生长抑素在不同种属动物胃肠道分布的实验研究

目的旨在从生物进化角度探讨生长抑素在胃肠胰系统、包括阑尾、胆囊和脾脏在内的分布情况。方法应用放射免疫分析法系统探测生长抑素在小鼠、狗、猴和胎儿阑尾、胆囊和脾脏的分布。结果探测结果显示在不同哺乳类动物阑尾、胆囊和脾脏内有大量生长抑素分布。在小鼠、狗阑尾内生长抑素含量间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），在狗和胎儿阑尾内生长抑素含量间无显著性差异。生长抑索在狗的阑尾和回肠、空肠、盲肠间无显著性差异。结论：小鼠、狗和胎儿阑尾有大量生长抑素分布。狗、猴胆囊亦有生长抑素分布     

幽门螺杆菌感染与胃粘膜增殖细胞核抗原表达的关系

目的探讨幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｐ）感染对胃粘膜细胞增殖活性的影响．方法采用免疫组化法，观察３４例Ｈｐ阳性的慢性胃病患者（男１９例，女１５例）胃窦粘膜增殖细胞核抗原标记指数（ＰＣＮＡＬＩ），同时以１２例Ｈｐ阴性的慢性胃病患者作对照，并对Ｈｐ阳性患者进行抗Ｈｐ治疗，４周后复查ＰＣＮＡＬＩ．结果Ｈｐ感染胃窦粘膜ＰＣＮＡＬＩ较无Ｈｐ感染显著增高（２９０２±１０２３比１４３１±６８７，Ｐ＜００１）；Ｈｐ根除（ｎ＝２４）后胃窦粘膜ＰＣＮＡＬＩ由２８１１±１１５降至１７６８±９６５（Ｐ＜００１），而Ｈｐ未根除（ｎ＝１０）时则无显著降低（２９１７±８１４→２４４２±７４４，Ｐ＞００５）．Ｈｐ感染时胃粘膜ＰＣＮＡＬＩ与炎症程度正相关（Ｐ＜００５），但与Ｈｐ菌量无相关（Ｐ＞００５）．结论Ｈｐ感染可增加胃粘膜细胞增殖活性，从而增加胃癌发生的危险性，根除Ｈｐ后可纠正这一变化，对预防胃癌发生可能有重要意义．     

幽门螺杆菌感染对胃病细胞动力学的影响

目的　观察 Ｈｐ 感染在正常粘膜演变为胃癌过程中对细胞增殖动力学的影响,以探讨 Ｈｐ 的致癌机制．方法　研究对象为正常胃粘膜的消化不良患者（ ＮＳ,ｎ ＝ １４） 及慢性浅表性胃炎（ ＣＳＧ, ｎ ＝ ５６） 、慢性萎缩性胃炎（ ＣＡＧ,ｎ ＝ ２０） 、慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生（ＣＡＧＩＭ ,ｎ ＝ １６） 、不典型增生（Ｄｙｓ ,ｎ ＝ １８） 、胃癌（ ＧＣ,ｎ ＝ １７） Ｈｐ 阳性与阴性患者．应用Ｋｉ６７ 免疫组化技术评价胃幽门窦上皮细胞增生,并用标记指数百分率（ＬＩ％ ） 来表示．结果　Ｈｐ 阳性患者（ ｎ ＝ ７５） 的Ｋｉ６７ ＬＩ％ 为１７ ±５ , Ｈｐ 阴性患者（ ｎ ＝ ５２ ） 的 Ｋｉ６７ ＬＩ％ 为 １３ ±６ , 差异有 显著 性（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） ;伴有 Ｈｐ 感染的ＣＳＧ 与ＮＳ 或 Ｈｐ 阴性的ＣＳＧ 患者相比ＬＩ％ 增加（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ;ＣＡＧ,ＣＡＧＩＭ ,Ｄｙｓ ,ＧＣ 的 Ｈｐ 阳性与阴性患者的ＬＩ％ 相比无显著差异;五种胃病无论 Ｈｐ 阳性或阴性患者与正常者相比,ＬＩ％ 明显增加（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ． ＬＩ％ 与胃粘膜炎症程度无关．结论　Ｈｐ 感染促进胃上皮细胞过度增殖主要发生在胃粘膜病变的早期,并不影响在癌前病变或胃癌患者中所     

