腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣术在先天性腭裂中的临床应用

目的　探讨腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣术在先天性腭裂中的临床应用。方法　采用腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣术,共修补47例先天性腭裂患者,其中单侧完全性腭裂21例,不完全性腭裂26例。结果　所有患者均一期愈合,未出现腭瘘,随诊1~3年,语音清晰度满意。结论　腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣术较好地恢复了腭帆提肌正常的解剖结构和位置,获得了良好的腭咽闭合,并有效地降低了术后腭瘘的发生率,是一种值得推荐的功能性腭裂修复方法。     

腭裂整复术后腭帆提肌运动能力的观察

目的 观察腭裂及单纯唇裂患者在不同语音状态下腭帆提肌伸缩能力和倾斜角度的差异.方法 使用MRI拍摄3组研究对象:①单纯唇裂组(对照组)8例;②腭裂术后腭咽闭合功能不全组(velopharyngeal incompetence,VPI组)7例;③腭裂术后腭咽闭合功能完全组(velopharyngeal competence,VPC组)l0例,在静止位以及发"a"、"i"、"m"音时腭帆提肌的影像,并分析各图像中腭帆提肌垂直段的长度以及相对于面中份矢状面角度变化.结果 3组儿童随发"a"、"i"、"m"音,腭帆提肌垂直段的长度收缩率依次为[(13.5±11.7)%、(11.1±10.8)%、(8. 2±14.3)%];随发"a"、"i"、"m"音,相对于面中份矢状面角度依次变小[(43.18±4.984)°、(43.08±4.879)°、(39.48±5.046)°];3组研究对象发音时腭帆提肌长度和角度的变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 腭裂患者术后腭帆提肌的运动能力与单纯唇裂患者基本相同.     

Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复腭裂的临床研究

目的探讨采用Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复腭裂的效果。方法采用Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复先天性腭裂11例,其中完全性腭裂3例,不完全性腭裂8例。患者朗读汉语普通话测试字表,对比手术前后的发音准确率。结果 11例患者手术顺利,术中出血少,均不需输血。术后伤口无感染,无裂开,手术成功。发音准确率由术前的20%提高到术后的60%。结论 Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复腭裂是一种较好的功能性腭裂修复术,值得在临床推广。     

小儿腭裂成形术后用电流刺激腭肌辅助语音矫治

作者研究先天性腭裂小儿手术后用电流刺激腭肌辅助语音矫治的效果,观察50例,男22例,女28例,年龄5岁～7岁。分两组,第1组18例,完全性腭裂。第2组32例,完全性腭裂合并牙槽突裂。手术前即开始语音训练,学习正确的发音和呼吸。预先检查健康小儿(15例)舌腭肌、腭帆张肌、腭帆提肌、升上唇肌、鼻翼肌、降下唇肌、口轮匝肌、颏肌和面神经下颌缘支电兴奋阈正常值:对平流电流的反应为0.2～0.4mA,对指数曲线型电流为0.8～1.2mA,对直角电流为0.8～0.6mA。腭裂小儿,腭肌收缩弛缓,     

口腔颌面外科

015.腭帆提肌再造术恢复腭咽功能〔英〕/Conston GN…∥Plast Reconstr Surg.-1986,77(6).-911～916作者从1975年以来采用腭帆提肌再造术,恢复腭裂患儿的腭咽功能。由于腭裂患儿腭肌     

腭帆提肌重建在腭裂整复术中的应用

目的：分析腭裂整复术中腭帆提肌重建的难点,总结腭帆提肌重建的手术经验。方法：对我科2007年4月至2008年4月住院的50例2.5～6岁腭裂患者,完全腭裂31例,不完全腭裂19例施行腭帆提肌重建手术。结果：1例手术后第5天发现硬、软腭交界处口腔黏膜有一0.4cm瘘口,术后12d出院时瘘口已基本闭合;其余患者均一期愈合。结论：腭帆提肌重建手术的关键是肌肉的充分解剖分离,手术中注意减少两侧吻合端的损伤和局部出血,最好能在手术显微镜下进行,以保证肌束的解剖分离和对位效果。     

