The value of intra-operative cystoscopy at the time of laparoscopic hysterectomy.

The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of routine intra-operative cystoscopy in documenting ureteral injury during total laparoscopic hysterectomy with vault suspension and to document the incidence of this complication in a large series. The charts of 118 patients who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy with vault suspension from January 1992 to January 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients underwent intra-operative cystoscopic evaluation to verify ureteral permeability and bladder integrity. Intra-operative ureteral obstruction occurred in four patients (3.4%). All complications were immediately fixed and there were no postoperative ureteral problems. No late ureteral complications were observed. Intra-operative cystoscopy allows for early recognition and treatment of obstructive ureteral injuries and may reduce the rate of late postoperative complications during advanced laparoscopic procedures.     

Total laparoscopic hysterectomy versus total abdominal hysterectomy: an assessment of the learning curve in a prospective randomized study

The present randomized study was undertaken in order to compare the short-term results between total laparoscopic hysterectomy and abdominal hysterectomy in a centre with experience in laparoscopic surgery. From January 1997 to September 1998 inclusive, 102 women aged 44-71 years were randomly assigned to either total laparoscopic hysterectomy (n = 51 patients) or abdominal hysterectomy (n = 51 patients). The patients' demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Average intra-operative blood loss was lower in laparoscopic hysterectomy than in abdominal hysterectomy (P 相似文献   

Morbidity of 10 110 hysterectomies by type of approach.

BACKGROUND: Since the late 1980s, the option of laparoscopic hysterectomy has raised questions about the most suitable approach to hysterectomy. METHODS: To evaluate the influence of the type of approach, in causing or avoiding certain complaints in hysterectomies a prospective nationwide study was conducted comprising all hysterectomies for benign disease performed in Finland during 1996. The primary outcomes of interest were the operation-related morbidity, common surgical details and post-operative complications. RESULTS: A total of 10 110 hysterectomies, including 5875 abdominal, 1801 vaginal and 2434 laparoscopic operations showed a low rate of overall complications, 17.2, 23.3 and 19.0% respectively. Infections were the most common complications with incidences of 10.5, 13.0 and 9.0% in the abdominal, vaginal and laparoscopic group respectively. The most severe type of haemorrhagic events occurred in 2.1, 3.1 and 2.7% in the abdominal, vaginal and laparoscopic group respectively. Ureter injuries were predominant in laparoscopic group [relative risk (RR) 7.2 compared with abdominal] whereas bowel injuries were most common in vaginal group (RR 2.5 compared with abdominal). Surgeons who had performed >30 laparoscopic hysterectomies had a significantly lower incidence of ureter and bladder injuries (0.5 and 0.8% respectively) than those who had performed < or =30 operations (2.2 and 2.0% respectively). A decreasing trend of bowel complications was also seen with increasing experience in vaginal hysterectomies. CONCLUSIONS: This large-scale observational study on hysterectomies provides novel information on operation-related morbidity of abdominal, vaginal or laparoscopic approach. The results support the importance of the experience of the surgeon in reducing severe complications, especially in laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomies.     

National learning curve for laparoscopic hysterectomy and trends in hysterectomy in Finland 2000-2005

BACKGROUND: Complications of laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) have been evaluatedwith particular focus on quantities of urinary tract injuries.An earlier survey in the 1990s on LH in Finland indicated adecreasing trend in complications; our aim was to evaluate thecurrent complications and hysterectomy trends. METHODS: All hysterectomies in Finland performed for benign indicationfrom 2000 to 2005 (n = 56 130) were included, data were obtainedfrom the Finnish hospital care register. All major complicationsreported on LH were analysed; the data were collected retrospectivelyfrom the Patient Insurance Centre. RESULTS: In 2000, the proportion of abdominal hysterectomy (AH) was 38%,vaginal hysterectomy (VH) 37% and LH 25%, whereas in 2005, theproportions were 26%, 45% and 29%, respectively. The overallincidence of major complications in LHs from 1992 to 1999 (LHn = 13 885) was 1.8% and from 2000 to 2005 (LH n = 13 942) itdecreased to 1.0%. During the same time, urinary tract injuriesdecreased from 1.4% to 0.7%; in detail ureteral injuries decreasedfrom 0.9% to 0.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic and VHs have become more common in Finland thanAH. Continuous instruction and training of the Finnish gynaecologicalsurgeons has helped to diminish major complication rates andit seems that in LH, a plateau on the learning curve has beenreached.     

