Changes in muscle hypertrophy in women with periodized resistance training

PURPOSE: Adaptations of arm and thigh muscle hypertrophy to different long-term periodized resistance training programs and the influence of upper body resistance training were examined. METHODS: Eighty-five untrained women (mean age = 23.1 +/- 3.5 yr) started in one of the following groups: total-body training [TP, N = 18 (3-8 RM training range) and TH, N = 21 (8-12 RM training range)], upper-body training [UP, N = 21 (3-8 RM training range) and UH, N = 19, (8-12 RM training range)], or a control group (CON, N = 6). Training took place on three alternating days per week for 24 wk. Assessments of body composition, muscular performance, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were determined pretraining (T1), and after 12 (T2) and 24 wk (T3) of training. RESULTS: Arm CSA increased at T2 (approximately 11%) and T3 (approximately 6%) in all training groups and thigh CSA increased at T2 (approximately 3%) and T3 (approximately 4.5%) only in TP and TH. Squat one-repetition maximum (1 RM) increased at T2 (approximately 24%) and T3 (approximately 11.5%) only in TP and TH and all training groups increased 1 RM bench press at T2 (approximately 16.5%) and T3 (approximately 12.4%). Peak power produced during loaded jump squats increased from T1 to T3 only in TP (12%) and TH (7%). Peak power during the ballistic bench press increased at T2 only in TP and increased from T1 to T3 in all training groups. CONCLUSIONS: Training specificity was supported (as sole upper-body training did not influence lower-body musculature) along with the inclusion of heavier loading ranges in a periodized resistance-training program. This may be advantageous in a total conditioning program directed at development of muscle tissue mass in young women.     

Lactate accumulation in response to supramaximal exercise in rowers

The aim of this study was to test (a) three methods to estimate the quantity of lactate accumulated (Q_LaA) in response to supramaximal exercise and (b) correlations between Q_LaA and the nonoxidative energy supply assessed by the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD). Nine rowers performed a 3‐min all‐out test on a rowing ergometer to estimate AOD and lactate accumulation in response to exercise. Peak blood lactate concentration [(La)_peak] during recovery was assessed, allowing Q_LaA(m1) to be estimated by the method of Margaria et al. Application of a bicompartmental model of lactate distribution space to the blood lactate recovery curves allowed estimation of (a) the net amount of lactate released during recovery from the active muscles (NALR_max), and (b) Q_LaA according to two methods (Q_LaA(m2) and Q_LaA(m3)). (La)_peak did not correlate with AOD. Q_LaA(m1), Q_LaA(m2) and Q_LaA(m3) correlated with AOD (r = 0.70, r = 0.85 and r = 0.92, respectively). These results confirm that (La)_peak does not provide reliable information on nonoxidative energy supply during supramaximal exercise. The correlations between AOD and Q_LaA(m2) and Q_LaA(m3) support the concept of studying blood lactate recovery curves to estimate lactate accumulation and thus the contribution of nonoxidative pathway to energy supply during supramaximal exercise.     

Trends in myocardial infarction in Middle Dalmatia during the war in Croatia

The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of myocardial infarction (MI) incidence with regard to age, gender, infarction site, and the most important risk factors. All 3,454 patients hospitalized in coronary care units of Clinical Hospital Split between 1989 and 1997 were analyzed. In the 3-year period preceding the war, from 1989 to 1991, 1,024 patients were hospitalized because of MI. During the 3 years of full war activities, from 1992 to 1994, there were 1,257 patients (significantly more; p < 0.05). And in the 3-year period after the war, from 1995 to 1997, there were 1,173 patients. In the war period, there were 151 (12%) patients younger than 45 years of age (p < 0.05); of that number, 143 (95%) were men (significantly more than in the other two periods; p < 0.05) and 8 (5%) were women. In the period preceding the war, there were 66 (6.5%) patients younger than 45 years: 60 (91%) men and 6 (9%) women. In the period after the war, those numbers were 88 (7.5%), 81 (92%), and 7 (8%), respectively. The patients younger than 45 years (305) more often had MI of an inferior than an anterior site (49% vs. 28%; p < 0.001), whereas there was no difference in patients older than 45 years (36% vs. 37%; p > 0.05). The patients older than 45 years had significantly greater hospital mortality (21% vs. 4%; p < 0.001) and were more likely to have hypertension (51% vs. 15%; p < 0.001) as well as hypercholesterolemia (54% vs. 14%; p < 0.001). Smokers prevailed among those younger than 45 years (75% vs. 51%; p < 0.001). The number of hospitalized patients with MI was greatest during the war period. It included a significant increase in the incidence in men younger than 45 years (12% vs. 7%; p < 0.05), with smoking as the most important risk factor, especially for infarctions of inferior sites.     

