腹腔镜下胆囊管切开取石的应用体会

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆囊管切开取石处理胆囊管结石的方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2012年1月至2016年12月所有行腹腔镜下胆囊切除的患者临床资料,其中15例患者为胆囊管结石,术中行胆囊管切开取石,复习患者病历并电话随访。结果全组均在腹腔镜下完成手术,无中转开腹。12例急诊手术,3例择期手术。术中均采用纵形切开胆囊管的方法取除胆囊管嵌顿结石,再完成胆囊切除。2例患者合并胆总管下段结石,术中行胆总管切开经胆道镜取石,Ⅰ期胆总管缝合。2例为Mirizzi综合征Ⅱ型,取除结石后缝合胆总管缺损,其中1例放置T管引流。5例患者放置腹腔引流管,1例术后出现少量胆漏,通畅引流3天后胆漏消失拔管。电话随访所有患者,未发现远期并发症。结论腹腔镜下胆囊管切开取石处理胆囊管结石安全可行,疗效满意。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管汇合处切开治疗胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管汇合处切开治疗胆总管并发结石的可行性。方法对187例患者,术中应用CB30L超细胆道镜确诊183例,胆道造影确诊4例,均再经胆囊管胆总管汇合处切开胆总管侧壁,应用P20胆道镜实施胆管探查取石术。结果经汇合处切开胆总管侧壁成功取出结石179例（95.7%）,改行切开胆总管前壁取石8例（4.3%）。一期直接缝合85例,其中胆漏11例,均一周内愈合。放置胆囊管导管74例,胆漏6例,3-5d停止。放置T形管20例,胆漏2例,3d停止。改行前壁取石的患者成功5例,中转开腹3例。术后残留结石3例,经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石2例,经T形管窦道取石1例。随访185例患者,时间3个月-3年,未见胆管狭窄。结论采用经胆囊管胆总管汇合处切开入路治疗胆总管并发结石,创伤小,恢复快。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查体会

目的总结经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道取石临床经验。方法80例胆囊结石可疑胆总管结石采用经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术。腹腔镜下分离胆囊管至胆总管汇合处,剪开胆囊管前壁,扩张器适当扩张胆囊管,行胆道造影明确胆道结石分布,胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石后再造影确认结石取净,夹闭胆囊管并切除胆囊。术后不常规放T管。结果6例胆道探查阴性。术中证实74例胆道有结石,0.6~1.0cm18例,<0.5cm56例。31例胆道内1枚结石,43例有2枚以上。18例需用等离子碎石器碎石。67例行胆囊管扩张。胆囊管开口变异6例。胆囊管损伤2例,处理后无术后胆漏。5例可疑肝内胆道结石行胆总管切开T管引流,术后行T管造影和胆道镜检查证实2例左肝管结石行胆道镜取石治愈,3例未发现结石。本组手术时间(168±34)min,出血量(50±8)ml,术后腹腔引流量(30±17)ml。62例术后3个月B超检查,未发现胆管残余结石。结论经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜取石是治疗继发性胆道结石的一种有效微创方法。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并非扩张性胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并非扩张性胆总管结石的临床价值。方法腹腔镜下切除胆囊之前切开胆囊管,插入C管行胆道造影,发现胆总管结石后,在C形臂X线机透视下,经胆囊管插入金属网篮或取石球囊,取出胆总管结石同时经胆囊管放置C管引流。结果36例手术均获成功,结石全部取净。手术时间90～150min,平均125.4min;术后住院时间4～7d,平均5.4d;C管引流时间3～4d。36例术后随访3个月,B超检查均无胆漏,无胆道残余结石,无胆总管狭窄或扩张。结论腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并非扩张性胆总管结石,具有创伤小、效果好、并发症少、恢复快等优点,是一种值得推荐的微创治疗方法。     

