儿童围术期焦虑的心理行为干预

目的 对儿童进行心理干预可以有效地降低其围术期焦虑水平。本试验分别对3个不同年龄组儿童采用2种不同的心理干预方法，观察其对儿童围术期焦虑的影响。方法 择期手术患儿90例，ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，按年龄分为3组：1～3岁为Ⅰ组，4～7岁为Ⅱ组，8～12岁为Ⅲ组；每组又根据两种不同的干预方法分为3个亚组：诱导期家长陪同组(P组)、术前参观手术室组(V组)和对照组(C组)，每组各10例。用改良耶鲁围术期焦虑量表(mYPAS)于术前访视、入手术室、诱导时、术后24h4个时间点测量儿童的焦虑水平，以诱导期合作评分(ICC)观察诱导时患儿合作程度。结果 Ⅰ组患儿中P组焦虑评分在入室和诱导期明显低于V组和C组，合作评分也明显低于V组和C组；Ⅱ组患儿中C组焦虑评分最高，V组的焦虑评分低于P组，合作评分C组最高，V组低于P组；Ⅲ组患儿中P组、V组焦虑评分及合作评分均低于C组，P组和V组差异无显著性。结论 对儿童进行围术期心理干预可以很好地降低焦虑水平，同时不同年龄的儿童对不同干预方法效果不同。对于年龄较小的幼儿采用家长陪同的方法效果较好，对于较大一些的儿童宜采用参观手术室或两者结合的方法。     

肾穿刺活检儿童心理状态的影响因素分析及其干预

目的 了解儿童肾穿刺活检术前后的心理影响因素及心理干预对其作用.方法 228例患儿随机分为对照组和干预组,其中114例干预组术前增加心理干预.所有患儿术前和术后在家属帮助下填写Birmaher的儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(SCARED)、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表(DSRSC)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和基本情况表.评价患儿的心理状况,比较对照组和干预组、肾活检前后心理变化,分析影响患儿心理的因素.结果 对照组肾穿刺活检术前SCARED总分为(52.34±15.83)分、干预组为(50.73±14.97)分,均高于国内常模[(33.94±5.78)分];经过术前谈话及心理干预后SCARED总分降低;干预组手术前后SCARED总分变化较对照组升高,而DSRSC总分患儿肾穿刺活检术前后与国内常模比较,差异均无统计学意义;患儿年龄、家庭属地、家属文化程度对患儿焦虑性情绪影响均有统计学意义;手术前后躯体化、焦虑、敌对、恐怖等因子得分均高于国内常模,患儿术后较术前焦虑、敌对、恐怖因子得分降低;干预组手术前后焦虑、敌对、恐怖等因子得分差异与对照组比较有统计学意义.结论 肾穿刺活检患儿术前心理状态受多因素影响.术前患儿多存在焦虑、敌对、恐惧等心理问题.合理的心理干预可降低患儿对手术的恐惧及焦虑情绪.     

应用 SCL－90量表评估骨折患儿父母心理状况的调查研究

目的了解骨折患儿父母心理状况，为临床心理干预提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL—90）和一般资料问卷，对100例骨折患儿父母心理状况进行调查研究。结果患儿父母的症状自评量表中“躯体化”、“强迫症状”、“人际关系敏感”、“抑郁”、“焦虑”、“敌对”、“恐怖”、“偏执”和“精神病性”自评得分与常模比较有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。其中“教育程度”、“长期居住地”等因素的不同对患儿父母心理状况产生影响。结论医护人员应综合各相关因素，对此类人群的心理状态予以重视，并给予个性化的护理干预。     

以家庭为中心的整体干预对骨折患儿父母心理的影响

目的探讨以家庭为中心的整体干预模式对骨折患儿父母心理状况的影响。方法采用整群抽样的方法,收集2013年1月至2015年6月收治的196例单纯四肢骨折患儿的父母作为研究对象,对照组(n=100)给予常规治疗及护理措施,干预组(n=96)在常规治疗及护理的基础上采取以家庭为中心的整体干预模式。两组家长在干预前与出院前使用SCL90症状自评量表进行评估。结果两组患儿父母组间比较无明显差别(P0.05),与全国SCL90常模比较有显著差别(P0.01);经以家庭为中心的整体干预手段后,两组患儿家长的SCL90量表评分均下降,自身前后比较有统计学意义(P0.05),且干预组与对照组比较有显著差别(P0.05)。结论四肢骨折患儿父母入院后普遍存在负面心理情绪,经不同的护理模式干预后,患儿父母的心理状况逐渐好转,其中以家庭为中心的整体干预模式能够更有效的缓解四肢骨折患儿父母的负面情绪。     

