倍氯米松对变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中粒性活细胞内钙离子浓度的影响

目的探讨倍氯米松对变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中粒性活细胞的作用机制.方法采用激光共聚焦显微镜扫描和荧光技术,观察变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞经倍氯米松处理后细胞内钙离子浓度([Ca2+]i)的变化.结果经倍氯米松处理后,嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞[Ca2+]i明显升高.结论倍氯米松能够使嗜酸性粒细胞和中性粒细胞[Ca2+]i升高,这可能是其抗炎作用的一个重要环节.     

倍氯米松对变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中嗜酸粒细胞的作用

为探讨倍氯米松对变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中嗜酸粒细胞的作用，使用激光共聚焦显微镜扫描和荣光技术，观察变应性鼻炎患者鼻分泌物中嗜酸粒细胞经倍氯米松处理后的形态变化。扫描图像分析显示，倍氯米松处理后，嗜酸粒细胞内RNA的荧光强度明显减弱。提示倍氯米松的抗炎作用是通过调控细胞内DNA转录形成RNA，使蛋白质合成降低，细胞分泌与释放物质的作用减弱，进而使鼻部炎症缓解来实现的。     

变应性鼻炎引起嗅觉障碍的临床分析

目的分析变应性鼻炎引起嗅觉障碍的发病机制。方法选取216例变应性鼻炎患者作为实验对象,同时选取99例健康志愿者作为对照组。采用嗅棒气味嗅觉测试方法测定两组患者的嗅觉功能;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白（eosinophil ationicprotein,ECP）及类胰蛋白酶的含量;应用鼻压计测定鼻气道阻力。结果变应性鼻炎患者鼻气道阻力与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;变应性鼻炎组患者嗅觉功能,鼻腔分泌物ECP和鼻腔分泌物类胰蛋白酶与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大细胞的活性增加可能导致了变应性鼻炎患者的嗅觉障碍,而鼻腔阻塞可能不是引起变应性鼻炎患者嗅觉障碍的主要原因。     

儿童变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞的临床研究

目的了解变应性鼻炎儿童患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞分布情况以及季节对嗜酸性粒细胞分布情况影响。方法对417例变应性鼻炎儿童患者及98例非变应性鼻炎儿童的鼻腔分泌物薄层涂片,经瑞-姬染色后观察嗜酸性粒细胞的数量及分布程度,417例变应性鼻炎患儿根据4个季节分为4个亚组,比较各季度亚组之间嗜酸性粒细胞的数量。结果变应性鼻炎患儿鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞阳性人数显著高于非变应性鼻炎患儿人数(P<0.001),变应性鼻炎儿童患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞数量显著高于非变应性鼻炎患者(P<0.001),变应性鼻炎患儿在春夏秋冬不同季节鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞数量差异明显(P<0.01),其中夏季高于冬季(P<0.01),其他各个季节之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论嗜酸性粒细胞在儿童变应性鼻炎的发病过程中具有十分重要的作用,变应性鼻炎患儿鼻腔分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞明显上升,同时随着季节变化,嗜酸性粒细胞数量也变化明显,对儿童变应性鼻炎的诊断有重要参考价值。     

变应性鼻炎患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞的检测

目的探讨变应性鼻炎患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞的检测及其对变应性鼻炎诊断的意义。方法随机选取变应性鼻炎、正常人和非变应性鼻炎患者鼻腔分泌物各100例行薄层涂片和瑞-姬染色,观察嗜酸性粒细胞的数量、形态及分布程度和阳性率。结果 100例变应性鼻炎患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞数量显著高于正常人及非变应性鼻炎患者(P<0.01),变应性鼻炎患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞阳性率也明显高于正常人和非变应性鼻炎患者(P<0.01)。结论嗜酸性粒细胞在变应性鼻炎的发病过程中具有十分重要的作用,鼻腔分泌物涂片检查嗜酸性粒细胞,对变应性鼻炎的诊断有重要参考价值。     

鼻敏合剂对变应性鼻炎动物模型行为和鼻分泌物细胞学影响的实验研究

目的 了解鼻敏合剂治疗变应性鼻炎的治疗效果和对鼻黏膜免疫反应的影响.方法 豚鼠40只,随机分A(正常对照组)、B(变应性鼻炎模型组)、C(鼻敏合剂治疗组)、D(辛芩颗粒治疗组)四组,每组10只.先把B、C、D组做成变应性鼻炎动物模型.后用鼻敏合剂和辛芩颗粒治疗C、D组.制备模型前和治疗前、后,用攻击致敏液滴鼻,观察豚鼠行为改变.治疗后处死豚鼠,观察各组鼻分泌物中嗜酸细胞和肥大细胞出现的阳性率.结果 行为变化:①A组:成模前,治疗前、后之间比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);②B组:成膜前与治疗前、后组比较有显著差异(P＜0.01),治疗前、后组比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);③C、D组:治疗前、后组比较有显著差异(P＜0.01).鼻分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大细胞出现的阳性率:B组与A、C、D组阳性率比较有显著差异(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 鼻敏合剂可减轻变应性鼻炎动物模型的症状,抑制其鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大 细胞的分泌.故鼻敏合剂对变应性鼻炎具有一定的治疗作用.     