腹腔镜联合术中胆道镜治疗胆总管结石186例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜在治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石术中的应用体会和常见并发症及其防治措施。方法回顾分析186例腹腔镜下胆道镜胆总管探查取石术患者临床资料,180例腹腔镜下完成手术,其中98例放置T管,57例Ⅰ期胆总管缝合,25例经胆囊管取石;6例术中中转开腹。结果术后胆漏2例,经引流痊愈;5例胆总管残余结石,术后行ERCP或经T管窦道胆道镜取石;平均住院时间(6.0±3.5)d。带T管的98例患者术后4周经T管胆道造影未见结石残留,胆道通畅,拔除T管。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜在胆总管切开取石术中的应用具有疗效好、并发症少、安全的优点。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的价值。方法 2010年5月~2014年5月,对60例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开完成胆道探查术。沿胆囊管切口纵行切开胆总管侧壁3 mm,完成胆道探查后一期缝合切开处或放置T管。结果 60例均完成腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部胆道探查取石术,53例一期缝合汇入部,7例放置T管。60例全部取净胆总管结石。经胆囊管取石困难36例,经胆囊管置入胆道镜困难18例,合并肝总管结石6例。手术时间55~150 min,(92.2±31.8)min;术中出血量10~60 ml,(15.8±8.2)ml;术后住院2~7 d,(2.7±1.5)d。2例发生胆漏,保留腹腔引流5~7 d后痊愈。56例(93.3%)随访7~55个月(中位数22个月),未发生胆总管狭窄,2例胆总管结石复发。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管汇入部微切开治疗胆总管结石操作简单,术后并发症发生率低,具有经胆囊管胆道探查和经胆总管切开胆道探查二者的优点。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术治疗细径胆总管结石

目的总结运用腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术治疗细径胆总管结石的治疗经验。方法1993年10月至2005年3月运用腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术(包括胆总管切开,胆管镜取石,经胆囊管残端输尿管导管胆管引流、T管引流、胆总管切口即时缝合等)有选择地对87例胆总管内径≤0.8 cm的胆总管结石病人进行治疗。结果87例腹腔镜胆总管切开取石均手术成功,无中转开腹及术后残余结石。术后5例出现胆漏,均经术中常规放置的胆管引流和腹腔引流管引流治愈。术后经输尿管导管胆管造影见胆总管切口缝合区狭窄2例(未处理),无其他严重并发症,无死亡。结论只要选择合适的病例,腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术治疗细径胆总管结石是可行、有效和安全的。     

腹腔镜经胆囊管取石和胆总管切开取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石临床比较研究

正腹腔镜胆总管探查可以通过经胆囊管或经胆总管切开取石两种路径,相对于经胆总管切开取石而言,经胆囊管取石因其可避免切开胆总管而减少了胆漏及胆管狭窄的发生率,以往研究认为在选择合适适应证的基础上,腹腔镜经胆囊管取石更具优势~([1])。本文对比研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管切开胆道镜探查取石术(laparoscopic trans-duct common bile duct exploration, LTDBDE)、LC联合腹腔镜经胆囊管探查取石术(laparoscopic trans-cystic duct common bile duct exploration, LTCBDE)两种术式在胆囊结石合并胆总管结石治疗中的疗效差异、分析术式优越性。     

应用纤维胆道镜经胆囊管入路治疗胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）术中应用纤维胆道镜经胆囊管人路治疗胆总管结石的效果及临床意义。方法采用Olympus CHFP20胆道镜,经胆囊管人路施行胆管探查取石术76例,其中直接置入胆道镜36例;经胆囊管胆总管汇合处切开胆总管侧壁置入胆道镜40例。结果①直接置入胆道镜者,取石后闭合胆囊管残端29例,置放胆囊管导管7例。取净结石34例,残留结石2例,术后经内镜十二指肠乳头肝胰壶腹括约肌切开（EST）取石成功;②经胆囊管胆总管汇合处切开胆总管侧壁置入胆道镜者,取净结石37例,推入十二指肠2例,胆管切口出血中转开腹1例。一期缝合不放置引流管12例,术后胆漏1例,引流1周愈合;应用胆囊管导管预防胆漏27例,术后7～24天拨管出院。随访1个月～2年无异常。结论LC术中应用纤维胆道镜经胆囊管人路施行胆管探查取石,创伤小,痛苦轻,恢复快,是目前较理想的微创治疗方法;对胆囊管细小者,在胆囊管胆总管汇合处切开胆总管侧壁可扩大手术适应证。选择性放置胆囊管导管,有利于引流感染性胆汁,减轻胆道压力及胆管壁水肿,保障切开的胆囊管及胆总管顺利愈合。     

应用胆胰管内窥镜经胆囊管胆道探查21例临床分析

目的探讨应用胆胰管内窥镜经胆囊管行胆道探查的临床应用价值。方法 2011年1月～2012年1月,对21例急、慢性结石性胆囊炎合并或可疑合并肝内外胆管结石者,在开腹胆囊切除术中应用德国PolyDiagnost公司组合式、软性、可旋转纤维内窥镜（外径F8）经胆囊管行胆道探查、取石。结果 2例肝内胆管结石,用套石篮顺利取出。胆总管结石14例,其中6例经胆囊管顺利取出,4例钬激光击碎结石取出,2例行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开取石,未成功2例,行传统胆总管切开取石T管引流。5例未见明显结石及十二指肠乳头狭窄。术后胆漏1例,无胆道残余结石等并发症发生。术后随访6～18个月,平均13个月,无结石复发。结论应用胆胰管内窥镜经胆囊管进行肝内外胆管探查,避免了胆总管切开和放置T管,提高了胆道结石诊断的准确率,是一种安全简便、创伤小、恢复快的方法。     