Surgery: Total laparocscopic hysterectomy: preliminary results

Total hysterectomy carried out entirely via laparoscopy benefited31 patients. In all cases the operation was carried out usingconventional, re-usable instruments (grasping forceps, laparoscopicscissors, bipolar coagulation). The mean duration of the operationwas 171 min. No serious peri-or post-operative complicationswere encountered and no transfusion was required. The mean dropin haemoglobin was 1.3 g/100 ml and the average length of hospitalstay was 4 days. In one case (3.26%) we converted to laparotomybecause a lateral myoma made it impossible to achieve haemostasisof the uterine pedicle under suitably safe conditions. Theseresults confirm that total hysterectomy via laparoscopy is asafe, feasible and reproducible technique. Future work willestablish the exact place and methods for laparoscopic surgeryfor hysterectomy; it can be suggested, however, that laparoscopicsurgery is only indicated when vaginal hysterectomy is contra-indicatedor impossible. So, laparoscopic hysterectomy constitutes analternative to laparotomy rather than to vaginal hysterectomy.The combination of an immobile uterus and poor vaginal accessibilityis the prime indication for total hysterectomy via laparoscopy.     

Loss of ovarian reserve after uterine artery embolization: a randomized comparison with hysterectomy

BACKGROUND: Ovarian failure as a complication of uterine artery embolization (UAE) for symptomatic uterine fibroids has raised concerns about this new treatment modality. METHODS: We investigated the occurrence of ovarian reserve reduction in a randomized trial comparing UAE and hysterectomy by measuring follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH). A total of 177 pre-menopausal women with menorrhagia due to uterine fibroids were included (UAE:n=88; hysterectomy:n=89). FSH and AMH were measured at baseline and at several time-points during the 24 months follow-up period. Follow-up AMH levels were also compared to the expected decrease due to ovarian ageing during the observational period. RESULTS: FSH increased significantly compared to baseline in both groups after 24 months follow-up (within group analysis: UAE:+12.1; P=0.001; hysterectomy:+16.3; P<0.0001). No differences in FSH values between the groups were found (P=0.32). At 24 months after treatment the number of patients with FSH levels>40 IU/l was 14/80 in the UAE group and 17/73 in the hysterectomy group (relative risk=0.75; P=0.37). AMH was measured in 63 patients (UAE: n=30; hysterectomy: n=33). After treatment AMH levels remained significantly decreased during the entire follow-up period only in the UAE group compared to the expected AMH decrease due to ageing. No differences were observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that both UAE and hysterectomy affect ovarian reserve. This results in older women becoming menopausal after the intervention. Therefore, the application of UAE in women who still wish to conceive should only be considered after appropriate counselling.     

Surgery: Hysterectomy for patients without previous vaginal delivery: results and modalities of laparoscopic surgery

The great majority of hysterectomies in nulliparous patientshave been carried out via laparotomy. The purpose of this studywas to establish whether laparoscopic surgery can be of usein an attempt to reduce the number of iaparotomies when hysterectomyis indicated in patients without previous vaginal delivery.A retrospective study was carried out on 66 women who had nothad a previous vaginal delivery who underwent hysterectomy fromJanuary 1993 to May 1995. Laparotomy was required for only 19.7%of cases (13 patients). For the 53 patients (80.3%) who underwentlaparoscopic hysterectomy, the average duration of the operationwas 152.24±45.7 min, and the average weight of the uteruswas 2383±154.1 g. The duration of the laparoscopic operationwas correlated in a statistically significant fashion with theweight of the uterus (P=0.0005), the necessity of associatedprocedures during the hysterectomy (P=0.01) and the surgeon'sexperience (P=0.01). These results demonstrate that laparoscopicsurgery decreases the number of laparotomies necessary for patientswith no previous vaginal delivery who require hysterectomy.When vaginal access is poor, simple laparoscopic preparationis inadequate and the only possibility of avoiding laparotomyis to carry out the hysterectomy entirely via the laparoscopicroute.     

