骨髓增生异常综合征345例病态造血特点分析

 目的　分析骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）病态造血特点。方法　收集2003年7月4日至2007年3月14日原因不明血常规异常的成年患者标本716例,以WHO MDS分类标准为诊断金标准,分别进行细胞形态学、细胞化学染色、骨髓病理检查、细胞遗传学、流式细胞术等检测。分析骨髓细胞学检查中病态造血特征在判断克隆性和非克隆性疾病中的诊断价值,计算灵敏度和特异度。结果　MDS病态造血形态学诊断的主要依据：粒系Auer小体、核出芽、微核有其中之一者;红系核出芽;外周血片中出现巨核细胞;外周血片中出现原粒细胞或早幼红细胞;环状铁粒幼细胞>1 %。次要依据：粒系假Pelger-Hǔet 异常、不能分叶中性粒细胞、同一细胞内核发育不同步、环形核、核染色质聚集;红系的多核、奇数核、子母核、核碎裂、空泡、成熟红细胞大小悬殊;微巨核。结论　细胞形态学是诊断MDS的基础,但也存在一定的局限性,尤其是对于早期MDS细胞形态学改变不典型时,需要结合其他检测手段分析。     

骨髓增生异常综合征细胞形态学及细胞化学特征的研究

 目的　探讨骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）的细胞形态学及细胞化学改变,为MDS提供形态学诊断依据。方法　对53例已确诊MDS患者的骨髓涂片进行瑞特-吉姆萨染色及铁染色,外周血中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶（NAP）染色,分析骨髓细胞形态学特点。结果　53例MDS骨髓细胞粒、红、巨核三系均有不同程度的病态造血表现,分别有35、30、33例,骨髓各系列中出现病态造血频率较高的排列次序为粒系>巨核细胞系>红系,骨髓中细胞形态学病态造血改变类型的发生率比例较高的依次为单圆核巨核细胞29例（54.7 %）、假Pelger-Hu?觕t核28例 （52.8 %）、红系巨幼样变25例（47.2 %）等。46例（86.8 %）的MDS患者NAP染色积分及阳性率减低或为正常值下限。结论　多数MDS有两系以上的病态造血改变以及NAP染色积分及阳性率改变。     

骨髓增生异常综合征非细胞毒治疗现状

骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)是一组并不少见的异质性多能造血干细胞克隆性疾病,主要特点为骨髓造血细胞分化成熟障碍、无效造血、正常造血功能减退,常伴血细胞机能异常,有向白血病转化的倾向.MDS的治疗,大致可分为二大类,即:细胞毒(cytotoxic)治疗与非细胞毒(non-cytotoxic)治疗.     

维吾尔族和汉族骨髓增生异常综合征患者细胞形态学及免疫表型的对比分析

 【摘要】　目的　探讨新疆地区维吾尔族和汉族骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）患者的细胞形态学和免疫表型特征。方法　对已确诊的67例MDS患者骨髓涂片进行系统观察分型,记录各系病态造血细胞,并进行流式细胞术（FCM）免疫表型检测。结果　67例MDS患者骨髓细胞的粒、红、巨核三系有不同程度的病态造血,依次为粒系[52例（77.6 %）]、巨核系[44例（65.7 %）]、红系[36例（53.7 %）],维吾尔族和汉族患者骨髓三系中出现病态造血表现的比例相近,两组差异无统计学意义（χ2值分别为1.02、0.30、0.02,均P＞0.05）。67例骨髓细胞病态造血改变类型的发生率依次为单圆核巨核细胞 [36例（53.7 %）]、假Pelger核异常粒细胞 [36例（53.7 %）]、红系巨幼样变[33例（49.3 %）]、粒细胞颗粒减少或缺失[27例（40.3 %）]等,维吾尔族和汉族患者发生率相似。67例MDS患者FCM免疫表型检测结果显示,随着MDS的难治性贫血／难治性贫血伴环形铁粒幼细胞向难治性贫血伴原始细胞过多（RAEB）／转化中的RAEB的进展变化,较成熟的CD15表达率逐渐降低,而较早期的CD34、CD117表达率逐渐升高（χ2值分别为6.23、12.06,8.95、7.37,8.95、8.08,均P＜0.05）,维吾尔族和汉族患者差异无统计学意义（χ2值分别为0.715、0.024、0.146,均P＞0.05）;同时维吾尔族患者CD56表达增高,汉族MDS患者HLA-DR增高,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2值分别为3.91、3.90,均P＜0.05）。结论　维吾尔族和汉族MDS患者骨髓细胞形态学病态造血改变相同,多数MDS有两系以上的病态造血。维吾尔族和汉族MDS患者免疫表型抗原表达部分不同,免疫表型的检测对MDS的诊断、分型及预后具有重要意义。     

