脐血铅与初乳铅含量与新生儿神经行为发育关系

目的 探讨在宫内低水平铅暴露状态下,新生儿脐血铅含量及初乳铅铅含量与神经行为发育的关系。方法 随机选取南京市妇幼保健院医院产科2010-01/04出生的足月新生儿170例。以脐血铅和初乳铅铅含量作为新生儿铅暴露的指标,新生儿神经行为（NBNA）发育评分作为效应指标,根据初乳铅中位数48.3μg/l,新生儿被分为高低铅两组。结果 高暴露组在新生儿主动肌张力、原始反射,和神经行为发育总评分上低于低暴露组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,在新生儿行为能力、被动肌张力、一般估价上差异无统计学意义。结论 初乳铅脐血铅水平和与婴儿的早期发育有关,铅可通过乳汁和脐血造成新生儿的铅接触,对新生儿婴儿早期神经行为发育产生不良影响。     

初乳铅与儿童体格和智力发育的关系

目的为了分析产后初乳铅暴露对学龄前期发育智商发育的影响,探讨产后初乳铅影响因素。了解母血、脐血、母乳之间铅、钙含量的相关性,尝试降低人体铅含量的途径方法。方法研究现场选在南京市妇幼保健院医院产科、儿童保建科门诊,2005.10～2006.10共170名孕妇被随机选为研究对象,2010年随访这些孕妇所生子女,通过问卷调查和体格检查分别了解上述儿童的一般状况、生长发育情况。用韦克斯勒氏学龄前儿童智商测量量表测定儿童智商,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）检测其中产后初乳铅含量。结果妊娠期产后初乳铅暴露对学龄前期儿童智商发育有显著的影响。产后初乳铅水平影响因素的多因素线性回归分析结果表明,在当地居住时间长短及孕期血铅水平直接影响到产后初乳中的铅含量。通过随访,分析了妊娠期产后初乳铅暴露对学龄前期儿童发育的影响,结果表明低产后初乳铅组儿童总智商评分和操作智商评分均高于高脐血铅水平组（t=2.97,P〈0.01;t=5.79,P〈0.01）。结论产后初乳铅与学龄前期的早期发育有关,铅可通过乳汁造成新生儿的铅接触,对学龄前期儿童早期神经行为发育产生不良影响。     

南京市区170例母乳铅与母血、脐血铅含量的相关性分析

目的了解南京地区产妇母乳含量与母血、脐血铅含量之间的相关性。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对南京地区170例产妇抽取母乳与母血、脐血中铅含量进行测定,并进行三者之间的相关性分析。结果母血铅含量为14.87-121μg/L,均值为69μg/L;铅含量为15.42-114.32均值为48.74;母乳铅含量为12.42-99.36μg/L,均值为50.23μg/L。母血铅/脐血铅含量呈正相关（r=0.398,P〈0.05）;母血铅/初乳铅含量呈正相关（r=0.571,P〈0.01）;乳铅/脐血铅含量呈正相关（r=0.489,P〈0.05）。结论脐血铅含量呈正相关,血铅可通过胎盘转运给胎儿,母血铅含量与脐血铅水平及母乳铅水平受母血铅含量影响。     

初乳铅含量对婴儿早期神经行为发育的影响

目的探讨初乳铅对婴儿早期神经行为发育的影响。方法检测初乳铅水平,做t检验分析初乳铅对新生儿以及3月龄婴儿神经行为发育的影响,并对初乳铅水平与3月龄婴儿神经行为发育得分做相关分析。结果初乳高、低铅组新生儿以及3月龄婴儿神经行为得分差异均有显著性,初乳铅水平与3月龄婴儿神经行为发育得分有负相关关系。结论初乳铅水平与婴儿的早期发育有关,铅可通过乳汁造成婴儿的铅接触,对婴儿早期神经行为发育产生不良影响。     