生长抑素、胃动素在人胎儿消化系统的发生与分布

目的：了解并比较生长抑素（ＳＳ）、胃动素（ＭＴＬ）在人胚胎消化系统发生、发展及分布的规律。方法：应用放射免疫分析法（ＲＩＡ）系统测定１５例人胎儿消化道各部位ＳＳ及ＭＴＬ的组织含量。结果：在人胚胎胃肠道组织中均有不同浓度的ＳＳ和ＭＴＬ存在，ＳＳ在消化道出现的时间均早于１６周；ＭＴＬ除食管、贲门、幽门、盲肠、阑尾晚于２２周，其余均早于１６周。各部位ＳＳ含量以十二指肠、胃较高，与其它部位比较Ｐ＜０．０５，而ＭＴＬ以空肠、十二指肠为高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。随胚胎发育，ＳＳ的发展呈不同趋势：①胃、十二指肠、空肠ＳＳ持续升高，且胃、十二指肠ＳＳ浓度与胎龄呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８０７７；ｒ＝６７９３；Ｐ＜０．０１）；②食管、回肠、结肠ＳＳ波动在一定水平，变化无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；③贲门、幽门、盲肠、阑尾ＳＳ则呈下降趋势，阑尾ＳＳ与胎龄呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．７８８９；Ｐ＜０．０１）；而ＭＴＬ各部位水平随胚胎发育呈一致性升高，空肠、十二指肠ＭＴＬ与胎龄呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８１２５，ｒ＝０．７７３４，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＳＳ与ＭＴＬ在人胎儿胃肠道中的发生、发展及分布存在不同规律     

胃癌高发区cagA+幽门螺杆菌的感染

目的研究胃癌高发区不同人群幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｐ）ｃａｇＡ＋亚型感染状况，探讨ＨｐｃａｇＡ＋亚型感染与胃癌高发流行的关系．方法用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测了全部受检者的抗Ｈｐ抗体及抗ｃａｇＡ抗体，并用１３Ｃ尿素酶呼吸实验（１３Ｃ－ＵＢＴ）方法检测了７０名儿童Ｈｐ感染状况．结果胃癌高发区成人Ｈｐ感染率为７４７％，儿童Ｈｐ感染率为６８６％；成人ｃａｇＡ＋亚型感染率为６５％，儿童为７１４％．７７名癌症患者的Ｈｐ和ｃａｇＡ＋亚型感染率均为５９７％，其中胃癌患者（ｎ＝３８）Ｈｐ和ｃａｇＡ＋亚型感染率分别为５０％和５５３％，均低于其他癌症患者（ｎ＝３９）的感染率（６９２％和６４１％）．结论胃癌高发区成人、儿童及癌症患者ＨｐｃａｇＡ＋亚型感染率相当高，表明Ｈｐ感染，尤其是ｃａｇＡ＋的Ｈｐ感染与当地胃癌高发有明显的关系．     

血清脂质结合唾液酸诊断肠恶性肿瘤

目的研究血清脂质结合唾液酸（ＬＳＡ）诊断肠恶性肿瘤的价值。方法采用血清ＬＳＡ快速测定法测定２４４例肠疾病患者血清ＬＳＡ。部分患者同时测定血清ＣＥＡ。结果癌症组ＬＳＡ（１４３±５２ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｎ＝５７）显著高于良性肿瘤和息肉组（９２±１６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｎ＝２１），十二指肠溃疡组（８７±１６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｎ＝２７），肠炎组（９２±２９ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｎ＝１００），及其它良性病组（９５±１６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｎ＝２３）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。以ＬＳＡ＞１１５ｍｇ／Ｌ为检测阳性，则对肠癌症诊断敏感度、特异度、准确度依次为７３．７％，９０．１％与８６．０％；其敏感率和准确度均高于血清ＣＥＡ测定。癌症转移组ＬＳＡ阳性率显著高于未转移组；癌根除术后复发转移者全部ＬＳＡ阳性，未见复发或转移者全为阴性。结论血清ＬＳＡ对肠癌诊断、转移及根除术后监测具有显著临床价值     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血淋巴细胞早期凋亡的研究

目的：为了解观察ＳＬＥ患者休内细胞凋亡情况，并其外周血淋巴细胞早期凋亡率进行了检测，方法：应用最新的ＡｎｎｅｘｉｎＶ检测试剂盒及流式细胞仪检测早期凋亡细胞。结果：ＳＬＥ活动期患者外周血淋巴细胞早期凋亡率（１２．６１±６．３２，ｎ＝２）明显高于稳定期患者（４．４７±３．３９，ｎ＝８，Ｐ〈０．０１）及正常人（５．１３±３．３７，ｎ＝１１，Ｐ〈０．００１），但与ＳＬＡＭ评分无相关，活动期患者初发病组（１     