骨髓增生异常综合征异常克隆起源、分布与疾病进展

 骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）是一组异质性克隆性疾病,主要特征为骨髓衰竭和发展为急性白血病（AL）。MDS异常克隆起源于多向祖细胞或其以上的干细胞。新近研究发现某些类型的MDS干细胞来源于正常的干细胞。对于不同染色体异常的患者,异常克隆在各细胞系列的分布不同。随着异常克隆比例的增加疾病恶化。MDS异常克隆的研究,对于了解MDS发病机制,进行临床诊断、治疗和判断预后有很大的帮助。     

病态造血细胞与细胞遗传学改变对骨髓增生异常综合征诊断及分型的意义

 目的 探讨病态造血细胞与细胞遗传学改变对骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）诊断及分型的意义。方法 对132例MDS患者行常规骨髓穿刺及外周血涂片瑞氏染色,观察MDS各亚型各系列细胞的病态造血特点;同时行染色体核型分析,并结合病态细胞与染色体核型异常改变,分析MDS各亚型与之关联。结果 1.以检出病态细胞≥0.10观察,其粒、红、巨核三系总检出率为43.4%,对RA+RARS（低危）、RCMD（中危）及RAEB（高危）三组进行比较,其病态粒细胞及病态巨核细胞≥0.10者,主要见于RCMD（P＜0.01）;病态红细胞≥0.10,主要见于RA+RARS（P＜0.01）。2.MDS染色体核型异常总检测率44%,其异常核型检出率虽RA及RARS组低于其它各亚型,但未显示统计学意义（P＞0.05）。3.病态细胞及染色体核型异常检出与MDS亚型间关系表现为：RA组核型异常且同时具有病态细胞≥0.10者占50%,RCMD组占76%,RAEB组占60.9%（P＜0.01）。结论：染色体核型异常同时具有病态细胞≥0.10者显示与MDS亚型有关联;密切监测其造血及细胞遗传学改变对确诊MDS有帮助。     

骨髓增生异常综合征(一)

骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplastic syndrome,MDS)是一种源于造血干-祖细胞水平损伤而产生的克隆性疾病,常同时或先后累及红细胞、白细胞及巨核细胞系造血祖细胞,引起周围血红细胞、粒细胞及血小板减少。临床表现为贫血、感染和出血。 部分MDS患者可逐渐进展为急性白血病,故又称之为白血病前期。但是,近年临床发展,一半     

应用流式细胞术评分诊断骨髓增生异常综合征

目的 采用流式细胞术（FCM）评分对骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）与非MDS（主要为非克隆性血细胞减少患者）患者进行鉴别.方法 应用FCM四参数（CD34＋髓系原始细胞占所有有核细胞百分比、B系祖细胞占CD34＋细胞百分比、髓系原始细胞CD45表达水平、成熟粒细胞SSC峰通道值）对50例MDS患者和20例非MDS患者进行评分,每个参数异常时计1分,评分≥2分时诊断为MDS.结果与非MDS对照组比较,MDS患者CD34＋髓系原始细胞比例增高,B系祖细胞比例降低,成熟粒细胞SSC水平降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而CD34＋髓系原始细胞CD45表达水平差异无统计学意义（P=0.06）.MDS组FCM评分高于非MDS组,差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.001）.45例患者用此方法正确诊断为MDS,敏感度为90％;1例患者为假阳性,特异度为95％.结论 采用FCM四参数评分可帮助诊断MDS,可行性好,简单方便.     