Quantitative study of the difference in pulmonary perfusion in different respiratory phases in healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the physiological pulmonary perfusion pattern in different respiratory phases by calculating the normalized volume center of perfusion intensity. METHODS: Four nonsmoking volunteers underwent single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of maximum inspiration and expiration after the injection of Tc-99m-MAA in each respiratory phase at a week's interval. Quantitative analysis by calculating the normalized volume center of perfusion intensity was performed. RESULTS: Quantitative measurement of the normalized volume center of perfusion intensity showed that the percentage averages of ventrodorsal (Y) shift in maximum respiration were 16% (left) and 15% (right) in the upper part, 15% (left) and 14% (right) in the middle part, 17% (left) and 18% (right) in the lower part, 18% (left) and 16% (right) in each total lung. These readings indicated that the normalized center of pulmonary perfusion activity at maximum expiration moved in the ventral direction in contrast to that at maximum inspiration. In horizontal (X) and craniocaudal (Z) directions, the shift in the normalized center of pulmonary perfusion activity at maximum expiration indicated no agreement in movement direction. CONCLUSION: The normalized center of the pulmonary perfusion activity in maximum expiration moved in the ventral direction compared to that in maximum inspiration. This phenomenon might be caused by the increase in physiological intrathoracic pressure and by a definite reserve of pulmonary perfusion.     

Changes in neuromuscular performance in voluntary and reflex contraction during strength training in man

Eleven male subjects went through heavy resistance strength training 3 times a week for 16 weeks. The training program consisted mainly of dynamic exercise for the knee extensor muscles with loads of 80%-120% of one maximum repetition in the squat lift. The investigation was undertaken to examine effects of strength training on neuromuscular performance both in voluntary and reflex contractions with special interest in their possible relationships. In addition to a large (P less than 0.001) increase in maximal isometric force and a more (P less than 0.05) economical activation of the knee extensor muscles, significant (P less than 0.05) improvements were noted in isometric force-time parameters, which were related (P less than 0.05) to the increase in the fast-twitch/slow-twitch (FT/ST) muscle fiber area ratio. No changes were observed in reflex time components, but the relative change in reflex electromechanical delay (EMD) was related (P less than 0.05) to the relative change in the FT/ST area ratio. A significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in the peak-to-peak amplitude of the reflex electromyogram (EMG), was noted during the training, and a decrease (P less than 0.05) in reflex EMG/force ratio was related (P less than 0.02) to the change in maximal integrated electromyogram (iEMG)/force ratio of the voluntary contraction. The decrease of reflex EMG may indicate a change in sensitivity of the muscle spindle. The interrelationship between the changes in EMG/force ratios of the reflex and voluntary contractions suggests that the mechanical response of individual muscle fibers of the respective motor units has improved.     