体外循环手术患儿血清S-100b蛋白及脑电图变化的研究

目的观察常温（35℃）及浅低温（32℃～34℃）体外循环（CPB）下,心内直视手术患儿围手术期血浆S-100b蛋白的含量以及手术前后脑电图（EEG）的变化。方法体外循环下行室间隔缺损修补术的患儿40例,分为常温（35℃）组（n1=20）和浅低温（32℃～34℃）组（n2=20）。所有患儿均在麻醉诱导前（a点）、CPB开始后15min（b点）、CPB结束后1h（c点）、术后24h（d点）、术后48h（e点）以及术后7d（f点）采取血标本,运用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA法）测定血浆S-100b蛋白的含量。同时于术前和术后7d对全部患儿进行脑电图检查,对所得结果进行统计学分析。结果CPB结束后以及术后24h,两组血浆S-100b蛋白较术前明显升高（P〈0．01）,且持续到术后48h仍高于术前水平（P〈0．05）,至术后第7天基本降至术前水平;比较两组各对应时间点血浆S-100b蛋白浓度,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。计算两组EEG异常率,术后EEG结果较术前明显变差（P〈0．01）,但两组术后第7天EEG异常率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后第7天时,EEG的异常变化滞后于血浆S-100b蛋白的改变。结论体外循环心内直视手术患儿术后脑功能有不同程度损害,术后血浆S-100b蛋白浓度和EEG检查对脑损伤的评价有重要意义。本研究未发现常温（35℃）体外循环明显增加心内直视术后的神经损伤。     

焦虑性障碍儿童情绪问题及教育心理控制源的研究

目的：对单纯焦虑性障碍儿童的情绪问题及父母的子女教育心理控制源进行初步研究,为焦虑性障碍的早期发现及早期干预提供理论依据。方法：选取2005年9~12月期间确诊的单纯焦虑性障碍儿童110人（焦虑组）及正常儿童113人（对照组）。由儿童本人填写儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表以及子女教育心理控制源量表,最后回收量表197份。结果：焦虑组儿童躯体化、广泛性焦虑、分离性焦虑、社交恐怖、学校恐怖得分、焦虑总分及抑郁总分均明显高于对照组儿童,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。焦虑组儿童父母的“教育成效”得分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论：焦虑性障碍儿童情绪问题突出,焦虑性障碍患儿父母的教育成效较差。     

情绪障碍患儿家庭环境父母心理状况及养育方式的研究

目的探讨家庭心理环境因素对情绪障碍患儿的影响。方法采用家庭环境量表(中文版)、症状自评量表(SCL90)和父母养育方式量表,对82例情绪障碍患儿及82例健康对照组家庭特征进行调查。结果情绪障碍患儿家庭的亲密度、情感表达、娱乐性的评分低于对照组(P<001),而矛盾性评分高于对照组(P<001);情绪障碍患儿父母心理健康水平较对照组为低(P<001);患儿父母在养育方式上“惩罚严厉,过度保护”两维度得分显著高于对照组父母(P<001)。结论情绪障碍患儿处在一个相对不良的家庭心理环境中,提示在矫治情绪障碍时应对家庭心理环境进行干预。     

腹腔镜辅助与开腹手术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的对比研究

目的通过回顾性分析,比较开腹手术与腹腔镜辅助手术治疗胆总管囊肿在围手术期指标、术后并发症、对患儿生长发育和心理行为的影响等方面的差异,对比两种手术效果的优劣,为先天性胆总管囊肿的治疗决策提供参考。方法选取2005年7月1日至2015年7月1日在本院行腹腔镜辅助下胆总管囊肿根治术的患儿46例(腹腔镜手术组),行开腹手术的患儿80例(开腹手术组),比较两组患儿围手术期情况及术后近远期并发症情况。对术后随访时间达到5年的患儿进行复查,其中26例行腹腔镜辅助下胆总管囊肿根治术,40例行开腹手术,比较两组患儿生长发育和心理行为情况。结果围手术期,腹腔镜手术组在术中出血、肠道功能恢复时间、白细胞计数、CRP恢复水平、住院时间上均优于开腹手术组(P 0. 05),而两组胃肠减压管、腹腔引流管的拔管时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。不同手术方式患儿出院后血生化指标(AST、ALT、总蛋白、总胆红素)无统计学差异(P0. 05)。腹腔镜手术组出现发热5例,不全性肠梗阻1例,胆瘘1例;开腹手术组发热7例,不全性肠梗阻2例,胆瘘2例,活动性出血1例,两组患儿近期并发症的发生率无统计学差异(P 0. 05)。随访生长发育指标无统计学差异。腹腔镜手术组、开腹手术组心理测评得分均在正常范围,但开腹手术组心理测评得分低于腹腔镜手术组。结论腹腔镜辅助下胆总管囊肿根治手术患儿术中出血量少,手术切口小,愈合快,住院时间短,较开腹手术有一定的优势。两种手术方式对术后患儿生长发育的影响较小,远期心理影响有待进一步研究。     