探讨鼻分泌物嗜酸细胞检测在变应性鼻炎舌下免疫治疗前后变化

目的 观察过敏性鼻炎患者舌下含服粉尘螨滴剂治疗前后鼻分泌物嗜酸粒细胞数量的变化.方法 43例过敏性鼻炎患者,行粉尘螨滴剂舌下含服免疫治疗.分别在治疗前及治疗后第2周、4周及8周采集鼻分泌物涂片,计数鼻分泌物中的嗜酸性粒细胞,比较分析治疗前后的数值变化.结果 与治疗前相比较,免疫治疗后第4周与第8周时,鼻分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞数下降,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗后第4周与第8周比较,鼻分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞数差异则无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 舌下含服粉尘螨滴剂治疗的第4周开始,过敏性鼻炎患者鼻黏膜局部免疫状态开始发生改变.     

上海地区正常人群ECP参考值的调查及临床意义

变应性鼻炎鼻黏膜中嗜酸性粒细胞被激活后释放出的嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)具有很强的毒性作用,能诱导肥大细胞释放组胺,在变应性鼻炎发病中起重要作用。ECP可在血清、鼻分泌物等体液中检出,其含量的高低是嗜酸性粒细胞活化的特异性标志[1]。本文调查了上海地区正常人群ECP的参考值,并与变应性鼻炎患者炎症发作期及炎症控制期ECP值进行比较,以探讨其临床意义。     

变应性鼻炎鼻腔灌洗液和血清中嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白和E-选择素的检测

目的　探讨血清和鼻腔灌洗液中嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白 (eosinophilcationicprotein ,ECP)和血清可溶性黏附分子可溶性E 选择素在变应性鼻炎发病中的表达。方法　采用荧光免疫法测定30例变应性鼻炎患者及 2 0例健康对照组血清、鼻腔灌洗液ECP ,采用酶联免疫吸附试验 (enzyme likedimmunosorbentassay ,ELISA)法测定血清和鼻腔灌洗液中可溶性E 选择素。结果　在变应性鼻炎组的血清可溶性E 选择素与对照组相比 ,差异有极显著性 (t=13 75 ,P =0 0 0 1) ,鼻腔灌洗液中E 选择素显著高于对照组 (t=12 12 ,P <0 0 0 0 1)。变应性鼻炎组鼻腔灌洗液ECP含量明显高于对照组 (t =15 19,P =0 0 0 0 1)。血清中ECP水平与对照组相比 ,差异存在显著性 (t =15 6 7,P <0 0 0 0 1)。结论变应性鼻炎患者血清ECP含量增高与嗜酸粒细胞处于活化状态有关。鼻灌洗液中ECP浓度升高可能是由于嗜酸细胞脱颗粒增强所致 ,而血清和鼻腔灌洗液中E 选择素升高可能与嗜酸性粒细胞趋化移行有关     

鼻敏片对儿童变应性鼻炎嗜酸性粒细胞水平的影响及疗效分析

目的观察鼻敏片对儿童变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞水平的临床疗效,为临床治疗儿童变应性鼻炎提供依据。方法分析60例AR患儿接受鼻敏片治疗前后的鼻分泌物中EOS变化情况。随机分为观察组30例和对照组30例,观察组予鼻敏片治疗,对照组予安慰剂治疗。7d后复诊观察各项指标。结果观察组临床治疗总有效率及显效率分别为80.00%和53.330%,显著优于对照组的56.70%和30.00%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患儿治疗前,症状、体征分级情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组在接受治疗后,症状体征评分改善情况明显优于对照组,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);患儿治疗后,观察组患儿鼻分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞水平下降的幅度显著优于对照组,两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患儿在治疗期间均未发生不良反应。结论鼻敏片治疗儿童变应性鼻炎疗效良好。     