腭裂的外科解剖

腭裂手术的主要目的是封闭裂隙达到良好的腭咽闭合功能,目前有各种手术报导来达到这个目的。进行功能性腭裂修补术,必须了解腭的外科解剖和腭咽闭合功能的知识。与手术直接有关的腭部肌肉。神经血管叙述如下: 一、腭部的肌肉: 有提腭帆肌、张腭帆肌、腭舌肌、腭咽肌和悬雍垂肌等5对肌肉。但与腭裂成形术有关的肌肉是提腭帆肌和张腭帆肌,此两肌肉进入软腭行使不同的功能。提腭帆肌有专门关闭鼻咽腔的功能;而张腭帆肌则司理耳     

Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复腭裂临床体会

腭裂修复的目的是修复腭部的解剖形态．改善腭部的生理功能．重建良好的腭咽闭合,为正常吸吮、吞咽和语音、听力等生理功能恢复创造条件。sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术能恢复腭帆提肌的正常解剖位置．有助于充分发挥其生理功能．获得良好的腭咽闭合．本研究对181例腭裂患者用Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术进行修复．获得了满意效果,现报道如下．     

腭帆提肌重建联合腭咽环扎术在腭裂修复中的应用

目的：探讨腭帆提肌重建联合腭咽环扎术在腭裂修复中的应用效果。方法：应用腭帆提肌重建联合腭咽环扎术修复较宽大腭裂26例,观察其修复腭裂后的伤口愈合和语音恢复效果。结果：术后均一期愈合,无复裂和瘘发生。随访16例患者,其鼻漏气得到有效控制,语音清晰度状况优良。结论：腭帆提肌重建联合腭咽环扎修复术可较好的恢复腭部的形态和腭咽功能,具有方法简单、创伤小和效果好的特点。     

软腭内肌肉排列的显微解剖学和组织学研究

目的 :旨在了解软腭内肌肉排列。方法 :应用正常和唇腭裂胚头标本 13例 ,做冠、矢和水平切片、染色、光镜观察 ;另用 3例正常儿童标本作腭肌显微解剖。结果 :悬雍垂肌沿软腭中线纵行 ;腭帆提肌和舌腭肌横行 ;咽腭肌在软腭内斜行 ,与悬雍垂肌和腭帆提肌纤维相混杂 ,腭裂胎儿更是如此。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the levator veli palatini muscle in speakers with repaired cleft palate.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain detailed anatomic and physiologic information on the levator veli palatini muscle from MRI in individuals with repaired cleft palate and to compare the results with those from normal subjects reported by Ettema et al. (2002). DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University-based hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Four men (ages 22 to 43 years) with repaired cleft lip and palate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four quantitative measurements of the levator veli palatini muscle from rest position and dynamic speech magnetic resonance images were obtained: the distance between the origins of the muscle, angle of origin of the muscle, muscle length, and muscle thickness. RESULTS: The length and thickness of the levator veli palatini muscle varied among the subjects and were different from measurements obtained from normal subjects in a previous study. The distance between origin points, length, and thickness of the levator veli palatini muscle were smaller than those of the normal subjects. There were systematic changes of the levator veli palatini muscle, depending upon vowel and consonant types. Levator veli palatini muscle angle of origin and length became progressively smaller from rest, nasal consonants, low vowels, high vowels, and fricative consonants. These changes are consistent with those of the normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to a better understanding of cleft palate anatomy in comparison with normal anatomy of the levator veli palatini muscle. The use of MRI shows promise as an important tool in the diagnosis and eventual aid to treatment decisions for individuals born with cleft palate.     

Contraction-induced injury to single permeabilized muscle fibers from normal and congenitally-clefted goat palates.