Surgery: Is total laparoscopic hysterectomy a safe surgical procedure?

Total hysterectomy via laparoscopy is a recently developed technique.Assessment of a new surgical technique, once the operation hasbeen shown to be feasible, requires an evaluation of the risksof complications. Here we report our cumulative 3 year experiencewith laparoscopic hysterectomy in a total of 222 patients. Theoverall complication rate was 10.0%. We did not observe anyhaemorrhage complications requiring another operation. Fourpatients (1.8%) were re-admitted to hospital but only two ofthem (0.9%) had to be operated upon again (one veslco-vaginalfistula and one vaginal cuff wound separation). These encouragingresults mean that, provided the surgeons are experienced inlaparoscopic surgery, total laparoscopic hysterectomy techniquewould appear not to have a higher rate of complications thanhysterectomy via laparotomy or the vaginal route.     

Ureteral injury during laparoscopically assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy

We report on a case of ureteral injury during laparoscopicallyradical hysterectomy to treat a patient with a stage IA² carcinomaof the uterine cervix. The advantage of laparoscopically radicalhysterectomy is the prevention of the identification and dissectingof the ureter from a vaginal approach, the main problem in theSchauta technique. However, ureteral injury may still occurwhile resecting the cardinal ligament without good visualizationof the ureter during a vaginal procedure. Because the ureterwas well identified and freed laparoscopically, a vaginal approachafter uterine removal may be an option for treatment. Moreover,using the ureteral stent as a marker during a modified Schautatechnique is helpful in the prevention of ureteral injury duringlaparoscopically assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy.     

Hysterectomy techniques used for benign pathologies: results of a French multicentre study.

The objective of this study was to assess the techniques by which hysterectomies are carried out and to determine the rate of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH). A transversal multicentre study was conducted in 23 gynaecology and obstetrics departments of French University Hospital Centres. The study population comprised only those patients for whom hysterectomy was indicated for benign disease without genital prolapse or urinary stress incontinence. Whereas the rates of performance of hysterectomy by laparotomy and by the vaginal route are comparable [respectively 40.0% (94 patients) and 46.8% (110 patients)], the rate of performance of TLH is only 13.2% (31 patients). All 23 centres (100%) carried out hysterectomy by laparotomy and 21 centres (91.3%) carried out vaginal hysterectomy; however, only nine centres (39.1%) carried out TLH. Only seven centres (30.4%) performed all three types of operation. Of the eight centres whose rate of vaginal hysterectomy was >60%, six (75%) did not carry out TLH. The study suggests that the usage of the TLH technique appears to be limited. The extent of surgical training is a major factor in the choice of technique for hysterectomy.     

Fertility after laparoscopic myomectomy of large intramural myomas: preliminary results

Fertility outcome following laparoscopic myomectomy was evaluated.A prospective clinical study was carried out between October1990 and October 1993 in 21 infertile patients who underwentlaparoscopic myomectomy for a myoma measuring 3>;5 cm indiameter. The overall rate of intrauterine pregnancy was 333%(seven patients). Out of 12 patients with infertility factorsassociated with uterine myomas, three (25.0%) became pregnant,whereas four (44.4%) out of nine patients with no other associatedinfertility factor became pregnant. No uterine rupture was observed.Out of the seven pregnancies, four were spontaneous and beganwithin 1 year of the operation. The other three were achievedafter in-vitro fertilization in patients with associated infertilityfactors. In the four patients who gave birth by Caesarean section,no adhesions were found on the myomectomy scar. From these preliminaryresults, laparoscopic surgery for myomas seems to offer comparableresults with those obtained by laparotomy.     