C-反应蛋白测定在急性心肌梗死诊断临床应用

目的　探讨C -反应蛋白 (CRP)定量对急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者早期诊断的价值 .方法　用免疫比浊法对 30例健康体检者、30例AMI进行血清CRP检测 ,同时测定肌酸激酶同工酶 (CK -MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT) ,并对其中 5例AMI患者 (胸痛发作 1h内入院 )作动态观测 .结果　 30例健康体检者血清CRP、CK -MB、cTnT浓度分别为3.2 1± 0 .6 2mg/L、13.1± 2 .2U/L、0 .2 3± 0 .2 μg/L、30例AMICRP、CK -MB、cTnT浓度分别为 19.2± 6 .3mg/L、99.0±73.4U/L、2 .9± 2 .1μg/L ,阳性率分别为 98.2 %、83.2 %、85 .7% . 5例动态观察lh内入院时血清中CRP浓度开始升高 15 .0± 2 .3mg/L ,所升高峰值时间比CK -MB、cTnT时间早 (p <0 .0 1) .结论　CRP可作为AMI早期诊断的血清标志物 .     

血清β-HCG,P,E3联检对宫外孕早期诊断的意义

本文对疑似宫外孕患者进行血清绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚单位(β-HCG)、孕酮(P)、雌三醇(E3 )联合检测,以探讨其在宫外孕早期诊断中的价值,现报告如下。1　材料和方法1 1　对象　选择1 998年1月～2 0 0 3年1 2月妇产科拟诊“宫外孕”患者75例,年龄(2 9±7)岁,孕龄(4 3±4 )天;正常     

冷烫精和摩丝的胚胎毒性的实验研究

目的 :为探讨冷烫精和摩丝的胚胎毒性。方法 :用两种美发剂的不同剂量 (10 0 0mg/kg、10 0mg/kg)对昆明小鼠孕期 6 - 14d进行灌胃染毒 ,观察孕鼠及胎鼠的生长发育结局 ,以蒸馏水为阴性对照 ,以VitA为阳性对照。结果 :冷烫精 10 0 0mg/kg、10 0mg/kg组的孕鼠体重增加 (14.0 3± 7.90g、17.6 6± 2 .6 0g)、活胎率 (73.79%、85 .16 % )、仔鼠身长 (2 .12± 0 .2 3cm、2 .2 3± 0 .17cm)、仔鼠尾长 (1.0 4± 0 .12cm、1.0 9± 0 .12cm)和仔鼠体重 (1.14± 0 .17g、1.31± 0 .15g)明显低于阴性对照组 (2 2 .2 9± 2 .0 7g、96 .43%、2 .36± 0 .14cm、1.2 2± 0 .0 9cm、1.43± 0 .10g) (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;而吸收和死胎总率 (2 6 .2 1%、14.84% )、10 0 0mg/kg组外部畸形率 (7.48% )和骨骼畸形率 (15 .0 7% )显著高于阴性对照组 (3.75 %、0 %、0 .0 9% ) (P <0 .0 1)。摩丝 10 0 0mg/kg、10 0mg/kg组的活胎率 (77.5 8%、86 .30 % )、仔鼠身长 (2 .15± 0 .2 1cm、2 .2 2± 0 .13cm)、仔鼠尾长 (1.0 9± 0 .16cm、1.11± 0 .12cm)和仔鼠体重(1.2 1± 0 .10g、1.31± 0 .11g)明显低于阴性对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;但吸收和死胎总率 (2 2 .42 %、13.70 % )、10 0 0mg/kg组外部畸形率(4 .6 9% )明显高于阴性对     