细胞间粘附分子在鼻息肉组织中的表达及意义

目的 探讨以嗜酸粒细胞浸润为病理特征的鼻息肉组织中局部细胞间粘附分子的表达及其意义。方法 对９例正常鼻粘膜和１９例鼻息肉组织冰冻切片，用细胞间粘附分子１和淋巴细胞功能相关抗原１单抗进行免疫组织化学及其与ＭＧＧ双染，光镜观察，结果 与对照组相比，鼻息肉组织ＩＣＡＭ－１和ＬＦＡ－１的表达均显著增加，组织局部ＩＣＡＭ－１的表达与大量ＬＦＡ－１阳性的嗜酸粒细胞浸润密切相关。结论 鼻息肉组织ＩＣＡＭ－１和Ｌ     

细胞间粘附分子在鼻息肉组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨以嗜酸粒细胞浸润为病理特征的鼻息肉组织中局部细胞间粘附分子的表达及其意义。方法对９例正常鼻粘膜和１９例鼻息肉组织冰冻切片，用细胞间粘附分子１（ｉｎｔｅｒｃｅｌｕｌａｒａｄｈｅｓｉｏｎｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅ１，ＩＣＡＭ１）和淋巴细胞功能相关抗原１（ｌｙｍｐｈｏｃｙｔｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄａｎｔｉｇｅｎ１，ＬＦＡ１）单抗进行免疫组织化学及其与ＭＧＧ（ＭａｙＧｒüｗａｌｄＧｉｅｍｓａ）双染，光镜观察。结果与对照组相比，鼻息肉组织ＩＣＡＭ１和ＬＦＡ１的表达均显著增加，组织局部ＩＣＡＭ１的表达与大量ＬＦＡ１阳性的嗜酸粒细胞浸润密切相关。结论鼻息肉组织ＩＣＡＭ１和ＬＦＡ１的高表达，ＩＣＡＭ１／ＬＦＡ１相互作用促进了嗜酸粒细胞浸润，参与了局部的炎症过程，细胞间粘附分子（ＩＣＡＭ１／ＬＦＡ１）的高表达是鼻息肉发生、发展诸多因素中的重要因素之一。     

Quantitative cytology of nasal secretions under various conditions

Quantitative cytology was performed in nasal secretions of normal control (NC), seasonal allergic rhinitis in season (SAR), perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), chronic sinusitis with mucoid secretion (MS), and chronic sinusitis with mucopurulent secretion (MPS). The majority of inflammatory cells were neutrophils in NC, MS, and MPS; the majority were eosinophils in SAR and PAR. The concomitant appearance of inflammatory cells in nasal secretions was found, i.e., there were significant correlations between neutrophil and eosinophil counts in MPS, and between eosionophil and basophil counts in SAR. The eosinophil/neutrophil ratio was more than 0.1 in SAR and PAR, but the ratio was less than 0.1 in all NC, all MPS, and in 93% of MS; this indicates that 0.1 in eosinophil/neutrophil ratio is the critical value between allergic and nonallergic nasal diseases.     

Inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa and nasal polyps

OBJECTIVE: Since some controversy exists concerning the frequency of inflammatory cells in nasal polyps, we have compared the frequency of tissue inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and plasma cells) including 11 kinds of lymphocyte subsets in the same specimens of nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. METHODS: Histopathological observations and flow cytometric analyses were performed on eight mucosal specimens of the inferior turbinates of patients with nasal polyps and on 13 polyp specimens. RESULTS: Nasal polyps contained significantly more eosinophils, neutrophils and plasma cells than nasal mucosa, and EG2+ cells (activated eosinophils) were significantly more frequent in nasal polyps than in nasal mucosa. Flow cytometric analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the frequencies of lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets (CD1+, CD2+, CD3+, CD5+, CD7+, CD4+, CD8+, CD10+, CD19+, CD20+ and HLA-DR+ cells) including CD4/8 ratios between nasal mucosa and polyps, though, both nasal mucosa and polyps contained significantly more lymphocytes than eosinophils, neutrophils or plasma cells. The T cell lineage (CD2+, CD3+, CD5+ and CD7+ cells) was found in high frequency and B cell lineage (CD10+, CD19+ and CD20+ cells) in low frequency in both nasal mucosa and polyps. The frequency of HLA-DR+ cells (most of which were activated T cells) was not significantly different between nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. CONCLUSION: Histopathological and flow cytometric analyses were performed on the composition of inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa of the inferior turbinates and in polyps from the same patients. The elevated numbers of activated eosinophils, neutrophils and plasma cells in nasal polyps compared with nasal mucosa suggest that inflammatory processes play important roles in the pathophysiology of nasal polyps. The frequencies of lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets were not significantly different between these two tissues.     