骨髓增生异常综合征表观遗传学与靶向治疗:第56届美国血液学会年会报道

骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)为克隆性疾病,其特征为无效性造血,骨髓中造血细胞发育异常,不能产生足够的分化正常的成熟细胞,以致外周血血细胞减少.MDS发病随年龄的增长而增加,提示遗传性或表观遗传性改变的积累使造血干细胞发生DNA突变,癌基因活化或抑癌基因受抑,增加无限性自我增殖能力,进而导致克隆性造血而发病.约30％的MDS转化为急性髓系白血病(AML),常对细胞毒药物不敏感,而靶向药物有望改善其预后.     

WHO骨髓增生异常综合征的诊断

骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)为一组克隆性造血干细胞疾病,特点为≥1系髓系细胞有病态和无效性以致外周血≥1系血细胞减少的疾病,昔称白血病前期、少原始细胞白血病和髓系生成异常综合征.     

Stimulation of CFU-Mk colony growth by normal plasma and plasma from myelodysplastic patients

The ability of plasma from myelodysplastic patients to support the clonal growth of normal megakaryocyte progenitors (CFU-Mk) was compared with that of plasma from normal subjects. The resultant megakaryocyte colonies were expressed as a plasma factor index megakaryocyte (PFI-Mk). All cultures included PHA-LCM and medium conditioned by the human bladder carcinoma cell line 5637, and some of them had EPO. PFI-Mk (MDS) was significantly lower than PFI-Mk (normal), both with and without EPO. A positive correlation was found between megakaryocyte and platelet count in normal subjects, but was not present in MDS patients. There was no correlation between platelet count and PFI-Mk in neither group. In MDS there was a negative correlation between megakaryocyte number and PFI-Mk, both with and without EPO. Although, the mean megakaryocyte number in MDS and in normal bone marrow was similar, the proportion of immature megakaryocytes was much higher in MDS. Previous work indicates an abnormal clonal origin of megakaryocytes in MDS. The present study suggests that abnormal plasma factors affects megakaryocytopoiesis in this condition.     

Differentiation and hematopoietic-support of clonal cells in myelodysplastic syndromes

Studies were performed to obtain evidence of the differentiating and hematopoietic potential of marrow clone-original cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). First, results of correlation analysis between bone marrow clonal cells and blast percentages for a total of 60 MDS showed that almost all cases had higher clonal (mean 50.1%) than blast proportion (mean 7.0%) (p < 0.001). In contrast, in 16 AML patients, mean clone/blasts disparity was nearly zero. Secondly, the amount of clone-original individual cells were defined in mature hematopoietic cells, mean 47.9% in segmented granulocytes, 47.1% in orthochromatic normoblasts and 37.8% in mature megakaryocytes. In addition, FISH examination showed approximately similar proportions of clonal cells in peripheral blood and marrow for all 22 tested cases (mean 39.1% in blood vs 49.8% in marrow). Moreover, the neutrophils in MDS peripheral blood oxidized dihydrorhodamine123 (DHR) nearly the same as neutrophils in a normal donor's circulation, while obviously poor function was observed in neutrophils from AML blood. Of note, research on clonality had an unexpected outcome as most of the typical morphological dysplastic cells possessed normal karyotypes. These findings lead to the proposal that the biological features of MDS clones are distinctive from those of AML clones.     

Clonality in Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprises a group of acquired hematological disorders which is characterized by a progressive peripheral blood pancytopenia of one or more cell lineages. A high percentage of blast cells in either bone marrow or peripheral blood predisposes for the transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. The clinical presentation with pancytopenia suggest that all cell lineages are affected by MDS. The first experiments with X-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) indicated that MDS is a stem cell disorder since the clonal deletions could be detected in all cell lineages. During the 1st decade several new molecular biological techniques such as polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) were applied to study molecular aberrations in subpopulations of cells. Molecular aberrations in all subpopulations would indicate that MDS is a stem cell disorder. The clonal studies in MDS are equivocal. Studies involving the expression of chromosomal abnormalities (standard karyotyping and FISH) in different cell lineages suggest that the pluripotent stem cell is not affected in MDS since the lymphoid cells usually do not express the abnormal karyotype. Results obtained by RFLP vary widely. Some studies indicate that the lymphoid lineage is not involved, while other studies find a polyclonal expression of the polymorphic genes in lymphoid cells. One study using PCR demonstrated mutations in the ras-oncogenes in T-cells as well as myeloid cells, suggesting that a common ancester of myeloid and lymphoid cells is affected by MDS. This review discusses the different experimental approaches carried out to solve the discussion whether MDS is a stem cell disorder.     

