儿童退缩和同伴关系的相关

目的：用元分析方法对近20年关于儿童退缩和同伴关系相关的研究结果进行总结。方法：用多水平分析技术对儿童退缩和同伴接受的相关、退缩和同伴拒绝相关的研究结果进行总结分析。结果：儿童退缩和同伴接受之间有显著的负相关关系，退缩和同伴拒绝之间有低度的非负相关关系，各研究结果之间的变异显著。结论：退缩导致儿童不良的同伴关系。     

学前儿童社交退缩类型与气质

目的:考察学前儿童不同类型的社交退缩行为与气质特点的关系。方法:采用实验室观察法对176名4岁儿童的三种社交退缩行为做出评价:抑制行为、安静退缩和活跃退缩。气质特点由母亲报告。结果:抑制行为与儿童气质上的害羞(r=0．21,P<0．05)、不善交往(r=-0．31,P<0．01)有关,安静退缩与母亲报告的气质特征(P>0．05)无显著相关,活跃退缩与儿童的高活动水平(r=0．19,P<0．05) 有关。结论:儿童三种社交退缩行为的气质基础存在差异,行为抑制可能是由于天性害羞,而安静退缩与害羞无关,活跃退缩行为多的儿童活动水平较高。     

儿童社会退缩行为与父母婚姻质量的关系

目的:探讨2~3岁儿童社会退缩行为与父母婚姻质量的关系,以期为儿童社会退缩行为的干预提供依据和指导。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取深圳市404名儿童及其家长,通过Achenbach儿童行为量表、中国人婚姻质量量表对儿童退缩行为、父母婚姻质量进行调查。结果:儿童社会退缩行为异常的检出率为23.51%,男童检出率(27.12%)与女童的检出率(18.45%)差异具统计学意义(χ2=4.908,P0.05)。具有社会退缩行为儿童的父母婚姻质量总分及父母性格相容、夫妻交流、化解冲突、经济安排、业余活动、子女与婚姻、亲友关系、生活观念8个因子的均值均低于无社会退缩行为儿童的父母(P0.05)。同时,社会退缩行为与父母婚姻质量总分及其除情感与性生活、家庭角色外的其余8个因子均呈负相关(P0.05);多因素分析结果显示,业余活动以及亲友关系对儿童社会退缩行为有影响(t=-4.726,-2.698;P0.01)。结论:儿童早期社会退缩行为与父母婚姻质量有关,婚姻质量高的父母其子女退缩行为检出率较低。     

自我意识及父母教养方式与儿童社会退缩行为的关系

目的：探讨儿童社会退缩行为的形成与儿童自我意识及父母养育方式之间的关系。方法：采用Achenbach儿童行为量表（Achenbach’s Child Behavior Checklist，CBCL）、Piers—Harris儿童自我意识量表（Children’s Self-concept Scale，PHCSS）、父母教养方式评价问卷对长沙市五所小学四、五年级1209位学生测量并进行统计分析。结果：经过统计分析，退缩低分组在自我意识量表上各因子得分都明显高于高分组，并且在父母养育方式量表中，父母亲的情感温暖和理解因子得分也显著高于高分组，而父母亲的拒绝否认和父母亲的惩罚严厉因子得分却显著低于高分组。退缩行为与父母的情感温暖和理解呈低度负相关，与父母亲拒绝否认、父亲惩罚严厉呈低度正相关，与儿童自我意识量表中行为、智力与学校情况均呈中度负相关．与躯体外貌、焦虑、合群以及幸福满足呈低度负相关。结论：家庭教养方式和自我意识是社会退缩行为的影响因素之一。     