Uterine endometrial thermal balloon therapy for the treatment of menorrhagia: long-term multicentre follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Initial reports from observational and randomized trials of uterine endometrial thermal balloon therapy (UBT) suggested good results as judged by return to eumenorrhoea or less and patient satisfaction. Long-term follow-up data remained limited by the small numbers of patients and duration of follow-up. We present long-term (4-6 years) follow-up data from a cohort of women previously treated with UBT for menorrhagia. METHODS: Of the 260 questionnaires sent to women eligible for long-term follow-up from 10 centres, 188 (72%) replies were received. The primary outcome measure was avoidance of hysterectomy. RESULTS: In women who responded to the questionnaire, 25 had undergone hysterectomy and 21 had had repeat ablation. At 4-6 years after UBT, the probability of avoiding hysterectomy was 86% of all women, and of avoiding re-ablation was 88% of non-hysterectomized women. Overall, the probability of avoiding any surgery was 75%. Women with an axial or retroverted uterus were at greater risk of hysterectomy or re-ablation. Among the participants, 47% of the non-hysterectomized women were amenorrhoeic, 30% were hypomenorrhoeic, 13.6% were eumenorrhoeic and 8.5% had heavy periods. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first long-term follow-up report of a second-generation endometrial ablation procedure and confirms our initial experience. The high rate of hysterectomy avoidance over 5 years or more is very encouraging for this technology.     

Menses, fertility and pregnancy after arterial embolization for the control of postpartum haemorrhage

BACKGROUND: The long-term effects of uterine artery embolization for the control of postpartum haemorrhage on menses, fertility and future pregnancy evolution have not been assessed. METHODS: Between November 1993 and July 1999, 31 women with obstetric haemorrhage underwent arterial embolization. Four patients underwent a hysterectomy. Gynaecological information on 25 of the 27 patients who did not undergo hysterectomy was obtained by interview. RESULTS: All women had a return of normal menses. Nine of the 25 patients desired subsequent pregnancy and five patients became pregnant with normal delay of conception. Moreover, two other patients who did not plan another pregnancy became pregnant. A total of 10 pregnancies was studied, four ended during the first trimester. For the six others, the maternal evolution of the pregnancy was uneventful until term. No case of pre-eclampsia was observed. The ultrasonographic examinations revealed normal fetal growth and umbilical and uterine Doppler studies showed no anomaly. No repetition of obstetric haemorrhage was observed. All full-term, newborns were healthy, weighing from 3220 to 4100 g. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that women who undergo arterial embolization for obstetric haemorrhage should expect to have a return of normal menses with preservation of future fertility and successful uneventful pregnancies.     

Surgical routes and complications of hysterectomy for benign disorders: a prospective observational study in French university hospitals

BACKGROUND: Despite the advantages of the vaginal and laparoscopic approaches, most hysterectomies carried out involve laparotomy. The objective of this prospective observational multicentre study was to examine the routes and complications of hysterectomy for benign disorders. METHODS: Of the 15 university hospitals belonging to Collégiale de Gynécologie-Obstétrique de Paris-Ile de France, 12 participated in this study that took place between June and December 2004. We analysed the characteristics of the patients, the indications for hysterectomy and intra- and post-operative complications (and their determinants) according to the surgical approach. RESULTS: In total, 634 women underwent hysterectomy for benign disorders during the study period. The patients' mean age (+/-SD), BMI, parity and previous Caesarean sections were 51.4 +/- 10.3 years, 25 +/- 5.7 kg/m(2), 2 +/- 1.6 children and 0.2 +/- 0.6, respectively. Hysterectomy was performed by the laparoscopic, laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH), laparotomic and vaginal routes in 19.1, 8.2, 24.4 and 48.3% of cases, respectively. The operating time was shorter with the vaginal route than with laparoscopy, laparotomy and LAVH (P < 0.0001). Intra- and post-operative complications were significantly more frequent in the laparotomic group (18%) compared with the vaginal group (8.2%), the laparoscopic group (5.8%) and the LAVH group (8.2%) (P < 0.0001). In a multivariate logistic regression model, obesity [odds ratio (OR): 2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.53-5.27, P = 0.001], history of pelvic surgery (OR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.39-4.39, P = 0.002) and history of Caesarean section (OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.01-4.1, P = 0.046) were significantly associated with intra- and post-operative complications. Laparoconversion was necessary in 36 cases (7.5%) overall and was more frequent with laparoscopy and LAVH than with the vaginal route (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the vaginal route is increasingly used for hysterectomy in France and that it is the route of choice for benign disorders.     