乳铁蛋白酶免疫分析法的建立及乳品含量检测的初步应用

目的：建立乳铁蛋白（LF）酶免疫分析法,检测LF在血清及乳汁中的水平。方法：用人源的LF多次免疫兔,获得高效价的抗体。纯化后包被成固相酶标板,以识别并结合待测标本中的LF。用生物素标记抗原（Bio-Ag）,同辣根酶标记亲和素（HRP-A）可特异结合。向固相酶标板中同时加入Bio-Ag和不同浓度的标准品,37℃反应1.5h。洗涤后以HRP-A为探针,经酶底物显色后可获得良好的ELISA竞争抑制曲线。结果：该法测定范围：（0.36～9.00）μg/ml,最低检出量0.25μg/ml,批内和批间误差分别为〈6.3%和7.4%。用该法测正常献血员（40名）血清LF水平为（0.438±0.183）μg/ml;人初乳（5名）水平为（7.82±0.51）mg/ml。血清和初乳中的LF经65℃30min处理后活性不变,经100℃3min处理明显降解。结论：该法稳定、简便、特异适于检测人血清和乳汁中的LF水平。     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜淋巴细胞凋亡及凋亡蛋白表达的研究

目的 :探讨淋巴细胞凋亡及凋亡蛋白表达的变化与特发性血小板减少性紫癜 (ITP)的关系。方法 :采用流式细胞仪检测 2 5例ITP患儿治疗前后外周血淋巴细胞凋亡率和Fas、FasL蛋白表达 ;采用酶联免疫夹心法 (ELISA)测定ITP患儿血清sFas、sFasL的水平。结果 :治疗后血小板恢复正常的患儿淋巴细胞凋亡率 (3 35± 1 4 3)、Fas(32 17± 6 5 4 )和FasL(41 14±6 76 )蛋白表达增加 ,与正常对照组 (0 85± 0 15、2 2 0 4± 4 5 4、2 0 83± 3 75 )和治疗前 (0 92± 0 17、2 3 0 3± 5 95、18 88± 4 5 7)相比差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 0 1) ;治疗前ITP患者血清sFas含量为 15 5 4± 5 2 6 ,sFasL含量为 0 6 8± 0 2 3,均显著高于正常对照 (5 92± 1 78、0 33± 0 11,P <0 0 0 1)和治疗后组 (6 3± 1 92、0 36± 0 12 ,P <0 0 0 1)。结论 :ITP患者治疗后淋巴细胞凋亡增加可能与其治疗转归有关 ,sFas、sFasL的异常可能参与了ITP的免疫病理过程。     

新生儿脐带血铅水平及其影响因素的研究

目的了解石家庄市新生儿脐带血铅水平及其相关的影响因素.方法采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法.于2003年4～6月对在我院产科分娩的98例产妇进行静脉血和脐带血铅含量的测定,并进行家庭社会环境和健康状况问卷调查,分析对脐带血铅水平的影响因素.结果(1)98例脐带血铅平均为49μg/L,≥100μg/L者12例,对应的产妇静脉血铅平均为54μg/L,≥100μg/L者17例.(2)产妇血铅与脐带血铅呈正相关,产妇血铅和孕期被动吸烟、马路上滞留时间是胎儿期铅暴露的危险因素,孕期补铁和补钙是胎儿期铅暴露的保护因素.结论本组新生儿脐带血铅水平与家庭和环境因素有关,由此产生的不利影响应引起重视.     

The pathogenesis of lead encephalopathy

Summary The toxic effects of inorganic lead feedings on the immature brain were studied in the rat pup. Beginning when litters were two weeks old, PbCO₃ was fed to nursing mothers and then to pups directly after weaning. Results in lead-fed pups were compared to age-matched controls and to lead-fed young adult males (60 days old). Anaemia and growth failure developed in both pups and adults. In the second week, more than half the pups developed an encephalopathy, with haemorrhage and oedema predominately in the cerebellum and lead-containing densities in the cerebellar molecular layer. The latter were confirmed by X-ray microanalysis. No lead-fed adults showed signs of an encephalopathy.Cerebellar mitochondria from lead-fed pups, studied polarographically, showed a very early loss of respiratory control and a subsequent inhibition of phosphorylation-coupled respiration with NAD-linked substrates but not with succinate. Compared to the pup cerebellum, these changes were much less marked in immature cerebral mitochondria and were not found in adult cerebral or cerebellar mitochondria.Cerebral and cerebellar homogenates from immature and mature lead-fed animals showed large increases in lead content measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Immature cerebellar mitochondrial lead contents were increased to the same extent as in the homogenates. Mitochondria from immature cerebrum and from both regions in the mature brain showed less immediate and smaller increases in lead content.In conclusion, altered mitochondrial respiration occurs early in regional and age-dependent association with lead encephalopathy in the rat pup. The development of lead encephalopathy also is associated with increased mitochondrial lead concentrations.     