儿童中期社交退缩亚类型的社会信息加工特点

目的探讨童年中期退缩行为亚类型的划分方法及其社会信息加工特点。方法本研究以929名小学生为研究对象,首先采用问卷法和教师评定法筛选出不同类型的退缩儿童,并通过结构方程模型加以验证。然后对筛选出的部分被试进行结构性访谈,了解其社会信息加工特点。结果①本研究验证了REP问卷敏感-孤立因子在划分退缩亚类型的有效性(χ2(13)=15.6,RM SEA=0.06,GF I=0.93);②在各种类型的退缩儿童中,活跃退缩儿童和一般儿童相比,在社会信息加工不同阶段中都存在明显差异(P<0.05)。结论从总体来看,相对于对照组,社交退缩儿童社会信息加工能力较低;但在退缩行为亚类型中,活跃退缩儿童表现出更多的认知缺陷。     

父母对儿童攻击和退缩行为的归因及其与父母情绪反应的关系

目的:探讨中国父母对孩子攻击和退缩行为的归因和情绪反应的特点及其关系.方法:从北京、保定和郑州随机选取287名1岁至8岁儿童的父母,运用故事情境法对这些父母进行访谈.结果:1.父母倾向于认为孩子的攻击行为与退缩行为不同,它是暂时的,而在"天性与环境"归因和目的性方面,这种差异很小.2.父母关于攻击行为持续性的归因与"天性与环境"、目的性的归因的归因之间相关显著,关于退缩行为持续性的归因与关于"天性与环境"的归因相关显著.3.父母对孩子行为的归因与他们对孩子的情绪反应密切相关.他们越倾向于将这种行为归因于与环境有关的、会持续下去的、孩子可以控制的因素,对消极社会行为所产生的消极情绪越强.结论:父母对儿童的攻击行为与退缩行为的归因既有相似之处,又有不同之处,它们都与父母的情绪反应具有密切的关系.     

小学生中退缩儿童的行为问题调查

采用配对调查的方法,对小学退缩儿童的行为表现及原因进行了初步分析,结果显示,退缩儿童的9大方面的行为特点可以作为鉴别退缩儿童的参考依据。家庭教养方式不当,家庭不和及家长不良个性习惯,以及儿童身体素质差等与儿童退缩行为的发生、发展有关。     

学前游戏行为量表在中国学前儿童中的信效度检验

目的:检验教师评定学前游戏行为量表(PPBS)中文版在中国学前儿童的信效度。方法:随机抽取上海市公立幼儿园3～6岁的学前儿童(N=211,M=48.66个月,SD=3.85,110个男孩,占52.1%),由教师完成学前游戏行为量表、儿童行为量表(CBS)和儿童行为教师评定量表(TBRS)的评定,母亲完成对儿童社会偏好量表(CSPS)的评定。1年后,教师完成对儿童社会能力与行为评定简表(SCBE-30)的评定。结果:PPBS在中国学前儿童的五因素模型拟合良好(χ~2=389.78, df=142,χ~2/df=2.75,P0.001,NFI=0.91, CFI=0.94, IFI=0.94, TLI=0.92, RMSEA=0.09),分别为缄默行为、安静退缩、活跃退缩、社会性游戏和粗野游戏。PPBS的缄默行为、安静退缩、活跃退缩与CBS的不合群、TBRS的内化问题、CSPS的害羞和社交淡漠呈显著正相关(r=0.13～0.60,Ps0.10～0.001);PPBS的社会性游戏和粗野游戏与CBS的不合群、TBRS的内化问题、CSPS的害羞和社交淡漠呈显著负相关(r=-0.23～-0.58,Ps0.01～0.001)。PPBS的缄默行为、安静退缩、活跃退缩与SCBE-30的焦虑退缩呈显著相关(r=0.47,P0.001;r=0.27,P0.001;r=0.17, P0.05);PPBS的社会性游戏与SCBE-30的焦虑退缩呈显著负相关(r=-0.44,P0.001);PPBS的缄默行为、安静退缩和粗野游戏与SCBE-30的社会能力呈显著负相关(r=-0.27,P0.001;r=-0.16,P0.05;r=-0.15,P0.05),PPBS的社会性游戏与SCBE-30的社会能力呈显著正相关(r=0.24,P0.01)。结论:修订后的PPBS具有良好的信效度,能够作为中国学前儿童游戏行为的测评工具,并为之后对表现出退缩行为的儿童进行干预提供有效的监测工具。     