围产期急症子宫切除术治疗产后出血30例病例分析

目的探讨产后出血急症子宫切除术治疗的时机、指征及高危因素,以期降低产后出血急症子宫切除的发生率及患者死亡率。方法对本院2000年6月至2008年6月因产后出血行急症子宫切除术的30例病例进行回顾性分析。结果围产期急症子宫切除率为0．18％（30／16546）,其中剖宫产组急症子宫切除率为0．24％（24／9900）,阴道分娩组急症子宫切除率为0．09％（6／6616）,两者对比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。30例中有2例死亡（其中1例为羊水栓塞,另1例为多脏器功能障碍综合征）,急症子宫切除术治疗后抢救成功率为93．33％。30例产后出血行急症子宫切除术患者原发病因：胎盘因素16例,软产道裂伤4例,宫缩乏力4例,羊水栓塞3例,子宫破裂2例,凝血功能障碍伴多脏器功能受损1例。结论本文胎盘因素是产后出血围产期急症子宫切除术最主要的手术指征。加强前置胎盘、胎盘植入的产前诊断,重视孕产妇管理有望降低围产期急症子宫切除率及孕产妇死亡率。     

Fertility and obstetric outcome after laparoscopic myomectomy of large myomata: a randomized comparison with abdominal myomectomy

The purpose of this study was to compare, in infertile patients, the efficacy of laparoscopic myomectomy versus abdominal myomectomy, in restoring fertility and to evaluate the obstetric outcomes. Between January 1993 and January 1998, 131 patients of reproductive age, with anamnesis of infertility, underwent myomectomy because of the presence of at least one large myoma (diameter greater than or = 5 cm). Patients were randomly selected for treatment by laparotomy (n = 65) or laparoscopy (n = 66). The two groups were homogeneous for number, size and position of large myomata. Significant differences were found in the post-operative outcome: febrile morbidity (> 38 degrees C) was more frequent in the abdominal than in the laparoscopic group (26.2 versus 12.1%; P < 0.05). Laparotomy caused a more pronounced haemoglobin drop (2.17 +/- 1.57 versus 1.33 +/- 1.23; P < 0.001); three patients received a blood transfusion after laparotomy and none after laparoscopy. The post-operative hospital stay was shorter in the laparoscopic group (142.80 +/- 34.60 versus 75.61 +/- 37.09 h; P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the two groups as concerns pregnancy rate (55.9% after laparotomy, 53.6% after laparoscopy), abortion rate (12.1 versus 20%), preterm delivery (7.4 versus 5%) and the use of Caesarean section (77.8 versus 65%). No case of uterine rupture during pregnancy or labour was observed.     

急症产科子宫切除治疗产科出血23例分析

目的分析产科急症子宫切除的原因、价值、预防措施,降低急症产科子宫切除的可能性。方法对我院产科近11年间所做的急症产科子宫切除术作回顾性分析。结果急症产科子宫切除术发生率为0.27%,剖宫产子宫切除率为1.00%,阴道分娩子宫切除率为0.05%。首位原因为是胎盘因素(43.48%),其次为子宫收缩乏力(30.43%),子宫破裂居第三(13.04%)。结论胎盘因素及子宫收缩乏力是产科急症子宫切除的主要原因。产科急症子宫切除在挽救某些危重产科大出血患者的生命中起到关键作用。加强孕期保健和计划生育,提高产科质量,可以有效地降低急症产科子宫切除率。     