Clonality of the stem cell compartment during evolution of myelodysplastic syndromes and other bone marrow failure syndromes.

Clonal hematopoiesis, observed in certain forms of marrow failure including aplastic anemia (AA), may be due to stem cell depletion. Alternatively, oligoclonality may be a result of recruitment of a preexisting defective clone, such as in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In PNH, exogenous permissive factors may be required for dominance of the abnormal clone, while in MDS, stem cells undergo transformation steps leading to a growth advantage. Stem or multipotent progenitor cell involvement in PNH is evidenced by long-term persistence of a clonal defect and its presence in all blood cells. In MDS, some clonal aberrations may have a 'founder-effect' and additional defects are secondary. Metaphase cytogenetics measures the proportion of clonal cells within dividing progenitor but not mature cells. Owing to low resolution, lesions can be found in only approximately 50% of MDS patients. This shortcoming may be overcome by application of newer technologies such as comparative genomic hybridization and SNP array-based karyotyping (SNP-A). SNP-A facilitates identification of cryptic lesions in bone marrow failure patients with normal or abnormal cytogenetics and allows for detection of loss of heterozygosity as a result of uniparental disomy, a lesion frequently found in MDS.     

骨髓增生异常综合征T淋巴细胞异常与克隆造血

 目的　了解T淋巴细胞异常在骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）克隆造血中的作用。方法　对76例MDS患者的染色体核型、T淋巴细胞亚群及激活状态进行分析。结果　正常核型36例,异常核型40例,异常发生率52.6 %。40例异常核型中,三体8（+8）24例,占异常核型的60.0 %。与健康对照组比较,MDS患者CD+3 CD-19、CD+3 CD-4 CD+8以及CD+3 HLA-DR+细胞百分率显著升高,CD-3（CD16 CD56）+细胞的百分率明显降低。将MDS患者进行核型分组,异常核型组CD+3（CD16 CD56）+细胞的百分率显著高于正常对照组。将+8核型从MDS异常核型中独立出来进行分析,CD+3 CD+4 CD-8细胞的百分率明显低于正常核型以及其他异常组,CD4／CD8的比值明显低于健康对照组。结论　MDS存在T淋巴细胞异常,异常核型MDS可能恶性克隆增殖更为优势,预后更差。+8 核型MDS存在更为严重的免疫监视功能下降,导致恶性克隆过度增殖与残存造血过度受抑。     

Morphologic analysis in myelodysplastic syndromes with del(5q) treated with lenalidomide. A Japanese multiinstitutional study

Lenalidomide is known to be effective in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with del(5q) in improving anemia and suppressing del(5q) cells. MDS with del(5q) shows increase of nonlobulated megakaryocytes. However, histopathology of MDS with del(5q) treated with lenalidomide has not been fully studied. We investigated the morphologic changes in lenalidomide treated low- or intermediate-1-risk MDS with del(5q). All of evaluable patients showed high proportion of nonlobulated megakaryocytes. The nonlobulated megakaryocytes were markedly decreased in 6 patients during therapy in parallel with suppression of del(5q) cells. Our analysis suggests that single allele deletion of common deleted region inhibits nuclear lobulation of megakaryocytes.     