精神分裂症子女个性行为特征的对照研究

目的 探索材神分裂症子女的个性和行为特征。方法 分别用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)，对研究组53例精神分裂症子女，对照组50例正常儿童评定。结果 两组儿童EPQ各项因子分无显著差异，在CBCL分析中，研究组退缩、社交问题和内向因子分显著高于对照组。研究组男童焦虑抑郁，女童躯体主诉分值也显著高于对照组。结论 精神分裂症子女个性无异常。存在有内向，退缩．社交困难等行为问题．应对其早期干预。     

母亲惩罚、鼓励社交与学龄前儿童社会技能的关系：害羞退缩的调节作用

目的:探究母亲惩罚、鼓励社交与儿童社会技能的关系,以及害羞退缩在其中的作用。方法:选取上海市某幼儿园275名3到6岁的学龄前儿童为被试,母亲填写教养行为及儿童害羞退缩问卷,教师填写儿童的社会技能问卷。结果:①儿童害羞退缩与其人际和自我相关技能显著负相关;②母亲惩罚、鼓励社交对儿童社会技能的影响因儿童害羞退缩程度的不同而不同,对于高害羞儿童,母亲惩罚无法预测其社会技能,母亲鼓励社交正向预测其社会技能;对于低害羞儿童,母亲惩罚负向预测其社会技能,母亲鼓励社交无法预测其社会技能。结论:母亲的惩罚对低害羞儿童社会技能的预测作用更大,母亲鼓励社交对高害羞儿童社会技能的预测作用更大。     

Development of a Japanese version of Child Social Preference Scale

This study developed a Japanese version of the Child Social Preference Scale, which measures children's social withdrawal. In addition, we examined developmental changes of children's withdrawal and the relationships between withdrawal and problematic behaviors. The participants were 7 012 mothers of preschool, elementary school, and middle school children. A factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution of shyness and social disinterest, which is consistent with previous studies. Shyness decreased as children's grade level increased. Social disinterest changed in a quadratic manner. The shyness score was lowest in the lower grades of elementary school. Shyness was related to more emotional symptoms, more peer relationship problems, and less prosocial behavior. Social disinterest was related to peer relationship problems. The importance of the distinction between shyness and social disinterest is discussed.     

自我概念在父母阴性惩罚与儿童社会行为发展间的中介效应分析

目的:探讨父母阴性惩罚与儿童自我概念、社会行为三个变量之间的关系模式。方法:运用问卷法,对612名北京市中小学生及其父母分别进行了父母阴性惩罚、儿童自我概念及儿童社会行为的问卷测试。结果:数据分析结果显示,除了直接途径之外,父母阴性惩罚这一变量还可通过儿童自我概念这一中介变量,间接地对儿童的社会行为产生诸多负面效果。结论:自我概念在父母阴性惩罚与儿童社会行为表现之间具有中介效应。     

The effects of the fast track program on serious problem outcomes at the end of elementary school.

This study examines the effects of the Fast Track program, which is a multicomponent, intensive intervention for children with early-onset conduct problems and continues from 1st grade through high school. Prior research has shown that Fast Track produces small positive effect sizes on children's social and behavioral outcomes at the end of 1st and 3rd grades in comparison to control children. This study addresses the important question of whether this intervention reduces cases of serious problems that can occur during the 4th- and 5th-grade years. Fast Track did have a significant but modest influence on children's rates of social competence and social cognition problems, problems with involvement with deviant peers, and conduct problems in the home and community, compared to children in the control condition. There was no evidence of intervention impact on children's serious problems in the school setting at Grades 4 and 5. This evaluation indicates that Fast Track has continued to influence certain key areas of children's adjustment throughout the elementary school years, reducing children's likelihood of emerging as cases with problems in their social, peer, or home functioning. The stage is set to examine potential prevention effects on these youths' serious antisocial behaviors during adolescence.     