The effect of nasal polyp epithelial cells on eosinophil activation

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Eosinophil infiltration into an inflammatory site is a characteristic histological finding in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Most of the eosinophils in chronic rhinosinusitis are activated in the nasal cavity, but the exact activation mechanism of eosinophils is unknown. The study was designed to investigate the effect of human nasal epithelial cells on the activation of eosinophils. STUDY DESIGN: Peripheral blood eosinophils were isolated from healthy volunteers and incubated in human nasal polyp epithelial cell conditioned media (HPECM). Superoxide production and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin were measured to determine eosinophils activation. HPECMs were assayed by ELISAs for interleukin-8 (IL-8), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), eotaxin, and regulated on activation normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES). To identify the chemical mediators involved in the activation of eosinophils. RESULTS: HPECM (n = 7) contained 31.48 ng/mL interleukin-8, 533.43 pg/mL GM-CSF, 5.90 pg/mL eotaxin, and 11.06 pg/mL RANTES. Eosinophils were activated by HPECM and inhibited only by anti-GM-CSF antibody, not by the other chemical mediators. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that eosinophils in nasal secretions are activated by GM-CSF, which is produced by nasal epithelial cells.     

Pathogenic mechanisms underlying the clinical symptoms of allergic rhinitis

This paper reviews our previous studies on an objective evaluation of nasal symptoms, a quantitative determination of biochemical mediators, and inflammatory cells in nasal secretions of atopic patients after nasal allergen challenge (NAC) and during natural allergen exposure. The use of the microsuction technique has proved to be a useful and reliable nasal sampling method permitting quantitative analysis of important mediators in nasal secretions. This has provided accurate data on the activity of some important inflammatory cells such as mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils in allergic rhinitis. Our studies demonstrate that a significant increase in the concentrations of histamine, tryptase, and LTC4 in nasal secretions occurs within seconds or minutes after NAC, and this is accompanied by itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction. The infiltration and activation of eosinophils are found to be the predominant condition during the late-phase reaction (LPR), which is mainly characterized by unilateral and/or bilateral nasal obstruction with little sneezing and rhinorrhea. The latter condition is found to be very much similar to the pathophysiology of patients with ongoing allergic rhinitis. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that patients with ongoing allergic rhinitis seem to be in a continuous late phase state of eosinophilia and increased mediator release, a condition that can explain priming and nonspecific hyperreactivity of the nasal mucous membrane.     

Quantitative Cytology of Nasal Secretions With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis in Children: Comparison of Noninfected and Infected Conditions

This study was performed to quantify the number of inflammatory cells in nasal secretions from pediatric patients with perennial allergic rhinitis under noninfected and infected conditions. Nasal secretions were obtained from seven children under both noninfected and infected conditions with perennial allergic rhinitis to house dust mites, and secondary quantitative cytology was performed on the secretions. The number of neutrophils under infected condition was significantly higher than that under noninfected condition (P < .05), whereas the number of eosinophils in infected condition was significantly lower than that in noninfected condition (P < .05). The ratio of eosinophil count to neutrophil count was more than 0.1 in noninfected condition. The ratio was significantly decreased in infected condition (P < .02). These results suggest that the distribution of inflammatory cells in the nasal mucus of children with allergic rhinitis would be modified under infected condition.     

Effects of intranasal azelastine on the response to nasal allergen challenge.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Azelastine, a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist, is available for topical administration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of topical intranasal azelastine on the early-phase and the late-phase allergic responses and on nasal hyper-responsiveness to methacholine. STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover study in 20 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis, out of their allergy season. METHODS: Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or two puffs of azelastine twice a day (548 microg/d) for 2 weeks followed by nasal challenge with allergen. Twenty-four hours later, while still receiving treatment, subjects underwent a nasal lavage and a nasal challenge with methacholine. End points included symptom scores, levels of mediators and number of eosinophils in nasal lavages, and the weight of secretions after methacholine challenge. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, treatment with intranasal azelastine resulted in significant reductions in allergen-induced sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, nasal congestion, and levels of albumin during the early-phase response (P <.05). Azelastine had no effect on levels of histamine or tryptase during the early-phase response. There was a significant eosinophil influx 24 hours after challenge, which was not inhibited by azelastine. Treatment with azelastine had no effect on the levels of albumin, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and eosinophil cationic protein during the late-phase response. However, azelastine did show a significant inhibitory effect on the methacholine response 24 hours after nasal allergen challenge (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: The effects of intranasal azelastine are similar to those of oral second-generation antihistamines.