OBJECTIVE: Levator veli palatini muscles from normal palates of adult humans and goats are predominantly slow oxidative (type 1) fibers. However, 85% of levator veli palatini fibers from cleft palates of adult goats are physiologically fast (type 2). This fiber composition difference between cleft and normal palates may have implications in palatal function. For limb muscles, type 2 muscle fibers are more susceptible to lengthening contraction-induced injury than are type 1 fibers. We tested the hypothesis that, compared with single permeabilized levator veli palatini muscle fibers from normal palates of adult goats, those from cleft palates are more susceptible to lengthening contraction-induced injury. INTERVENTIONS: Congenital cleft palates were the result of chemically-induced decreased movement of the fetal head and tongue causing obstruction of palatal closure. Each muscle fiber was maximally activated and lengthened. OUTCOME MEASURES: Fiber type was determined by contractile properties and gel electrophoresis. Susceptibility to injury was assessed by measuring the decrease in maximum force following the lengthening contraction, expressed as a percentage of the initial force. RESULTS: Compared with fibers from normal palates that were all type 1 and had force deficits of 23 +/- 1%, fibers from cleft palates were all type 2 and sustained twofold greater deficits, 40 +/- 1% (p = .001). CONCLUSION: Levator veli palatini muscles from cleft palates of goats contain predominantly type 2 fibers that are highly susceptible to lengthening contraction-induced injury. This finding may have implications regarding palatal function and the incidence of velopharyngeal incompetence.     

Effect of cleft palate repair on the susceptibility to contraction-induced injury of single permeabilized muscle fibers from congenitally-clefted goat palates.

OBJECTIVE: Despite cleft palate repair, velopharyngeal competence is not achieved in approximately 15% of patients, often necessitating secondary surgical correction. Velopharyngeal competence postrepair may require the conversion of levator veli palatini muscle fibers from injury-susceptible type 2 fibers to injury-resistant type 1 fibers. As an initial step to determining the validity of this theory, we tested the hypothesis that, in most cases, repair induces the transformation to type 1 fibers, thus diminishing susceptibility to injury. INTERVENTIONS: Single permeabilized levator veli palatini muscle fibers were obtained from normal palates and nonrepaired congenitally-clefted palates of young (2 months old) and adult (14 to 15 months old) goats and from repaired palates of adult goats (8 months old). Repair was done at 2 months of age using a modified von Langenbeck technique. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fiber type was determined by contractile properties and susceptibility to injury was assessed by force deficit, the decrease in maximum force following a lengthening contraction protocol expressed as a percentage of initial force. RESULTS: For normal palates and cleft palates of young goats, the majority of the fibers were type 2 with force deficits of approximately 40%. Following repair, 80% of the fibers were type 1 with force deficits of 20% +/- 2%; these deficits were 45% of those for nonrepaired cleft palates of adult goats (p < .0001). CONCLUSION: The decrease in the percentage of type 2 fibers and susceptibility to injury may be important for the development of a functional levator veli palatini muscle postrepair.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the levator veli palatini muscle before and after primary palatoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of patients with cleft palate before and after primary palatoplasty with particular attention focused on the levator veli palatini muscle. DESIGN: Prospective study using MRIs of subjects before and after primary cleft palate surgery. SETTING: Hospital and university based. PATIENTS: One female infant with normal anatomy. Three male and four female infants with cleft palate of varying severity. INTERVENTION: Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty and V-Y palatoplasty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Magnetic resonance images. RESULTS: It was found that the levator veli palatini muscle can be imaged before and after palatal surgery in infants using MRI. The muscle may have sufficient volume, proportionate to a normal infant or adult, in infants born with cleft palate. If retrodisplaced properly, the muscle is likely to be steeper (more vertical) from its origin at the base of the skull to its insertion into the velum following palatoplasty, thus providing a more favorable angle for elevating the velum. Following palatal surgery, the levator muscle mass may not be as cohesive across the velar midline, compared with normal musculature. CONCLUSION: MRI is a viable imaging modality for the evaluation of the anatomy of the levator veli palatini muscle before and after primary palatoplasty in infants born with cleft palate.     

Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术后松弛切口情况的研究

目的研究Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术后两侧松弛切口与裂隙程度之间的关系,探讨使用该术式时不做松弛切口的预测指标。方法选择176例腭裂患者为研究对象,其中不完全性腭裂患者81例,完全性腭裂患者95例（单侧完全性腭裂74例,双侧完全性腭裂21例）,均采用Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术进行腭裂整复。测量其腭裂裂隙宽度（CPW）和上颌结节内侧宽度（IHW）,计算腭裂裂隙指数（CPI）,CPI=CPW/IHW;记录行松弛切口的例数,并测量术后松弛切口长度。比较不完全性腭裂和完全性腭裂在各指标上的差异,分析CPI与术后松弛切口之间的关系。结果81例不完全性腭裂患者中,45例（55.6%）未做松弛切口,36例（44.4%）行双侧5~30 mm的松弛切口,松弛切口长度为（12.7±10.0）mm;74例单侧完全性腭裂患者中,5例（6.8%）未做松弛切口,28例（37.8%）行单侧兰式松弛切口,41例（55.4%）行双侧兰式松弛切口;21例双侧完全性腭裂中,所有患者（100%）均行双侧兰式松弛切口。完全性腭裂的CPI与松弛切口长度之间无相关性（P>0.05）。不完全性腭裂的CPI与松弛切口长度之间存在相关性（r=0.776,P<0.01）,当CPI<0.31或CPW<12.7 mm时,可不做松弛切口。结论不完全性腭裂患者CPW<12.7 mm时,行Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复时可尽量不做松弛切口,避免了硬腭骨面裸露对上颌生长抑制的影响。     

The innervation of the soft palate muscles involved in cleft palate: a review of the literature

Objective

Surgical techniques to obtain adequate soft palate repair in cleft palate patients elaborate on the muscle repair; however, there is little available information regarding the innervation of muscles. Improved insights into the innervation of the musculature will likely allow improvements in the repair of the cleft palate and subsequently decrease the incidence of velopharyngeal insufficiency. We performed a literature review focusing on recent advances in the understanding of soft palate muscle innervation.

Material and methods

The Medline and Embase databases were searched for anatomical studies concerning the innervation of the soft palate.

Results

Our literature review highlights the lack of accurate information about the innervation of the levator veli palatini and palatopharyngeus muscles. It is probable that the lesser palatine nerve and the pharyngeal plexus dually innervate the levator veli palatini and palatopharyngeus muscles. Nerves of the superior-extravelar part of the levator veli palatini and palatopharyngeus muscles enter the muscle form the lateral side. Subsequently, the lesser palatine nerve enters from the lateral side of the inferior-velar part of the levator veli palatini muscle. This knowledge could aid surgeons during reconstruction of the cleft musculature. The innervation of the tensor veli palatini muscle by a small branch of the mandibular nerve was confirmed in all studies.

Conclusion

Both the levator veli palatini and palatopharyngeus muscles receive motor fibres from the accessory nerve (through the vagus nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve) and also the lesser palatine nerve. A small branch of the mandibular nerve innervates the tensor veli palatini muscle.

Clinical relevance

Knowledge about these nerves could aid the cleft surgeon to perform a more careful dissection of the lateral side of the musculature.

     

Morphological characterization of the levator veli palatini muscle in children born with cleft palates.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze, morphologically and biochemically, one of the soft palate muscles, the levator veli palatini (LVP), in children born with cleft palate. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Biopsies were obtained from nine male and three female infants in connection with the early surgical repair of the hard and soft palate. Samples from five adult normal LVP muscles were used for comparison. The muscle morphology, fiber type and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) compositions, capillary supply, and content of muscle spindles were analyzed with different enzyme-histochemical, immunohistochemical, and biochemical techniques. RESULTS: Compared with the normal adult subjects, the LVP muscle from the infantile subjects with cleft had a smaller mean fiber diameter, a larger variability in fiber size and form, a higher proportion of type II fibers, a higher amount of fast MyHCs, and a lower density of capillaries. No muscle spindles were observed. Moreover, one-third of the biopsies from the infantile subjects with cleft LVP either lacked muscle tissue or contained only a small amount. CONCLUSIONS: The LVP muscle from children with cleft palate has a different morphology, compared with the normal adult muscle. The differences might be related to different stages in maturation of the muscles, changes in functional demands with growth and age, or a consequence of the cleft. The lack of contractile tissue in some of the cleft biopsies offers one possible explanation to a persistent postsurgical velopharyngeal insufficiency in some patients, despite a successful surgical repair.