上消化道隆起性病变的内镜超声诊断价值探讨

目的探讨内镜超声在上消化道隆起性病变中的诊断价值。方法应用内镜超声对38例上消化道隆起性病变进行检查。结果38例患者中，经内镜超声检查诊断为息肉3例（7．9％），平滑肌瘤17例（44．7％），胃间质瘤2例（5．3％），脂肪瘤1例（2．6％），胃底静脉瘤1例（2.6％），异位胰腺2例（5．3％），胃外压迫11例（28．9％），未见异常1例（2．6％）。胃壁外压迫主要为脾脏（6例，54．5％）。结论内镜超声诊断上消化道隆起性病变较为准确，能对病变的性质及起源做出诊断。     

Physiological variables to use in the gender comparison in highly trained runners

AIM: The aims of this investigation were to compare physiological characteristics between highly trained middle-distance and marathon male (n=17) and female (n=11) runners; to determine the most suitable variables to use in the gender comparison in these subjects, considering physical difference between genders; and to indicate some of the best predictors of performance in running events in which oxidative metabolism prevails. METHODS: Subjects performed a progressive maximal exercise on the treadmill to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) and velocities corresponding to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol x L(-1) (upsilon(OBLA)) and to the lactate threshold (upsilon(LT)). Cost of running (Cr) and maximal aerobic velocity (upsilon(a max)) were calculated from VO(2) measurements. RESULTS: Males presented higher VO(2max), upsilon(a max), upsilon(OBLA), upsilon(LT), and VO(2) @ upsilon(OBLA) and upsilon(LT) (p<0.001), but females had higher upsilon(OBLA) and upsilon(LT) (p<0.01) expressed as %VO(2max). upsilon(a max) correlated with performance time relative to the world record in both, females (r=-0.77, p<0.01) and males (r=-0.58, p<0.05); and upsilon(LT) with performance only in males (r=-0.59, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, female athletes seemed to compensate partly their aerobic profile with higher %VO(2max) @ u(OBLA) and u(LT), suggesting that both maximal and submaximal physiological variables should be considered when evaluating and comparing highly trained athletes of both genders. upsilon(a max) is one of the best predictors of performance in running events in which oxidative metabolism prevails.     

罗格列酮干预胰岛素抵抗大鼠认知行为及AD样病变的作用机制

 目的 观察胰岛素抵抗大鼠认知行为及海马阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease, AD)样病理改变,研究罗格列酮(rosiglitazone,RSG)对其认知及AD样病变的干预作用及可能的机制。方法 建立胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型,将成模的20只大鼠随机分为胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)组和罗格列酮(RSG)组,每组10只,未造模的正常大鼠作为对照(CTL)组(n=10)。RSG组予高脂高糖高蛋白饮食+罗格列酮片3.0 mg/(kg·d)灌胃4周;IR组予高脂高糖高蛋白饮食+等量生理盐水灌胃4周;CTL组予普通饮食+等量生理盐水灌胃4周。观察指标为各组大鼠血糖、血浆胰岛素水平、胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)、水迷宫行为能力测定、海马中IDE、pAKT、Aβ蛋白表达。结果 IR组与RSG组胰岛素抵抗指数(8.56±0.43和3.82±0.38)较CTL组(2.27±0.25)高,而RSG组低于IR组。IR组和RSG组大鼠第4天逃避潜伏期[(63.21±5.67)s和(37.48±5.41)s]较CTL组[(24.14±5.49)s]明显延长;IR组和RSG组穿越原平台象限时间占总时间百分比[(21.88±3.85)%和(33.43±2.98)% ]较CTL组[(39.57±4.31)%]减小,而RSG组较IR组明显延长。IR组和RSG组Aβ40蛋白阳性表达(0.27±0.023和0.56±0.011)较CTL组(0.13±0.021)强,而RSG组较IR组弱。上述差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01或P＜0.05)。结论 胰岛素抵抗大鼠认知行为明显下降,罗格列酮可改善其认知行为,减轻Aβ在海马的沉积。其机制可能与通过胰岛素通路PI3K/AKT介导的IDE上调,增强IDE对Aβ的降解相关。     