慢传输型便秘肠神经系统一氧化氮合酶和P物质的分布意义

目的研究结肠一氧化氮（ＮＯ）和Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）在慢传输型便秘（ＳＴＣ）发病中的作用．方法应用一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）和ＳＰ的兔多克隆抗体，对手术切除的１５例ＳＴＣ患者（男２例，女１３例，年龄２６岁～６８岁）和１１例对照组患者乙状结肠标本进行免疫组化染色和半定量分析．结果ＳＴＣ患者乙状结肠肌间神经丛ＮＯＳ免疫反应性明显升高（χ２＝１５６３，Ｐ＜００１），而ＳＰ免疫反应性明显降低（χ２＝１３４４，Ｐ＜００１）；粘膜下神经丛ＮＯＳ及ＳＰ免疫反应性与对照组相差不显著．结论ＳＴＣ结肠神经系统ＮＯＳ和ＳＰ免疫反应性的异常变化，可能是其结肠传输减慢的神经病理基础     

FD患者胃十二指肠运动功能的研究

目的通过胃窦十二指肠压力测定，研究功能性消化不良（ＦＤ）患者胃十二指肠的运动功能．方法ＦＤ患者２８例，健康人１３例．采用导管灌注技术测定胃窦和十二指肠的腔内压，消化间期测压３５ｈ，餐后测压１５ｈ．结果在消化间期，２８例ＦＤ中１３例未出现移行运动复合波（ＭＭＣ）３期，１３例健康人１例未出现ＭＭＣ３期，两者相比有显著性差异（Ｐ＜００５）；ＭＭＣ２期和３期收缩的平均频率、平均强度和动力指数，在ＦＤ患者和健康人间相比无差异（Ｐ＞００５）．ＦＤ患者餐后胃窦收缩的频率、强度和动力指数均低于健康对照组（Ｐ＜００５）．结论ＦＤ患者消化间期缺乏ＭＭＣ３期或ＭＭＣ３期延迟出现，餐后胃窦动力减低．     

胃癌及胃癌前病变患者中医证型与病理及Hp感染的关系

目的研究胃癌及胃癌前病变患者中医分型与病理组织学及Ｈｐ感染的关系．方法选取资料完整的慢性胃病患者之病理及临床资料２０３例进行中医分型、Ｈｐ检测和ＰＣＮＡ染色，对胃癌前病变（ｎ＝１３４）胃癌（ｎ＝３３）及对照组（浅表性胃炎，ｎ＝３６）等各组进行比较分析．结果中医分型与病理改变有一定的相关性，在浅表性胃炎中以寒热夹杂型为主，胃癌及胃癌前病变中以脾胃虚寒为主，而寒热夹杂型较少，在胃癌及胃癌前病变患者中未发现Ｈｐ感染与中医分型有明显关系，胃癌及癌前病变组Ｈｐ感染率（６２４％，６６７％～７９８％）明显高于对照组（３４１％），且发病年龄Ｈｐ阳性者明显低于Ｈｐ阴性者（４９９％ｖｓ５６７，４６１～５３８ｖｓ５３８～６２０，Ｐ＜００５），ＰＣＮＡＬＩ随病变程度的加重而升高（γ＝０９５１，Ｐ＜００２５）．结论Ｈｐ感染与胃癌及胃癌前病变的发生有密切关系．ＰＣＮＡＬＩ是反应胃粘膜病变严重程度的较客观的定量指标     

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of appendix incidentally diagnosed by appendiceal hemorrhage

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is rare, which arises from the mesenchymal tissues in the gastrointestinal tract, and it is extremely rare in the appendix. Only a few cases have been found in this location to date. Although the annual incidence of lower gastrointestinal bleeding has been increasing, bleeding related to the appendix is quite rare. We herein present a very rare case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor incidentally found by appendiceal hemorrhage.     

Distribution and metabolism of vincristine in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.