学龄期儿童神经性尿频与心理状况关系的临床研究

目的：探讨焦虑、抑郁心理与学龄期儿童神经性尿频发生的关系。方法：选取136例9~12岁神经性尿频患儿为病例组,136例9~12岁健康儿童为对照组。以儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCARED）评价患儿焦虑心理,以儿童抑郁障碍自评量表（DSRSC）评价患儿抑郁心理,比较两组焦虑和抑郁的发生率以及两组SCARED和DSRSC评分,并运用logistic 多元回归分析探讨焦虑和抑郁心理与神经性尿频发生的关系。结果：病例组焦虑和抑郁的发生率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P23分者(即存在焦虑)神经性尿频发病风险为SCARED≤23者的1.224倍;DSRSC筛查≥15分者(即存在抑郁)神经性尿频发病风险为DSRSC<15者的1.148倍。结论：焦虑和抑郁心理参与了学龄期儿童神经性尿频的发病。     

原发性纤毛运动障碍患儿及其父母焦虑抑郁影响因素分析

背景：国外文献报道原发性纤毛运动障碍（PCD）患儿更易焦虑、抑郁,我国尚无PCD患儿及家长焦虑、抑郁状况的报道。 目的：探讨PCD患儿及家长焦虑、抑郁现状及影响因素。 设计：病例对照研究。 方法：以确诊的>7岁PCD患儿及家长分别为PCD儿童组和PCD父母组;以确诊的哮喘患儿及家长分别为哮喘儿童组和哮喘父母组,以健康儿童及家长分别为对照儿童组和对照父母组,采用焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(SCARED)和抑郁量表(CDI) 评价儿童焦虑和抑郁状况,以焦虑自评量表(SAS)、流调用抑郁自评量表(CES D)评价父母的焦虑和抑郁状况,以Zarit负担量表评估PCD患儿父母照顾负担。分析PCD患儿及家长焦虑和抑郁的影响因素。 主要结局指标：PCD患儿及家长焦虑、抑郁的发生率和影响因素。 结果：PCD儿童组38例、哮喘儿童组76例和对照儿童组76名;PCD父母组、哮喘父母组和对照父母组均为82名。PCD儿童组焦虑发生率和SCARED得分高于哮喘儿童组和对照儿童组（P<0.05）,3组儿童CDI得分及抑郁发生率比较差异均无统计学意义（P≥0.05）;父母焦虑发生率、CES D得分和抑郁发生率PCD组高于哮喘组和对照组（P均<0.05）,哮喘组与对照组差异均无统计学意义（P均≥0.05）。父母SAS得分PCD组与哮喘组差异无统计学意义。PCD患儿母亲焦虑发生率、抑郁发生率、CES D评分、SAS评分和Zarit得分均高于父亲（P均<0.05）。多因素二元Logistic回归分析显示,7~17岁PCD患儿,男孩较女孩易发生焦虑,规律气道护理是避免焦虑和抑郁发生的保护因素;4~17岁PCD患儿父母,受教育程度高、有稳定职业、患儿规律运动是避免焦虑发生的保护因素,受教育程度高、患儿近1年住院频率＜1次、患儿规律运动是避免抑郁发生的保护因素,Zarit负担量表得分高是焦虑和抑郁发生的危险因素。 结论：PCD患儿焦虑发生率较高,受性别和气道护理情况影响。PCD患儿父母焦虑、抑郁发生率较高,受职业、受教育程度、照顾负担、患儿运动情况及患儿近1年住院频率影响。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.