Problems in the assessment of magnesium depletion in the rat by in vivo 31P NMR

Prior in vitro studies, utilizing 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) to measure the chemical shift (sigma) of beta-ATP and lengthening of the phosphocreatine spin-spin (T2) relaxation time, suggested an assessment of their efficacy in measuring magnesium depletion in vivo. Dietary magnesium depletion (Mg2+ decreases) produced markedly lower magnesium in plasma (0.44 vs 1.13 mmol/liter) and bone (130 vs 190 mumol/g) but much smaller changes in muscle (41 vs 45 mumol/g, P less than 0.01), heart (42.5 vs 44.6 mumol/g), and brain (30 vs 32 mumol/g). NMR experiments in anesthetized rats in a Bruker 7-T vertical bore magnet showed that in Mg2+ decreases rats there was a significant change in brain beta-ATP shift (16.15 vs 16.03 ppm, P less than 0.05). These chemical shifts gave a calculated free [Mg2+] of 0.71 mM (control) and 0.48 mM (Mg2+ decreases). In muscle the change in beta-ATP shift was not significant (Mg2+ decreases 15.99 ppm, controls 15.96 ppm), corresponding to a calculated free Mg2+ of 0.83 and 0.95 mM, respectively. Phosphocreatine T2 (Carr-Purcell, spin-echo pulse sequence) was no different with Mg2+ decreases in muscle in vivo (surface coil) (Mg2+ decreases 136, control 142 ms) or in isolated perfused hearts (Helmholtz coil) (control 83, Mg2+ decreases 92 ms). 31P NMR is severely limited in its ability to detect dietary magnesium depletion in vivo. Measurement of beta-ATP shift in brain may allow studies of the effects of interaction in group studies but does not allow prediction of an individual magnesium status.     

Characterization of 18F-FDG uptake in human endothelial cells in vitro.

The contribution of (18)F-FDG uptake by endothelial cells to uptake values measured by PET in various tissues is as yet unclear. We therefore sought to characterize (18)F-FDG uptake in an in vitro model of human endothelial cells. METHODS: Commercially obtained human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were seeded in 6-multiwell plates 48-96 h before incubation with 1-2 MBq (18)F-FDG per well. Radioactivity measurements were performed after washing and mechanical dissolvation of the cellular monolayers. Cellular (18)F-FDG uptake was referred to protein concentration. This experimental protocol was subsequently varied to study the effect of different parameters of interest. Furthermore, radio-thin-layer chromatography was used to identify intracellular (18)F-FDG metabolites. (18)F-FDG uptake in HUVECs was compared with that by a human monocyte-macrophage (HMM) preparation and by glioblastoma cells (GLIOs) under identical experimental conditions. RESULTS: (18)F-FDG accumulated in HUVECs in a time-dependent manner and was trapped mainly as (18)F-FDG-6-phosphate and (18)F-FDG-1,6-diphosphate. Unlabeled glucose and cytochalasin B competitively inhibited (18)F-FDG uptake, whereas phlorizin had no significant effect. Glucose deprivation significantly enhanced (18)F-FDG uptake by a factor of 2.7, whereas sodium depletion had no significant influence. HUVECs treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed a significant 82% increase in (18)F-FDG accumulation after a 2-h exposure to 50 ng/mL VEGF. (18)F-FDG uptake in HUVECs was significantly higher than that in HMMs and in the range of the uptake values measured in GLIOs. CONCLUSION: (18)F-FDG accumulates in HUVECs by mechanisms analogous to those in neoplastic cells or neurons. VEGF significantly stimulates endothelial (18)F-FDG uptake. The observed differences in (18)F-FDG uptake between HUVECs, HMMs, and GLIOs are difficult to extrapolate to in vivo conditions but stimulate further studies on the contribution of endothelial (18)F-FDG uptake to the overall uptake of that tracer in neoplastic or vascular lesions.     

Gadodiamide T1 relaxivity in brain tissue in vivo is lower than in saline.