An extraction procedure that allows measurement of [3H]vincristine and its metabolites in biologic fluids and tissues has been developed and used to determine the distribution and metabolism of vincristine in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. Very little tritium exchange occurred during the experiments. In mice and rats injected ip with [3H]vincristine, the peak serum levels of drug were reached at 15 minutes. For both mice and rats, the concentration of vincristine metabolites rose in the serum for 30 minutes, then remained high through 3 hours. For dogs and monkeys given an iv dose of [3H]vincristine, the initial serum levels fell rapidly, with half-lives for the first phase of 6 and 10 minutes respectively. The half-life for both of the second phases was 190 minutes. For both species, the serum level of metabolites fell for 2 hours, then remained relatively constant. These results were not appreciably altered when the animals were injected simultaneously with prednisone. Compared to serum levels in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys, there was a marked accumulation of [3H]vincristine in all tissues examined, except the brain. The pancreas, spleen, kidneys, lungs, and liver of dogs and monkeys contained the largest amounts. The tissue distribution was not greatly different in dogs and monkeys injected simultaneously with prednisone. Urinary excretion of intact vincristine and its metabolites was observed for all four species. Both vincristine and its metabolites appeared in the bile of dogs and monkeys.     

Cajal间质细胞的研究进展

Cajal间质细胞(interstitial cells of Cajal,ICC)是一类主要分布于胃肠道的间质细胞,是胃肠道的起搏细胞(pacemaker cell)和信号传导细胞,与肌细胞以及末梢神经元有着紧密的关系,具有激发和促进胃肠蠕动的作用.借助于电子显微镜技术,清楚观察到了ICC位置分布和内部精细结构;应用免疫荧光等生化技术,发现了其特殊表达的C-kit蛋白;利用电生理技术,得知多种胃肠动力障碍疾病也与其异常有关.多年来,学者逐渐在胃肠道、胆道、膀胱、子宫等部位发现了ICC的踪迹,并试图阐述其与某些疾病的发生机制.本文就ICC的起源、形态学、受体和功能、以及与其相关的疾病等作一综述.     

Cellular detection of sst2A receptors in human gastrointestinal tissue

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Many neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumours express receptors for the regulatory peptide somatostatin. Among the five existing somatostatin receptor (sst) subtypes, sst2A is the most frequently expressed in these tumours. However, little information is available about the cellular location of sst2A in corresponding non-neoplastic epithelial tissues. METHODS: We searched for sst2A immunoreactive cells in non-neoplastic gastrointestinal tissues, and evaluated their number and immunohistochemical characteristics with neuroendocrine markers. RESULTS: The gastric antrum showed numerous sst2A cells, situated in the epithelium, corresponding to gastrin containing neuroendocrine cells, while the gastric corpus was largely devoid of sst2A cells, including enterochromaffin-like cells. The remaining foregut, namely the duodenum and proximal jejunum, also contained a large number of sst2A cells, all being neuroendocrine cells and many of them characterised as gastrin cells. Sst2A cells were also detected in the midgut, in low numbers in the epithelium of the distal jejunum and ileum, but not in the appendix vermiformis, the caecum, or the hindgut, despite the large number of neuroendocrine cells present in this area. In addition, sst2A cells were found in the whole gastrointestinal tract in the myenteric and submucosal plexus. CONCLUSIONS: While sst2A receptors on antral gastrin cells presumably mediate somatostatin inhibition of gastrin secretion, the effects of somatostatin on motility and ion transport in the lower gastrointestinal tract may be mediated by sst2A receptors in the neural plexus. These data provide a molecular basis for the physiological actions of somatostatin in human gastrointestinal tissue.     

Distribution and metabolism of prednisone in mice, dogs, and monkeys.

A chromatographic procedure that allows measurement of [3H]prednisone and [3H]prednisolone in biologic fluids and tissues was developed and used to determine some of the biochemical properties of prednisone and its distribution and metabolism in mice, dogs, and monkeys. When prednisone was added to mouse serum in vitro at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml, approximately half of the drug became bound to serum proteins. Homogenates of mouse liver metabolized prednisone to prednisolone. Following ip or oral doses of prednisone to mice, serum levels of prednisone, prednisolone, and other metabolites were maximum at 15 minutes. 20-Dihydroprednisolone was identified as a metabolite in several biologic samples. For dogs and monkeys given in iv dose of prednisone, disappearance from the serum was biphasic with apparent half-lives of 15 and 82 minutes and 33 and 78 minutes respectively. The serum levels of prednisone and prednisolone in mice, dogs, and monkeys were not increased beyond expected levels by simultaneous administration of iv doses of vincristine. The prednisone content of the kidneys, liver, intestine, and bile of a monkey killed 30 minutes after an iv dose was higher than that in serum. Oral doses of prednisone were absorbed erratically by dogs and monkeys. Only small amounts of prednisone and prednisolone were excreted in the urine of dogs and monkeys given an iv or oral dose.     

