效能感问卷和社交焦虑量表对294名大学生进行测量。结果①主观幸福感、学业自我效能感、社交焦虑在各年级之间差异不显著(P>0.05);②在学业自我效能感对主观幸福感的影响中,社交焦虑的中介效应非常显著(P<0.01);③社交焦虑和学业自我效能感可以较好地预测主观幸福感(F(3,290)=51.38,P<0.001);④随着对学习满意度的增加,学生的学业自我效能感(F(1,289)=69.79,P<0.001)和主观幸福感(χ2(4)=19.77,P=0.001)随之增长,社交焦虑呈下降趋势(F(1,289)=10.83,P=0.001)。结论社交焦虑在大学生学业自我效能感和主观幸福感的关系中有着重要的中介作用;大学生学习满意度的提高将有利于其社交焦虑的降低和主观幸福感的增强。     

硕士研究生主观幸福感与自尊、社会支持的关系研究

目的了解硕士研究生主观幸福感的现状,并进一步探讨其与自尊、社会支持的关系。方法采用《总体幸福感量表》、《社会支持评定量表》、《自尊量表》随机调查210名硕士研究生。结果 1硕士研究生主观幸福感得分在性别(t=-2.889,P0.05)、婚恋状况(t=0.83,P0.05)、年级(F=6.898,P0.01)上差异有统计学意义;2硕士研究生的主观幸福感与自尊(P0.05)、社会支持各维度(P0.01)都呈显著正相关;3多元回归分析表明客观支持(β=1.934,P0.01)和自尊(β=0.895,P0.01)对主观幸福感有显著的预测作用。结论硕士研究生主观幸福感受个体自尊水平、社会支持各维度影响,在人口统计学因素上有显著差异。     

初中生家庭功能与主观幸福感关系:心理一致感的中介作用

目的:探讨家庭功能与主观幸福感的关系及心理一致感的中介作用。方法:采用家庭功能量表、心理一致感量表和主观幸福感量表对785名初中生进行评定。结果:主观幸福感得分的年级差异(F=0.034,P0.01),城乡差异(t=3.073,P0.001),及是否住校差异均显著(t=-3.026,P0.001)。家庭功能、心理一致感与主观幸福感之间分别存在显著相关(r=-0.328,0.467;P0.01);家庭功能、心理一致感对主观幸福感均有预测作用(β=-0.112,0.380;P0.001);心理一致感在家庭功能和主观幸福感之间起部分中介作用。结论 :心理一致感在家庭功能与主观幸福感的关系中具有中介效应。     

桦甸市农民主观幸福感及其影响因素研究

目的探讨农民主观幸福感状况及其影响因素。方法使用总体主观幸福感问卷(GW B)对桦甸市300位农民进行进行了调查,回收有效问卷257份。结果①桦甸市农民总体主观幸福感得分显著性高于全国常模(t=7.487和9.158,P<0.001);②性别(t=0.842,P>0.05)、年龄(F=2.930,P>0.05)、受教育程度(F=0.311,P>0.05)、婚姻状况(F=0.011,P>0.05)以及收入状况(F=0.216,P>0.05)均对农民的总体主观幸福感没有影响,但年龄、受教育程度以及婚姻状况对桦甸市农民的总体主观幸福感的个别因子存在有显著性影响。结论①桦甸市农民主观幸福感状况良好;②人口统计学变量与主观幸福感关系微弱。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.