母亲行为与儿童行为问题的探讨

目的 :探讨母亲行为与儿童行为问题之间的关系。方法 :以山东省 765名 6-11岁儿童的母亲为被试 ,采用Achenbach’s儿童行为量表 (CBCL)和母亲行为问卷分别对儿童及其母亲进行评定。结果 :儿童行为问题的检出率为 12 0 % ,有行为问题儿童母亲的支持行为显著低于正常儿童 ,有行为问题儿童母亲的不支持行为显著高于正常儿童。结论 :母亲的不支持行为增加儿童的行为问题 ,母亲支持行为减少儿童的行为问题。母亲行为对儿童的行为问题有显著影响     

初中生班级人际关系干预与问题行为的改变

目的探讨初中生班级干预活动对人际关系的改善作用,以及伴随干预产生的对问题行为的影响。方法在实验班内进行人际关系的干预。使用社会距离量表、Conners儿童行为问卷和问题行为观察记录表在干预前、后和3个月后进行测量。结果在干预后和随访测量中实验班学生人际关系都有较大改变（t1=4.78,t2=14.43,P〈0.05）,在家庭环境中各问题行为因子有显著改变（Z=-3.3,-2.25,-2.23,-3.25,-3.54,P〈0.05）;学校环境中问题行为发生频次呈下降趋势。结论在班级内进行人际关系干预可有效改善班级人际关系,干预对与情绪控制、人际交往和遵守社会规范有关的问题行为有较好的改善作用。     

Stress: A Potential Disruptor of Parent Perceptions and Family Interactions

Reviews research on the relationship between extra familial stressors (e.g., unemployment, low socioeconomic status), interpersonal stressors (e.g., marital distress, divorce), and child stressors and parents' perceptions and family interactions in families with conduct-problem children. Various stressors appear to have the power to disrupt parenting practices seriously by causing some parents to be more irritable, critical, and punitive. Such parenting behaviors increase the likelihood that children develop conduct problems, setting in motion a cycle of negative parent-child interactions and further stress on the parents. This process appears to be mediated by patents' psychological well being, quality of social support or degree of isolation, sex and drug use.     

Parental reinforcement of recurrent pain: the moderating impact of child depression and anxiety on functional disability

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether children's distress moderates the relationship between parental responses to children's pain behaviors and functional disability. METHODS: Participants were 215 children (ages 8 to 16 years) diagnosed with either headaches, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or sickle cell disease. Children and parents completed questionnaires assessing sociodemographics, pain, depression, anxiety, parental solicitous responses to pain behaviors, and functional disability. RESULTS: Hierarchical linear regressions computed for parental responses to children's pain significantly predicted child functional disability, controlling for children's pain intensity. Significant interactions between parental solicitous behaviors and child depressive symptoms (beta =.74, p <.01) and between solicitous behaviors and child anxiety symptoms (beta =.91, p <.01) indicated that for children with more psychological distress, parental solicitous behaviors were associated with greater child functional disability. CONCLUSIONS: Child psychological distress may exacerbate the impact of parental solicitous responses to pain on functioning, suggesting the potential role of family intervention to enhance optimal functioning in children with recurrent pain.     

The social worlds of hyperactive (ADDH) children

The social realm is particularly problematic for the majority of hyperactive (or attention deficit disordered) children. Typical patterns of social discordance are delineated, with the focus on interpersonal acts that are inept, irritating, immoderate, aggressive, or intense. Next, the status of these children in peer societies is described. Possible mediating mechanisms for dysfunctional social behaviors are also considered, including social cognition processes, interpersonal agendas, behavioral styles, vicarious learning, and reinforcement sensitivity. The unevenness of social skills and the domains in which hyperactive children show normal (and perhaps even superior) functioning are underscored. The final section highlights some clinical implications as well as some critical gaps in empirical knowledge about the interpersonal functioning of hyperactive children.