In vivo measurements of gadodiamide (Gd-DTPA-BMA) T(1) relaxivity were performed at 4.7 T in injured and normal rat brains. Cerebral lesions were induced in nine rats by a localized freezing method. T(1) maps of the lesions were generated before and after injection of Gd-DTPA-BMA (0.1-0.6 mmol/kg). Samples of normal and necrotic brain were collected postmortem; the wet and dry weights were determined, and Gd content was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The in vivo relaxivity was determined by a linear fit of a plot of the change in relaxation rate following injection of the contrast agent as a function of Gd content. This analysis yielded a relaxivity in the injured brain of 2.8 sec(-1) mmol(-1) kg tissue water at 36 degrees C. The water weight fraction was 0.90 +/- SD 0.02 wt/wt in injured brain and 0.79 +/- 0.02 in normal brain. Relaxivity measurements were also performed on solutions of Gd-DTPA-BMA (0.0-0.6 mmol) and albumin (0-30% wt/wt) in normal saline at room and physiologic temperatures. The relaxivity in the albumin/saline increased with increasing solids content with values of 4.0-4.9 sec(-1) mmol(-1)kg at 21 degrees C and 3.4-4.5 sec(-1) mmol(-1) kg at 37 degrees C. The relaxivity of the tissues differed significantly from that of the saline solutions of comparable solids content, suggesting that the solids content of a tissue is not the only factor that determines in vivo relaxivity.     

外源性CO释放分子对肺动脉高压大鼠的治疗作用

目的观察外源性CO释放分子（CORM-2）对野百合碱（Monocrotaline MCT）诱导的肺动脉高压（PAH）大鼠的治疗作用并探讨其可能机制。方法（1）建立肺动脉高压模型;（2）分组：正常组,PAH模型组,CORM-2（2mg）组,CORM-2（4mg）组;iCORM-2组共5组;（3）指标的检测：7d后测肺动脉收缩压力（mPAP）及右心室收缩压（sRVP）;动脉血气分析观察血氧分压（PaO2）的变化;测右心肥大指数右心室游离壁重量／（左心室＋室间隔）重量[RV／（LV＋VS）]及肺干湿重比;取肺组织及心肌组织送病理检查。结果（1）与正常组相比,PAH模型组、iCORM-2组、CORM-2（2mg）组,mPAP、sRVP明显升高,PaO2下降,RV／（LV＋VS）值增大,肺干湿重比升高,有极显著性差异（P〈0．01）;CORM-2（4mg）组有显著性差异（0．01〈P〈0．05）。（2）与PAH模型组相比,CORM-2治疗组mPAP、sRVP明显下降,PaO2明显升高,RV／（LV＋VS）值减小,肺干湿重比下降,有极显著显著性差异（P〈0．01）,肺组织病理改变好转;CORM-2（2mg）组与CORM-2（4mg）组相比,PaO2及肺干湿重比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;与模型组相比,iCORM-2组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论CORM-2对MCT诱导的PAH大鼠有治疗作用。     

Characterization of acetate metabolism in tumor cells in relation to cell proliferation: acetate metabolism in tumor cells

To reveal the metabolic fate of acetate in neoplasms that may characterize the accumulation patterns of [1-(11)C]acetate in tumors depicted by positron emission tomography. Four tumor cell lines (LS174T, RPMI2650, A2780, and A375) and fibroblasts in growing and resting states were used. In uptake experiments, cells were incubated with[1-(14)C]acetate for 40 min. [(14)C]CO(2) was measured in the tight-air chamber, and the metabolites in cells were identified by thin layer chromatography and paper chromatography. The glucose metabolic rate of each cell line was measured with [2,6-(3)H]2-deoxy-glucose (DG), and the growth activity of each cell line was estimated by measuring the incorporation of [(3)H]methyl thymidine into DNA. Compared with resting fibroblasts, all four tumor cell lines showed higher accumulation of (14)C activity from [1-(14)C]acetate. These tumor-to-normal ratios of [1-(14)C]acetate were larger than those of DG. Tumor cells incorporated (14)C activity into the lipid-soluble fraction, mostly of phosphatidylcholine and neutral lipids, more prominently than did fibroblasts. The lipid-soluble fraction of (14)C accumulation in cells showed a positive correlation with growth activity, whereas the water-soluble and CO(2) fractions did not. These findings suggest that the high tumor-to-normal ratio of [1-(14)C]acetate is mainly due to the enhanced lipid synthesis, which reflects the high growth activity of neoplasms. This in vitro study suggests that [1-(11)C]acetate is appropriate for estimating the growth activity of tumor cells.     