Effect of lead on fibroblasts taken from an 84-year-old donor

Human, diploid fibroblasts from an 84-year-old donor (AlPos) were used to study the effect of 20, 40 and 80 micrograms/100 ml concentrations of lead on in vitro senescence. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the number of total population doublings due to the treatment with lead. However, there was no significant difference between the effects of the three concentrations of lead. As far as nucleolar number is concerned in the case of the controls as well as in the lead-treated cells the number remained constant with aging in vitro. When the areas and dry mass of cells, nuclei and nucleoli were examined in controls and lead-treated groups at early and late doublings the results showed that in general no significant changes were noted with the exception of the 40 micrograms/100 ml lead treatment which caused a significant increase in these parameters with aging in vitro. The results are discussed and compared to those from a previous study [17] in which embryonic, IMR-90 cells were treated in a similar way. It is concluded that the fibroblasts from the 84-year-old donor AlPos are even more vulnerable than the embryonic cells to the effects of lead as indicated by the drastic curtailment of the in vitro lifespan exhibited in the case of treatment even with the lowest concentration of lead.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The effect of clinical and subclinical concentrations of lead on the in vitro aging of human fibroblasts

The effect of 20, 40 and 80 micrograms per 100 ml concentrations of lead on the in vitro senescence of fetal human diploid fibroblasts IMR-90 was determined. The areas and dry mass of the cell, nucleus and nucleolus were measured at early, middle and late passages. There was a decrease in total population doublings as the concentration of lead in the medium was increased. Although there was a decrease in the number of nucleoli per cell with successive doublings, there was no difference between controls and lead-treated cells. There was an increase in nucleolar dry mass as the cells aged and this was most noticeable in the 40- and 80-micrograms groups. There were no noteworthy changes in nuclear and cellular areas and dry mass with respect to lead treatment. The results are discussed and it is concluded that even subclinical concentrations of lead cause an acceleration of cellular aging in vitro.     

Blood lead levels,pulmonary function and agility in Polish schoolchildren

Background: Reduced vital capacity (VC) and forced vital capacity (FVC) are associated with lead (Pb) exposure.

Aim: The objective of this study is to analyse the effects of Pb on FVC and the shuttle run performance.

Subjects and methods: Data were available for 184 male and 189 female Polish schoolchildren aged 10–15?years. Regression analysis was performed of shuttle run performance (dependent) on Pb and FVC.

Results: Shuttle run time increased by 1.75 (±?0.77) and 1.97 (±?0.77) seconds for each 10?µg/dL increase in Pb blood among males and females, respectively. Higher shuttle run times indicate poorer performance. Average unadjusted blood Pb level in the sample was 5.27?μg/dL (±?0.19 SE) and 3.82?μg/dL (±?0.10 SE), respectively. Path analysis was used to assess the association of Pb level with shuttle run time. Blood Pb had a significant negative effect on VC (B=??13.60?±?3.28 [SE], p?B?=??13.08?±?3.27, p?B?=??0.04?±?0.007, p?B?=?1.59?±?0.75, p?B?=?1.49?±?0.73, p?Conclusions: Thus, Pb had direct and indirect effects that increased shuttle run time, i.e. negatively affected performance.     