Laparoscopic C-tube drainage via cystic duct following common bile duct exploration

Laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration has come into practice with the development of laparoscopic techniques and instrumentation. However, the use of a T-tube for biliary drainage lessens the advantages of laparoscopic surgery, i.e., short hospital stay and good cosmesis. We have performed CBD exploration by laparoscopic chledochotomy followed by transcystic biliary drainage using a 6 French vinyl tube (C-tube) instead of a T-tube and primary closure of the choledochotomy. The C-tube could be removed within 7 days postoperatively because the cystic duct was ligated with an elastic thread. Twelve patients with CBD stones were successfully treated by this new technique and there was no morbidity attributable to the procedure.     

Laparoscopic choledochotomy for bile duct stones

In the era of laparoscopic surgery, treatment strategies for common bile duct stones remain controversial. Laparoscopic choledochotomy is usually indicated only when transcystic duct exploration is not feasible. However, laparoscopic choledochotomy provides complete access to the ductal system and has a higher clearance rate than the transcystic approach. In addition, primary closure of the choledochotomy with a running suture and absorbable clips facilitates the procedure. Therefore, to avoid postoperative biliary stenosis, all patients with bile duct stones can be indicated for choledochotomy, except for those with nondilated common bile duct. Placement of a C-tube also provides access for the clearance of possible retained stones by endoscopic sphincterotomy as a backup procedure. C-tube placement, in contrast to T-tube insertion, is advantageous in terms of a relatively short hospital stay. In conclusion, laparoscopic choledochotomy with C-tube drainage is recommended as the treatment of choice for patients with common bile duct stones. Received: February 27, 2001 / Accepted: March 19, 2001     

Transcystic biliary decompression after direct laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct

Background: A purpose-designed transcystic common bile duct (CBD) decompression cannula is described for use as an alternative to T-tube insertion following laparoscopic direct CBD exploration. This permits safe primary closure of the choledochotomy. Methods: Following direct supraduodenal laparoscopic clearance of large common bile duct stones, the biliary decompression cannula is inserted percutaneously inside its peel-away sheet over a guide-wire into the CBD via the cystic duct. When in place, the cannula is secured to the cystic duct by two catgut extracorporeal Roeder knots and the choledochotomy is then closed. The terminal multiperforated S-shaped segment of the Cuschieri biliary decompression cannula prevents postoperative dislodgement. Results: Transcystic decompression of the extrahepatic biliary tract using the Cuschieri cannula has been used in 12 patients who underwent laparoscopic supraduodenal CBD exploration for large or occluding stones. There was no instance of postoperative dislodgement of the cannula and all patients had effective drainage of the common bile duct (average 300 ml bile per 24 h). The procedure was uncomplicated in all but one patient who developed self-limiting leakage from the CBD suture line in the early postoperative period. The median hospital stay after surgery was 4 days, with a range of 3 to 10 days. The cystic duct decompression cannula was capped and sealed under an occlusive dressing at the time of discharge. Removal of the cannula was carried out without any complications as a day case 11–16 days after surgery. Conclusions: Transcystic biliary decompression is safe and effective. The experience with is use indicates that compared to T-tube drainage, transcystic decompression may accelerate recovery and reduce the hospital stay in patients following laparoscopic direct exploration of the CBD. Its insertion is less technically demanding than placing a T-tube through the choledochotomy. Transcystic decompression with complete primary closure of the CBD realizes the full benefits of the single-stage management of common bile duct calculi and permits confirmation of complete stone clearance after surgery.     

Laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones: transcystic approach and choledochotomy

The purpose of this study was to review our experience with laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration by the transcystic approach and choledochotomy. We selected the transcystic approach for patients whose CBD stones were less than five in number and smaller than 9 mm in diameter, and whose CBD was less than 15 mm in diameter on cholangiograms. Among 217 patients with CBD stones treated laparoscopically, the transcystic approach was performed successfully in 91 of 104 patients in whom it was attempted (87.5%). The other 126 patients underwent laparoscopic choledochotomy, followed by ductal closure with transcystic drainage in 59, T-tube drainage in 46, primary ductal closure in 19, and choledochoduodenostomy in 1. Choledochotomy was converted to open surgery in only 1 patient. The transcystic approach was associated with shorter hospital stay and less morbidity than choledochotomy. However, choledochotomy also had an acceptably low rate of complications. Bile leaks occurred more frequently in those with primary ductal closure than in those with transcystic drainage or T-tube drainage. Residual stones were found in 2 patients with the transcystic approach and in 10 with choledochotomy. The residual stones were removed through the T-tube tract by choledochoscopy in 7 of these 10 patients. From these results we conclude that laparoscopic management of CBD stones is feasible for almost all patients with CBD stones. It is considered to be safe and effective and has the advantage of being a single-stage procedure. Received: July 7, 2000 / Accepted: October 26, 2000     

Laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones: Study of 13 cases

In recent years, laparoscopic surgery for common bile duct (CBD) stones has been gaining wider acceptance. We report our experience with the laparoscopic management of CBD stones in 16 patients (9 males and 7 females; mean age, 62 years; range, 27–81 years). We considered two options for the laparoscopic procedures: (1) transcystic CBD exploration for those patients with fewer than 3 CBD stones, 5 mm or less in diameter, in whom the diameter of the cystic duct exceeded that of the CBD stones and (2) choledochotomy with T-tube drainage for other patients, unless a preoperative percutaneous transhepatic cholangio-drainage (PTCD) tube had been inserted. We successfully removed CBD stones by laparoscopic management in 13 of the 16 patients. The procedures employed were laparoscopic choledocholithotomy in 10 patients and laparoscopic transcystic CBD exploration and stone extraction in 3 patients. We converted to open choledochotomy in 3 patients, because of severe inflammation and dense adhesions due to acute cholecystitis in 2 patients and because of wide adhesions due to previous surgery in 1. We conclude that laparoscopic procedure is a safe and effective method for the removal of CBD stones.     

腹腔镜胆总管切开探查取石、T管引流治疗胆总管结石

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开探查、T管引流治疗胆总管结石的疗效。方法 配合使用胆道镜施行胆总管切开探查105例,并采用镜下缝合和打结技术常规安置T管。结果 2例胆总管探查为阴性,102例结石取净、净石率99．0％（102／103）。结论 胆总管切开探查取石、T管引流是治疗胆总管结石的安全、有效措施,可根据条件选择应用。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微切开胆总管探查的可行性

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微切开胆总管探查免置T管的可行性及病例选择。方法回顾性分析我院2009年1月至2011年12月期间52例拟行胆总管探查患者的临床资料,实施了经腹腔镜、胆道镜双镜联合下经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微（3～4mm）切开取石、不放置T管引流,一期缝合。结果本组52例患者术中无阴性探查,术中使用胆道镜及胆道造影检查证实结石完全取出,结石取净率为100％,手术时间为90～200min,平均100min。术中胆道造影时间为3～10min,平均6min。胆道镜协助取石时间为5～15min,平均8min。术后腹腔引流管拔管时间3～5d,平均3．5d。术后腹腔引流液量为20～60mL／d,平均30mL／d。术后无胆汁漏、腹痛、黄疸及切口感染发生。术后住院5～12d,平均6．5d。术后随访时间为3～40个月,平均20个月,无结石再生或胆管狭窄发生。结论若术者腹腔镜、胆道镜技术熟练,手术病例选择适当,术中检查仔细,冲洗干净,经胆囊管肝总管汇合部微切开取石后行胆总管一期缝合是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管切开取石探查术156例临床体会

目的:总结腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管切开探查取石、T管引流术的临床体会。方法:先行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC),再切开胆总管,用特制的腹腔镜胆总管取石钳取石,胆道镜主要观察胆总管及肝内外胆管有无结石残余及是否通畅,必要时经胆道镜取石。结果:术后拔T管时出现胆漏3例,1例术后10d T管自胆总管脱出至腹腔,1例术后24h胆漏达400ml,6例中转开腹,余均痊愈出院,无残石及术后胆管狭窄等并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆囊切除、胆总管切开探查取石、T管引流术具有安全可靠、患者损伤小、康复快、住院时间短等优点,是治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石的有效术式。     

三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查术21例分析

目的:探讨三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查与"T"管引流术在临床上的应用价值。方法:采用三孔法行21例手术,于腹腔镜下切开胆总管,纤维胆道镜探查胆总管,取石网篮取石后,置"T"管引流。术后45d拔"T"管,经"T"管窦道纤维胆道镜探查肝内外胆道情况。结果:手术均获成功,无中转开腹,手术时间(70±24)min,术后无胆漏。术后45d经"T"管窦道纤维胆道镜探查,发现胆总管残余结石2例,肝内胆管结石3例,均经胆道镜取出。结论:三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查术操作安全、可靠,具有一定的临床应用价值。