Hemotherapy in kidney transplantation

A total of 40 kidney transplantations (37 males and 3 females) from living donors (Group I) and 10 kidney transplantations (6 males and 4 females) from cadavers (Group II) were performed in the period 1996-October 1999 at the Military Medical Academy (MMA). Lymphocytotoxic crossmatching was done before each kidney transplantation and results from all tests were negative for all recipients. All donors had the same blood group in ABO system as the recipients. In perioperative transfusion treatment (hemotherapy) determined quantity of filtered red blood cells (F-RBCs) and/or filtered platelets (F-PLT) were given to recipients according to intraoperative blood loss and their clinical state. Leukoreduction filters were used to prevent HLA alloimmunization. In only 4 (8%) recipients in group I transfusion therapy was not applied perioperatively. An average of 3.27 units of F-RBCs (929.44 mL) was used intraoperatively in 36 (72%) recipients in group I, an average of 1.9 units of F-RBCs (521 mL) was used before kidney transplantation in 10 (20%) recipients in group I and an average of 2.65 units of F-RBCs (739.23 mL) was used postoperatively in 26 (52%) recipients. In all recipients from group II transfusion therapy was applied perioperatively. An average of 3.4 units of F-RBCs (953 mL) was used intraoperatively. An average of 4.9 units (1.328 mL) and an average of 1.4 units of F-PLT were used postoperatively. All recipients well tolerated the therapy and no adverse effects of the therapy were observed. The need for transfusion therapy intraoperatively was approximatively same in both recipient groups, while in recipients from cadavers need for transfusion support in posttransplantation period was much higher.     

Fractional anisotropy is higher in Heschl's gyrus than in superior temporal gyrus in normal subjects

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The first Heschl's gyrus (HG) is believed to receive the core projection of the acoustic radiation. We examined if it were possible to differentiate the subcortical white matter of the HG from the superior temporal gyrus (STG) using diffusion tensor (DT) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved and informed consent was obtained in accordance with the guidelines of our Institutional Review Board for human subject studies. We examined six healthy adult volunteers with DT images using 20 orientations and repeated 11 times. The fractional anisotropy (FA) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated. RESULTS: The mean FA of the subcortical white matter of the HG (0.37) was higher than that of the STG (0.27) on both sides (P < .01). There was no statistically significant difference when comparing left and right HG and STG (P > .05). There was no statistically significant difference in mean ADC of the HGs and STGs (0.75 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec, P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: The FA in the subcortical white matter of the HG was higher than that of the STG in both hemispheres. These changes in DT imaging may be accounted for by the presence of the auditory radiations.     

Landmine associated injuries in children in Turkey

This study aims to examine trends of injuries due to landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) and to determine problems during and after the treatment of children and adolescent victims in Turkey. Data from the records of 23 children injured from landmines and UXO were analyzed from April 2001 to October 2008. Cases consist of 21 (91.3%) males and two (8.7%) females with a mean age of 12.8 years. Cause of injury was landmine explosion in 20 (87.0%) and UXO in three (13.0%) cases. Injuries in upper and lower extremities were determined in eight (34.8%) children. Hand amputation was the result in 10 (43.5%) children where in two cases a leg, in one case an eye, in one case a hand and arm, in two cases a hand and leg, in one case an eye and a leg and in three cases a hand and eye were lost. One case of death was recorded from UXO with an autopsy performed. Contaminated areas in our region should be cleared according to international contracts to prevent injuries in children, centers providing rehabilitation services should be established and policies regarding social support for child victims should be ascertained.     