探讨铅暴露对女性FSH、PRL、LH等激素水平的影响

目的初步探讨低水平铅暴露对女性血清性激素及月经周期的影响。方法对铅暴露女性269人及对照组女性348人的一般情况、生殖结局进行回顾性队列研究,并测血铅及用放射免疫法测定孕酮（P）、雌二醇（E2）、催乳素（PRL）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）性激素水平。结果暴露组女性月经紊乱明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,且早产率、自然流产率亦高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;暴露组血清性激素水平孕酮（P）、雌二醇（E2）降低,促卵泡素、促黄体生成素升高。结论说明长期低浓度铅暴露干扰下丘脑一垂体～卵巢轴正常的内分泌调节功能,可引起女性月经失调、影响内分泌激素水平。     

Postnatal lead exposure and the cholinergic system

Previous reports have suggested that the behavioral effects of early lead (Pb) exposure may be due to an underlying deficiency in cholinergic function. To further examine this possibility, Long-Evans hooded rat pups were exposed to Pb for the first 25 postnatal days via the maternal milk. Dams were fed either 4.0% PbCO₃ (High Pb), 0.4% PbCO₃ (low Pb) or a Na₂CO₃ control diet throughout this period. Beginning at 65 days of age, animals were tested on behavioral tasks sensitive to both Pb exposure and cholinergic deficiency. Exposure to both levels of Pb impaired passive avoidance acquisition and produced lower rates of spontaneous alternation. Pb, however, had no clear effects on open field activity. The cholinergic agonist physostigmine (0.05 and 0.075 mg/kg) did not affect the behavior of control animals on any task, but in both Pb exposed groups physostigmine improved passive avoidance acquisition, increased the rate of spontaneous alternation and lowered open field activity scores. The cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg) impaired passive avoidance acquisition, lowered the rate of spontaneous alternation and increased open field activity scores in control animals. Consistent with behavior characteristic of an inverted U shaped response curve, scopolamine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) improved passive avoidance acquisition in both Pb exposed groups and decreased open field activity scores in the High Pb group. In all cases, the behavioral response of the Pb exposed animals may be interpreted as responses characteristic of cholinergically deficient animals. These results thus provide further evidence for cholinergic system involvement in the behavioral changes observed following early exposure to Pb.     

葛根素等减轻去卵巢和铅中毒大鼠骨质疏松症

绝经后骨质疏松症已成为中老年妇女常见病和多发病,其防治受到人们重视.绝经后骨质疏松症用雌激素替代治疗效果好,但不良反应较大,葛根素有雌激素作用,可治疗雌激素缺乏骨质疏松症.海尔福有排铅补锌功能,所以能治疗铅中毒所致的骨质疏松症.通过观察这两种骨质疏松症的治疗效果,为中医治疗提供实验依据.     

Effects of environmental lead exposure on T-helper cell-specific cytokines in children

Lead (Pb) may alter T-lymphocyte reactivity in situ by preferentially enhancing the development of T-helper 2 (T_H2)- and inhibiting T_H1-lymphocyte development. These effects could result in dysregulation of the presence/availability of T_H1- and T_H2-associated cytokines. The aim of this study was two-fold, that is, to assess whole blood Pb levels in schoolchildren from Taiwanese communities that varied in degree of potential for Pb exposure and then ascertain if there were relationships between Pb exposure and changes in levels of key T_H1 and T_H2 cytokines. Grades 5 and 6 students were selected from four different community schools, i.e., one from: urban area with new homes; urban area with old homes; rural site with old homes; and area located near an oil refinery. Students at each site were further divided into healthy and respiratory allergy subgroups. Blood was collected and whole blood Pb levels and serum interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, -4, and -5 levels were determined. The results indicate no differences in whole blood Pb levels (<4 µg/dl) among students from urban and rural sites; these values were similar in the healthy and allergic subjects. Serum T_H1 and T_H2 cytokine levels also did not differ among/within the groups. In contrast, refinery children had significantly increased Pb levels (5.2–8.8 µg/dl) relative to any of the other sets’ levels. Of these, children with allergies had serum T_H2 cytokine levels significantly higher and T_H1 cytokine levels significantly lower than their healthy counterparts. Oddly, though having elevated Pb levels, healthy refinery students did not display altered T_H1 or T_H2 cytokine levels relative to control student values. From this, we conclude that substantively increased whole blood Pb levels may promote T_H cell dysregulation and alter the availability of key T_H1 and T_H2 cytokines, effects that could ultimately contribute to development of pulmonary allergic diseases.