Treatment outcomes of uterine artery embolization and laparoscopic uterine artery ligation for uterine myoma

In treating women with leiomyoma and who wish to preserve their uterus, laparoscopic uterine artery ligation or uterine artery embolization should be considered as possible options. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of laparoscopic uterine artery ligation and uterine artery embolization in treating uterine myoma. The treatment outcomes of 23 patients who underwent uterine artery embolization and 17 laparoscopic uterine artery ligation were evaluated. The uterine volume reduced 3 months after uterine artery embolization, but thereafter no significant changes were observed. On the other hand, the uterine volumes were only slightly reduced 3 months after laparoscopic uterine artery ligation, and slightly more reduced 6 months later. The average reduction in the case of laparoscopic uterine artery ligation was about 58.5%. After laparoscopic uterine artery ligation, 20% of the patients complained of vaginal spotting. Furthermore, the mechanism of volume reduction was evaluated using specimens obtained from a biopsy taken after each procedure. The results suggested that laparoscopic uterine artery ligation results mainly in physiologic cell death, that is apoptosis, whereas, the corresponding result is cell necrosis for uterine artery embolization. Uterine artery embolization and laparoscopic uterine artery ligation are both effective in relieving the symptoms caused by uterine myoma, and therefore both procedures can be used in place of hysterectomy or myomectomy.     

Modern surgical approaches to female reproductive tract

Laparoscopic and hysteroscopic surgery have changed the management of many gynaecological disorders. Procedures that previously required a long duration of hospitalization can now be done on an outpatient basis or with a short hospital stay. Surgical treatment remains the definitive and universal treatment of ectopic pregnancy and it can be safely done by laparoscopy. Most reproductive operations are done by laparoscopy and the results appear to be similar to those obtained with laparotomy. Those needing a laparotomy will be better treated by in-vitro fertilization. Laparoscopic ovarian drilling is a viable alternative for infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Most ovarian cysts and endometriosis should be treated by laparoscopy. Although uterine myomas can be removed by laparoscopy, the uterine integrity after the procedure is questionable. Surgery should be reserved for women who have completed their family or those with pedunculated or shallow intramural myomas. Alternatively, a laparoscopically assisted myomectomy can be done. For laparoscopic hysterectomies for benign lesions, supracervical hysterectomy appears to be a good option. Hysteroscopy has changed our management, particularly for abnormal uterine bleeding. A submucous myoma and polyp can be removed by hysteroscopy and, as an alternative to hysterectomy, endometrial ablation can be done. In the future, most procedures will be done by endoscopy and laparotomy will be reserved only for selected cases.     

Peripheral CA 125 levels in patients with uterine fibroids.

CA 125, a marker of ovarian cancer, is also increased in otherwise normal women suffering from, for example, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis and adenomyosis. The tissues suspected of producing CA 125 in normal women include the endometrium, the ovary and the peritoneum. This study was based on the hypothesis that uterine myomata would distend the peritoneum covering the uterus and thereby increase the peripheral levels of CA 125. To verify this hypothesis we measured CA 125 by an immunoradiometric assay in eight normal women every second day throughout the cycle and in 26 women with uterine fibroids before and after hysterectomy and at 8 and 12 weeks during gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue therapy. In normal women no difference was observed between CA 125 levels in the follicular phase or in the luteal phase of the cycle. Over one-third (10/26) of the patients with uterine fibroids had increased (greater than 90th centile of the controls) levels of CA 125 before GnRH therapy or hysterectomy. Removal of the uterus or administration of GnRH significantly decreased peripheral concentrations of CA 125 to levels below those observed in normal women. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was observed between the levels of CA 125 and the volume of myomata as assessed by ultrasound. We conclude that in those cases of uterine fibroids where CA 125 is increased, monitoring this parameter during GnRH therapy is a good indirect measurement of regression of myomata.