病态造血特点在骨髓增生异常综合征预后评估中的价值

目的 探讨病态造血特点在骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）向急性白血病转化及预后评估中的价值.方法 以2008 WHO MDS分类标准为诊断金标准,选择2008年2月至2014年3月98例MDS患者,分别进行细胞形态学、细胞遗传学及流式细胞术等检测,分析患者病态造血特点在MDS向急性白血病转化及预后评估中的意义.结果 98例MDS患者经随访,27例转化为急性髓系白血病,其中转化为M215例、M410例、M62例.67例存在Pelger-Hu（e）t异常者中23例转化为急性白血病,31例无Pelger-Hu（e）t异常者中4例转化为急性白血病,转化率差异有统计学意义（x2=4.87,P=0.030）;37例存在Auer小体者中19例转化为急性白血病,61例无Auer小体者中8例转化为急性白血病,转化率差异有统计学意义（x2=16.87,P=0.000）;52例小巨核病态改变者中21例转化为急性白血病,46例无小巨核病态改变者中6例转化为急性白血病,转化率差异有统计学意义（x2=9.14,P=0.003）.98例MDS患者中,37例死亡,存在Pelger-Hu（e）t异常、Auer小体、小巨核病态改变患者的中位生存时间分别为26个月（95％CI13～38）、19个月（95％CI11～26）、13个月（95％CI6～19）,差异均有统计学意义（x2值分别为11.05、13.04、21.05,P值分别为0.001、0.000、0.000）.结论 形态学异常是MDS患者在细胞学上的外在表现,Pelger-Hu（e）t异常、Auer小体、小巨核病态改变与转化为急性白血病及其预后有相关性,对指导预后有一定意义.     

Mesenchymal cells generated from patients with myelodysplastic syndromes are devoid of chromosomal clonal markers and support short- and long-term hematopoiesis in vitro

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal malignant stem cell disorders characterized by inefficient hematopoiesis. The role of the marrow microenvironment in the pathogenesis of the disease has been controversial and no study has been performed so far to characterize mesenchymal cells (MC) from MDS patients and to analyse their ability to support hematopoiesis. To this end, we have isolated and characterized MC at diagnostic marrow samples (n=12) and have purified their CD34+CD38- and CD34+CD38+ counterparts (n=7) before using MC as a short- and long-term hematopoietic support. We show that MC can be readily isolated from MDS marrow and exhibit a major expansion potential as well as an intact osteoblastic differentiation ability. They do not harbor the abnormal marker identified by FISH in the hematopoietic cells and they stimulate the growth of autologous clonogenic cells. Conversely, highly purified stem cells and their cytokine-expanded progeny harbor the clonal marker with variable frequencies, and both normal and abnormal long-term culture-initiating cell-derived progeny can be effectively supported by autologous MC. Thus, we demonstrate that MDS marrow is an abundant source of MC appearing both cytogenetically and functionally noninvolved by the malignant process and able to support hematopoiesis, suggesting their possible usefulness in future cell therapy approaches.     

Inappropriate notch activity and limited mesenchymal stem cell plasticity in the bone marrow of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a heterogeneous group of hematological disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, enhanced bone marrow apoptosis and frequent progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Several recent studies suggested that, besides the abnormal development of stem cells, microenvironmental alterations are also present in the MDS bone marrow. In this study, we have examined the relative frequencies of stem and progenitor cell subsets of MDS and normal hematopoietic cells growing on stromal cell layers established from MDS patients and from normal donors. When hematopoietic cells from MDS patients were co-cultured with normal stromal cells, the frequency of either early or late cobblestone area-forming cells (CAFC) was significantly lower compared to the corresponding normal control values in 4 out of 8 patients. In the opposite situation, when normal hematopoietic cells were incubated on MDS stromal cells, the CAFC frequencies were decreased in 5 out of 6 patients, compared to normal stromal layer-containing control cultures. Moreover, a soluble Notch ligand (Jagged-1 protein) was an inhibitor of day-35-42 CAFC when normal hematopoietic cells were cultured with normal or MDS stromal cells, but was unable to inhibit MDS stem and early progenitor cell growth (day-35-42 CAFC) on pre-established stromal layers. These findings suggest that in early hematopoietic cells isolated from MDS patients the Notch signal transduction pathway is disrupted. Furthermore, there was a marked reduction in the plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells of MDS patients compared with those of normal marrow donors, in neurogenic and adipogenic differentiation ability and hematopoiesis supporting capacity in vitro. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that when alterations are present in the myelodysplastic stroma environment along with intrinsic changes in a hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell clone, both factors might equally contribute to the abnormal hematopoiesis in MDS.