Fat oxidation in men and women endurance athletes in running and cycling

Recent studies showed that the maximal fat oxidation seems to be different in men and women and that it can be influenced by type and intensity of exercise. Nineteen endurance trained male (V.O (2)peak 61.3 +/- 4.4 ml x kg (-1) x min (-1)) and 17 female (V.O (2)peak 52.8 +/- 4.5 ml x kg (-1) x min (-1)) athletes were studied over 30 min at 55, 65 and 75 % V.O (2)peak on a treadmill and a cycling ergometer in order to find the intensity and kind of exercise with the highest absolute fat oxidation. For women, normalised (per body weight) fat oxidation was higher at 75 % V.O (2)peak than at 55 % V.O (2)peak for both running (p = 0.02) and cycling (p = 0.01). Women also oxidised a significantly higher percentage of fat with regard to total energy expenditure than men in running (p = 0.02) and cycling (p = 0.004). Normalised carbohydrate oxidation was significantly higher for men at each tested intensity (p < 0.05) and compared to kind of exercise in men (p = 0.006) and women (p = 0.002) in cycling than in running. Men and women showed a significantly higher normalised fat oxidation for running compared to cycling (p = 0.01). Cycling produced in men (p = 0.06) and women (p = 0.001) significantly more lactate than running. In summary, we found at 75 % V.O (2)peak a higher fat oxidation rate than at 65 % V.O (2)peak and 55 % V.O (2)peak for men and women in cycling and running. This is coincident with lactate threshold in men and women in cycling but not in running, where lactate threshold is higher than 75 % V.O (2)peak.     

Physical activity in the early postpartum period in primiparous women

Little is known about early postpartum physical activity (PA).ObjectivesWe aimed to describe PA amount and types and compare moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) at 12–25 (T1) and 33–46 days (T2) postpartum.DesignCross-sectional study.MethodsParticipants, primiparas delivered vaginally, wore wrist accelerometers and completed questionnaires. Median and interquartile range (IQR) describe minutes/day of PA intensities in total minutes, 5- and 10-minute bouts. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test compared MVPA.Results577 (age: 28.3 (SD: 5.1)) had accelerometry or questionnaire at either time-point. 405 had accelerometry at both time-points. Median (IQR) total minutes/day for light, moderate, vigorous and MVPA were 295.8 (256.1–331.7), 54.6 (40–72.7), 0.4 (0.2–0.8), and 55.5 (40.4–74.3), respectively, at T1 and 329 (289.4–367.1), 63.6 (46.9–82.2), 0.6 (0.3–1.3), and 64.5 (47–84.8), respectively, at T2. Median (IQR) minutes/day for MVPA in 5- and 10-minute bouts were 1.6 (0–5.5) and 0 (0–3.8) at T1, and 3 (0–9.2) and 0 (0–5.5) at T2. At T1, 75% (406/541) and at T2, 72.4% (397/548) reported non-impact activities. At T1, 4% and at T2, 13% reported impact/straining activities. MVPA was greater at T2 than T1 (p < 0.0001) with medians (IQR) of: total: 64.7 (47–84.6) vs 56.5 (41–74.9) minutes; 5-minute bouts: 3 (0–9.8) vs 1.7 (0–5.6) minutes; and 10-minute bouts: 1.3(0–6) vs 0(0–3.8) minutes.ConclusionsWomen had high daily MVPA, though MVPA in bouts remained low. Significant increases in MVPA from T1 to T2 were small, few women reported impact/straining activities. Realistic return to pre-pregnancy PA levels should recognize the relative lack of sustained/strenuous activity in early postpartum.     

Advances in uroradiologic imaging in children

Diagnostic imaging of pediatric urologic disorders is continuously changing as technologic advances are made. Although the backbone of pediatric urologic imaging has been ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography, and radionuclide scintigraphy, newer and advanced modalities are becoming increasingly important. This article discusses the techniques and clinical applications of three such imaging modalities as they pertain to pediatric urologic disorders: (1) MR urography; (2) advanced ultrasound (harmonic imaging, three-dimensional, and voiding urosonography); and (3) CT angiography.     

MRI perfusion in determining pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma

We examine the role of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) perfusion in differentiating pseudoprogression from progression in 20 consecutive patients with treated glioblastoma. MRI perfusion was performed, and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), relative peak height (rPH), and percent signal recovery (PSR) were measured. Pseudoprogression demonstrated lower median rCBV (P=.009) and rPH (P<.001), and higher PSR (P=.039) than progression. DSC MRI perfusion successfully identified pseudoprogression in patients who did not require a change in treatment despite radiographic worsening following chemoradiotherapy.