Macrophages and pancreatic islet amyloidosis.

Islet amyloid formed from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, amylin) is found in spontaneously diabetic monkeys and cats. Islet amyloidosis is progressive, apparently irreversible and is associated with destruction of insulin-secreting cells. The role of macrophages in the destruction and removal of islet amyloid is unknown. Therefore, the presence and morphology of macrophages were determined by electron and quantitative light microscopy in islets of diabetic and nondiabetic man and monkeys and in transgenic mice expressing the gene for human IAPP. Tissue macrophages were present in all pancreatic sections and tissue distribution was similar in exocrine and endocrine areas. There was no difference in macrophage density in amyloidotic and amyloid-free islets in monkeys and man. Macrophage density was similar in islets of transgenic mice expressing human IAPP which do not contain amyloid in vivo but in which fibrils are formed in vitro following islet isolation compared to islets from mice expressing rat IAPP which is not amyloidogenic. IAPP amyloid fibrils were visible by electron microscopy in lysosomes of pancreatic macrophages in man, monkeys and human IAPP transgenic mice. Thus, human IAPP is internalised but inefficiently degraded by tissue macrophages. Diabetes-associated amyloidosis is not associated with visible recruitment of macrophages for removal of amyloid or islet debris.     

Mast cells are closely apposed to nerves in the human gastrointestinal mucosa

Mast cell/nerve associations have been recorded in several publications; however, the human gastrointestinal tract has received little attention. Accordingly, mucosal samples from small bowel, appendix, and large bowel were studied. Combined histochemical/immunocytochemical techniques revealed that the proportion of mast cells apposed to nerves ranged from 47.08% +/- 6.10% to 77.66% +/- 4.26%. The highest incidence of contact was observed in the appendix; where the apparent nerve density was also greater than in the large or small bowel. Electron-microscopic studies revealed many mast cells adjacent to nerve fibers and membrane-to-membrane contact between axonlike processes and mast cells. Often, these processes were dilated, as were axons in adjacent nerve fibers. These data provide a microanatomic basis for potential communication between nerves and mast cells in the human gastrointestinal mucosa. This may be of physiologic significance in the normal individual and important in disease processes, such as inflammation and fibrosis.     

巴豆提取物诱导小鼠小肠组织中蛋白质差异表达的初步研究

目的 建立和优化蛋白质分子差异展示的双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电技术，初步观察巴豆提取物诱导小鼠小肠组织中蛋白质的差异表达，为进一步筛选其中介导巴豆生物作用的蛋白质分子奠定基础。方法 应用巴豆提取物灌胃制备小刀慢有肠运动增强模型，提取其小肠组织中总蛋白质，优化蛋白质分子差异展示的双向聚丙安凝胶电泳技术，并用其分析模型动物小肠组织中蛋白质，双向电泳凝胸银染法显示其蛋白质的差异表达。结果 建立了小鼠慢性胃肠运     

Infectious causes of appendicitis

The pathologic spectrum of the inflamed appendix encompasses a wide range of infectious entities, some with specific histologic findings, and others with nonspecific findings that may require an extensive diagnostic evaluation. The appendix is exclusively involved in some of these disorders, and in others may be involved through extension from other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses the pathologic features of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections affecting the appendix, including adenovirus; cytomegalovirus; Yersinia, Actinomyces, Mycobacterium, or Histoplasma species; Enterobius vermicularis; schistosomiasis; and Strongyloides stercoralis. Pertinent ancillary diagnostic techniques and the clinical context and significance of the various infections are also discussed.     

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in gastrointestinal tissues of chronically SIV-infected rhesus monkeys.

Although systemic virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are of critical importance in controlling virus replication in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), little is known about this immune response in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This study investigated the GI tract CTL response in a nonhuman primate model for HIV-1 infection, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkeys. Lymphocytes from duodenal pinch biopsy specimens were obtained from 9 chronically SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys and GI tract lymphocytes were harvested from the jejunum and ileum of 4 euthanized SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys. Lymphocytes were also assessed in GI mucosal tissues by in situ staining in histologic specimens. SIVmac Gag-specific CTLs were assessed in the monkeys using the tetramer technology. These GI mucosal tissues of chronically SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys contained levels of CTLs comparable to those found in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes. The present studies suggest that the CD8(+) CTL response in GI mucosal sites is comparable to that seen systemically in SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys.